[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers(SCRF)on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei ho...[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers(SCRF)on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper(Capsicum frutescens L.)as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.展开更多
Polyurethane coated urea slow/controlled release fertilizer was prepared based on urea granules, isocyanate, polyols and paraffin. Isocyanate reacted with polyols to synthesize the polyurethane skin layer on urea gran...Polyurethane coated urea slow/controlled release fertilizer was prepared based on urea granules, isocyanate, polyols and paraffin. Isocyanate reacted with polyols to synthesize the polyurethane skin layer on urea granules surface. Paraffin serves as a lubricant during syntheses of polyurethane skin layers. The structure and nutrient release characteristics of the polyurethane skin layers were investigated by FTIR, SEM and TG. Urea nitrogen slow-release behavior of the polyurethane coated urea was tested. The experimental results indicated that compact and dense polyurethane skin layers with a thickness of 10-15 lam were formed on urea surface, the urea nitrogen slow-release time can reach 40-50 days. Paraffin proves to play a key role in inhibiting water to penetrate into urea, but excessive addition would decrease the polyurethane crosslinking density.展开更多
This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer (UCRF) and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil le...This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer (UCRF) and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations: the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 (1-e^-kt)], Elovich equation (N1=a + blnt), and parabola equation (N1=a + bt^0.5), with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N (r= 0.9569^**-0.9999^**). The release potentials (No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation) of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^+-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^+-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate (k values and b values) for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^+-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^+-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^+-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 (l-e^kt)] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.展开更多
Coated controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) have been widely applied in agriculture due to their increased efficiency. However, the widespread and a lot of coated CRFs application may leave undesired coating residu...Coated controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) have been widely applied in agriculture due to their increased efficiency. However, the widespread and a lot of coated CRFs application may leave undesired coating residues in the soil due to their slow degradation. Limited information is available on the effects of substantial residual coatings on the soil bacterial community. By adding 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 times quantities of residual coating from conventional application amount of resin and water-soluble coated CRFs, we studied the responses of soil properties and bacterial community composition to these two residual coatings in black soil. The results showed that the resin and water-soluble coatings did not essentially alter the properties of black soil or cause dramatic changes to bacterial diversity within the test concentration range. The residual resin and water-soluble coatings also did not distinctly alter the relative abundance of the top ten bacteria at phylum level. Heatmap results suggested that the treatments were basically clustered into two groups by concentration rather than types of coating material. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the Simpson's diversity index of the bacterial community was significantly correlated with microbial biomass carbon (MBC, r=0.394, P〈0.05), and the richness index abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) of the bacterial community was significantly correlated with microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN, t=0.407, P〈0.05). Overall, results of this study suggested that substantial residual resin and water-soluble coatings with 0-50 times quantities of residual coating from conventional application amount of coated CRFs did not generate obviously negative impacts on the bacterial community in black soil.展开更多
There is limited information about the influence of slow or controlled release fertilizer(S/CRF) on rice yield and quality. In this study, japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 was used to study the effects of three d...There is limited information about the influence of slow or controlled release fertilizer(S/CRF) on rice yield and quality. In this study, japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 was used to study the effects of three different S/CRFs(polymer-coated urea(PCU), sulfur-coated urea(SCU), and urea formaldehyde(UF)) and two fertilization modes(both S/CRF and common urea(CU) as basal fertilizer, S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer) on rice yield and quality. CU only was applied separately as control(CK). Results showed that, rice grain yield, chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkiness, and the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF〉PCU〉SCU within the same fertilization mode, and showed the trends of S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer〉both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer within the same type of S/CRF. In contrast, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and starch, as well as taste value, and peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU〉PCU〉UF, and the trends of both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer〉S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer. Among S/CRF treatments and fertilization modes, taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents, as well as gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscosity, while negatively correlated with globulin, gliadin, glutenin, and protein contents. The types of S/CRF and fertilization modes are important for improving rice yield and quality. Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer.展开更多
The study discussed the rapid method to test and predict the longevity of controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) coated by water soluble resin by using the short-term leaching under higher temperature. Pure water dis...The study discussed the rapid method to test and predict the longevity of controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) coated by water soluble resin by using the short-term leaching under higher temperature. Pure water dissolving incubation and higher temperature leaching were used to study the patterns of the nutrient release of the CRFs. The correlation analysis between the days at 25℃ and the hours at 80℃ of Trincote 1 and Trincote 2 for the same cumulative release rates were conducted. Patterns of cumulative nutrient release curve followed one factor quadratic regression equation at each given temperatures, and each of relative coefficient was bigger than 0.995. As the temperature increased, nutrients release of the CRFs increased. The longevity of resin coated CRFs were predicted by use of both the cumulative nutrients release equation at 80℃ and the regression equation of release time needed for the same cumulative release rates between 25 and 80℃. There were only 0.3-6.9% relative errors between the tested longevity and predicted one. In conclusion, the longevity of resin coated CRFs could be predicted more quickly and precisely by use of the higher temperature short-term leaching method than that of the traditional differential release rate. The longevity of resin coated CRF could be rapidly and precisely predicted in a few hours by application of the higher temperature shortterm leaching method.展开更多
Controlled release fertilizers (CRF) are produced with different rates and durations of nutrient release to cater to different crops with wide ranges of nutrient requirements. A rapid technique is needed to verify the...Controlled release fertilizers (CRF) are produced with different rates and durations of nutrient release to cater to different crops with wide ranges of nutrient requirements. A rapid technique is needed to verify the label specifications of nutrient release rate and duration. Polymer-coated urea (PCU) (43% nitrogen [N]) and polymer-coated N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K) (PC_NPK;14-14-14) fertilizer products were used in this study. Soil incubation of the above CRF products at 25℃ showed that 63.6% to 70.8% of total N was released over 220 days (d). At 100℃ in water 100% of N release occurred in about 168 to 216 hours (h). Regression equations were developed for cumulative nutrient release as a function of release time separately at 25℃ and 100℃. Using the above regressions, the release duration for a given percent nutrient release at each temperature was calculated. These values were then used to establish a relationship between the release duration at 25℃ as a function of that at 100℃. This relationship is useful to predict the release duration at 25℃ of an unknown CRF product by conducting a rapid release test in water at 100℃. This study demonstrated that a rapid nutrient release test at 100℃ successfully predicted nutrient release rate and duration at 25℃, for polymer coated fertilizers. Therefore, this rapid test can be used to verify the label release rate and duration of most CRF products.展开更多
By using field trials, the migration and transformation of coated controlled release nitrogen (YZS80) in soil under the co-situs application mode were studied. The results indicated that YZS80 nitrogen dissolved out...By using field trials, the migration and transformation of coated controlled release nitrogen (YZS80) in soil under the co-situs application mode were studied. The results indicated that YZS80 nitrogen dissolved out in average speed of about 0.4%/d and 32% totally in 80 d compared with common compound fertUizer. For YZS80, in the vertical downward direction of application points, urea nitrogen content increased significantly (P 〈0.05) in the 45 -80 d and the 30 -60 cm soil layers; nitrate nitrogen content was little change range and in moderate (10 -100 mg/kg) in 0 -80 d and 10 -60 cm soil layers, but increased significantly ( P 〈0.05) 45 -80 d compared to 0 -45 d; ammonium nitrogen content was significant lower (P〈0.05) before 45 d in 10 -30 cm soil layers, but significant higher(P〈0.05) after 45 d in 10 -60 cm soil layers; NO3^- -N/NH4^+ -N meets gradually the needs of the crop with the extension of time. Under the co-situs application mode, the possibility of burning root and salt injury and loss dsk of nitrate leaching is a significant reduction.展开更多
Quantitative evaluation and analysis was made to the soil nutrients,rice yield,rice and fertilizer utilization rate,and economic and ecological benefits of the slow controlled release fertilizer in typical rice fields...Quantitative evaluation and analysis was made to the soil nutrients,rice yield,rice and fertilizer utilization rate,and economic and ecological benefits of the slow controlled release fertilizer in typical rice fields with middle-low yield by comparing the one-time application and split applications of slow-or controlledrelease fertilizer( CRF) with farmers fertilizer practice as the control,with the aim to explore the effect of CRF. Results showed that compared with the control,the application of CRF could meet balance nutrients required for rice growth,and the effective panicles and seed-setting rate were higher in the treatment groups of FVOL,SVOL,LADVOLwhich applied CRF. As for soil nutrients,soil pH maintained balance in FVOL,FCAI,SVOL,LADVOL. In addition,differences in soil nutrient reduction amount reached the extremely significant level between FVOLand SXNK.SVOLwhich applied CRF provided reasonable regulation of N,P and K release rate,which showed advantages over blending fertilization and farmers fertilizer practice. Comprehensive analysis found that the application of CRF could make rice tillering growth and decline leveled off,which effectively improved the quality of rice population,and it also had higher input-output ratio than that of the control and good economic benefits. In general,CRF suits to be used widely on rice crop in the regions with medium-low yield.展开更多
Lignin is the main by-product of pulp and papermaking and is not effectively utilized. Conversion of industrial lignins into value-added materials is beneficial for the effective utilization of resources as well as fo...Lignin is the main by-product of pulp and papermaking and is not effectively utilized. Conversion of industrial lignins into value-added materials is beneficial for the effective utilization of resources as well as for environmental protection. Because of their adsorptivity, slow-release property,biocompatibility, and biodegradability, lignin and its derivatives find potential applications as eco-friendly slow/controlled release materials in agricultural fields. This report reviews the recent research advances in lignin-based slow/controlled release fertilizers and pesticides.展开更多
The effect of slow-release fertilizer application on reducing the fertilization times of ratooning rice was explored by carrying out plot experiments using different slow-release fertilizer formulas.The results showed...The effect of slow-release fertilizer application on reducing the fertilization times of ratooning rice was explored by carrying out plot experiments using different slow-release fertilizer formulas.The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization of farmers(TCK),there were no significant differences in plant heights of the first rice crop and ratoon rice crop and the number of tillers was slightly increased,by applying different ratios and types of slow-release fertilizers,indicating that reducing fertilization times did not affect rice growth.Compared with the TCK,the yields of treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4 of slow-release fertilizers increased to a certain extent.The yield of the first rice crop increased by 14.7%,16.7%,23.5% and 17.5%,respectively,the yields of the ratoon rice crop increased by 6.3%,5.8%,7.4% and 8.1%,respectively,and the yields of the two rice crops increased between 10.8% and 16.1%,indicating that reasonable combined application of slow-release nitrogen and fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer could meet the nutrient requirements of ratooning rice at different growth stages,and the application of slow-release fertilizers could reduce the fertilization times of ratooning rice.Based on the combination of rice yield and slow-release fertilizer cost in the first rice crop and ratoon rice crop,the T 3 formula was preferred,that is,urea-formaldehyde slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was used as the base and tillering fertilizer,and polyurethane-coated slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was used as the panicle-sprouting fertilizer.展开更多
Controlled release NPK compound fertilizers were prepared by means of in situ polymerization of monomers on the surface of fertilizer granules at room temperature. Methacrylate, α-methyl acrylic acid, and ethylene di...Controlled release NPK compound fertilizers were prepared by means of in situ polymerization of monomers on the surface of fertilizer granules at room temperature. Methacrylate, α-methyl acrylic acid, and ethylene dimethylacrylate were used as monomers, Dibenzoyl peroxide as initiator, and cobalt naphthenate, and triethyl amine as promoters. The structures of coating materials were characterized by IR spectra. The thermogravimetric analysis result indicated that the coating materials were of good thermal stability. The mean thickness of single coating measured with screw gauge was ca. 140 μm. The morphologies of uncoated and coated fertilizer granules analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy were changed from porosities and gullies to hills and plain. The release rate of coated compound fertilizers in water could be controlled by the hydrophicity and thickness of coating. The increase in coating hydrophicity caused the increase in release rate of fertilizer. The increase in thickness of coating slowed the release rate.展开更多
The fertilizer industry faces a continuing challenge to improve its products to increase the fertilizer use efficiency and to minimize any possible adverse environmental impact.For this purpose,studies on the developm...The fertilizer industry faces a continuing challenge to improve its products to increase the fertilizer use efficiency and to minimize any possible adverse environmental impact.For this purpose,studies on the development of coated fertilizers have been done all over the world.In this paper,we are to introduce our coated urea“MEISTER”as the sophisticated fertilizer,with explaining the features and applications in actual fields.“MEISTER”is the coated urea with a mixture of polyolefin and silicate mineral.“MEISTER”has two releasing types.One is the linear type.Another is the sigmoidal type.Release of nitrogen from“MEISTER”mainly depends on temperature which allows precise prediction of nutrient release.Application experiments for rice,Chinese cabbage and long onion are introduced in this paper.Every experiment shows single basal application is possible by using“MEISTER”with keeping yield and high nitrogen recovery.Coated fertilizers show accurate release control of nutrients.The use of coated fertilizers brings:(a)efficient use of fertilizer resources,(b)reduction of environmental load by fertilizer,(c)labor saving.Thus applying coated fertilizers is definitely smart fertilization technology in agriculture.Coated fertilizers seem to closely meet the requirements of an ideal fertilizer.The problem is its high price compared to the normal rapid soluble fertilizer.Unit price of coated fertilizer is expensive on the surface,though total application cost of coated fertilizers is often cheaper than the cost of rapid soluble fertilizers.This sometime disturbs the spread of coated fertilizers.So,we have been trying to make an effort to reduce production cost and doing application enlargement trials of coated fertilizers for becoming more widespread.Through those studies and development,we believe coated fertilizers will contribute to agriculture more in the world.展开更多
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest from Ministry of Agriculture(200903025-05)Fund from Kunming Municipal Science and Technology Committee(08S010201)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers(SCRF)on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper(Capsicum frutescens L.)as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.
基金the National Key Technology R&D Program of the 11th Five-Year Period (No.2006BAD10B08)
文摘Polyurethane coated urea slow/controlled release fertilizer was prepared based on urea granules, isocyanate, polyols and paraffin. Isocyanate reacted with polyols to synthesize the polyurethane skin layer on urea granules surface. Paraffin serves as a lubricant during syntheses of polyurethane skin layers. The structure and nutrient release characteristics of the polyurethane skin layers were investigated by FTIR, SEM and TG. Urea nitrogen slow-release behavior of the polyurethane coated urea was tested. The experimental results indicated that compact and dense polyurethane skin layers with a thickness of 10-15 lam were formed on urea surface, the urea nitrogen slow-release time can reach 40-50 days. Paraffin proves to play a key role in inhibiting water to penetrate into urea, but excessive addition would decrease the polyurethane crosslinking density.
文摘This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer (UCRF) and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations: the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 (1-e^-kt)], Elovich equation (N1=a + blnt), and parabola equation (N1=a + bt^0.5), with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N (r= 0.9569^**-0.9999^**). The release potentials (No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation) of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^+-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^+-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate (k values and b values) for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^+-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^+-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^+-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 (l-e^kt)] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.
基金supported by the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Projects of China (2015DFA20790)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21577172,41501322)the National Basic Research Program (973 program) of China (2013CB127406)
文摘Coated controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) have been widely applied in agriculture due to their increased efficiency. However, the widespread and a lot of coated CRFs application may leave undesired coating residues in the soil due to their slow degradation. Limited information is available on the effects of substantial residual coatings on the soil bacterial community. By adding 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 times quantities of residual coating from conventional application amount of resin and water-soluble coated CRFs, we studied the responses of soil properties and bacterial community composition to these two residual coatings in black soil. The results showed that the resin and water-soluble coatings did not essentially alter the properties of black soil or cause dramatic changes to bacterial diversity within the test concentration range. The residual resin and water-soluble coatings also did not distinctly alter the relative abundance of the top ten bacteria at phylum level. Heatmap results suggested that the treatments were basically clustered into two groups by concentration rather than types of coating material. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the Simpson's diversity index of the bacterial community was significantly correlated with microbial biomass carbon (MBC, r=0.394, P〈0.05), and the richness index abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) of the bacterial community was significantly correlated with microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN, t=0.407, P〈0.05). Overall, results of this study suggested that substantial residual resin and water-soluble coatings with 0-50 times quantities of residual coating from conventional application amount of coated CRFs did not generate obviously negative impacts on the bacterial community in black soil.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0300503)the Key Research Program of Jiangsu Province, China (BE2016344)+3 种基金the National Rice Industry Technology System, China (CARS01-27)the National Nature Science Foundation of China (31701350)the Program for Scientific Elitists of Yangzhou University, Chinaa Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China
文摘There is limited information about the influence of slow or controlled release fertilizer(S/CRF) on rice yield and quality. In this study, japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 was used to study the effects of three different S/CRFs(polymer-coated urea(PCU), sulfur-coated urea(SCU), and urea formaldehyde(UF)) and two fertilization modes(both S/CRF and common urea(CU) as basal fertilizer, S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer) on rice yield and quality. CU only was applied separately as control(CK). Results showed that, rice grain yield, chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkiness, and the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF〉PCU〉SCU within the same fertilization mode, and showed the trends of S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer〉both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer within the same type of S/CRF. In contrast, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and starch, as well as taste value, and peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU〉PCU〉UF, and the trends of both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer〉S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer. Among S/CRF treatments and fertilization modes, taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents, as well as gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscosity, while negatively correlated with globulin, gliadin, glutenin, and protein contents. The types of S/CRF and fertilization modes are important for improving rice yield and quality. Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer.
基金the National Key Technologies R&D Program during the 11th Five-Year Plan period of China (2006BAD10B02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (39870433,30270769)
文摘The study discussed the rapid method to test and predict the longevity of controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) coated by water soluble resin by using the short-term leaching under higher temperature. Pure water dissolving incubation and higher temperature leaching were used to study the patterns of the nutrient release of the CRFs. The correlation analysis between the days at 25℃ and the hours at 80℃ of Trincote 1 and Trincote 2 for the same cumulative release rates were conducted. Patterns of cumulative nutrient release curve followed one factor quadratic regression equation at each given temperatures, and each of relative coefficient was bigger than 0.995. As the temperature increased, nutrients release of the CRFs increased. The longevity of resin coated CRFs were predicted by use of both the cumulative nutrients release equation at 80℃ and the regression equation of release time needed for the same cumulative release rates between 25 and 80℃. There were only 0.3-6.9% relative errors between the tested longevity and predicted one. In conclusion, the longevity of resin coated CRFs could be predicted more quickly and precisely by use of the higher temperature short-term leaching method than that of the traditional differential release rate. The longevity of resin coated CRF could be rapidly and precisely predicted in a few hours by application of the higher temperature shortterm leaching method.
文摘Controlled release fertilizers (CRF) are produced with different rates and durations of nutrient release to cater to different crops with wide ranges of nutrient requirements. A rapid technique is needed to verify the label specifications of nutrient release rate and duration. Polymer-coated urea (PCU) (43% nitrogen [N]) and polymer-coated N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K) (PC_NPK;14-14-14) fertilizer products were used in this study. Soil incubation of the above CRF products at 25℃ showed that 63.6% to 70.8% of total N was released over 220 days (d). At 100℃ in water 100% of N release occurred in about 168 to 216 hours (h). Regression equations were developed for cumulative nutrient release as a function of release time separately at 25℃ and 100℃. Using the above regressions, the release duration for a given percent nutrient release at each temperature was calculated. These values were then used to establish a relationship between the release duration at 25℃ as a function of that at 100℃. This relationship is useful to predict the release duration at 25℃ of an unknown CRF product by conducting a rapid release test in water at 100℃. This study demonstrated that a rapid nutrient release test at 100℃ successfully predicted nutrient release rate and duration at 25℃, for polymer coated fertilizers. Therefore, this rapid test can be used to verify the label release rate and duration of most CRF products.
基金Supported by Beijing Science Committee Project"Science & TechnologyNew Star"(2008B38)"The Research and Establishmentof Agrochemical Service System for New Type of Fertilizer"(d0706004040431)The Foundation for Youth Scholars of BeijingAcademy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences"The Developmentand Evaluation of Micro Water-soluble Cementation Coated Slow-releaseFertilizers Suitable for Semiand Areas"~~
文摘By using field trials, the migration and transformation of coated controlled release nitrogen (YZS80) in soil under the co-situs application mode were studied. The results indicated that YZS80 nitrogen dissolved out in average speed of about 0.4%/d and 32% totally in 80 d compared with common compound fertUizer. For YZS80, in the vertical downward direction of application points, urea nitrogen content increased significantly (P 〈0.05) in the 45 -80 d and the 30 -60 cm soil layers; nitrate nitrogen content was little change range and in moderate (10 -100 mg/kg) in 0 -80 d and 10 -60 cm soil layers, but increased significantly ( P 〈0.05) 45 -80 d compared to 0 -45 d; ammonium nitrogen content was significant lower (P〈0.05) before 45 d in 10 -30 cm soil layers, but significant higher(P〈0.05) after 45 d in 10 -60 cm soil layers; NO3^- -N/NH4^+ -N meets gradually the needs of the crop with the extension of time. Under the co-situs application mode, the possibility of burning root and salt injury and loss dsk of nitrate leaching is a significant reduction.
文摘Quantitative evaluation and analysis was made to the soil nutrients,rice yield,rice and fertilizer utilization rate,and economic and ecological benefits of the slow controlled release fertilizer in typical rice fields with middle-low yield by comparing the one-time application and split applications of slow-or controlledrelease fertilizer( CRF) with farmers fertilizer practice as the control,with the aim to explore the effect of CRF. Results showed that compared with the control,the application of CRF could meet balance nutrients required for rice growth,and the effective panicles and seed-setting rate were higher in the treatment groups of FVOL,SVOL,LADVOLwhich applied CRF. As for soil nutrients,soil pH maintained balance in FVOL,FCAI,SVOL,LADVOL. In addition,differences in soil nutrient reduction amount reached the extremely significant level between FVOLand SXNK.SVOLwhich applied CRF provided reasonable regulation of N,P and K release rate,which showed advantages over blending fertilization and farmers fertilizer practice. Comprehensive analysis found that the application of CRF could make rice tillering growth and decline leveled off,which effectively improved the quality of rice population,and it also had higher input-output ratio than that of the control and good economic benefits. In general,CRF suits to be used widely on rice crop in the regions with medium-low yield.
基金financial support from the Independent Innovation and Achievements Transformation Project of Shandong Province (2014CGZH0302)
文摘Lignin is the main by-product of pulp and papermaking and is not effectively utilized. Conversion of industrial lignins into value-added materials is beneficial for the effective utilization of resources as well as for environmental protection. Because of their adsorptivity, slow-release property,biocompatibility, and biodegradability, lignin and its derivatives find potential applications as eco-friendly slow/controlled release materials in agricultural fields. This report reviews the recent research advances in lignin-based slow/controlled release fertilizers and pesticides.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Project(No.2018YFD0301302).
文摘The effect of slow-release fertilizer application on reducing the fertilization times of ratooning rice was explored by carrying out plot experiments using different slow-release fertilizer formulas.The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization of farmers(TCK),there were no significant differences in plant heights of the first rice crop and ratoon rice crop and the number of tillers was slightly increased,by applying different ratios and types of slow-release fertilizers,indicating that reducing fertilization times did not affect rice growth.Compared with the TCK,the yields of treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4 of slow-release fertilizers increased to a certain extent.The yield of the first rice crop increased by 14.7%,16.7%,23.5% and 17.5%,respectively,the yields of the ratoon rice crop increased by 6.3%,5.8%,7.4% and 8.1%,respectively,and the yields of the two rice crops increased between 10.8% and 16.1%,indicating that reasonable combined application of slow-release nitrogen and fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer could meet the nutrient requirements of ratooning rice at different growth stages,and the application of slow-release fertilizers could reduce the fertilization times of ratooning rice.Based on the combination of rice yield and slow-release fertilizer cost in the first rice crop and ratoon rice crop,the T 3 formula was preferred,that is,urea-formaldehyde slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was used as the base and tillering fertilizer,and polyurethane-coated slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was used as the panicle-sprouting fertilizer.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(30571086)
文摘Controlled release NPK compound fertilizers were prepared by means of in situ polymerization of monomers on the surface of fertilizer granules at room temperature. Methacrylate, α-methyl acrylic acid, and ethylene dimethylacrylate were used as monomers, Dibenzoyl peroxide as initiator, and cobalt naphthenate, and triethyl amine as promoters. The structures of coating materials were characterized by IR spectra. The thermogravimetric analysis result indicated that the coating materials were of good thermal stability. The mean thickness of single coating measured with screw gauge was ca. 140 μm. The morphologies of uncoated and coated fertilizer granules analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy were changed from porosities and gullies to hills and plain. The release rate of coated compound fertilizers in water could be controlled by the hydrophicity and thickness of coating. The increase in coating hydrophicity caused the increase in release rate of fertilizer. The increase in thickness of coating slowed the release rate.
文摘The fertilizer industry faces a continuing challenge to improve its products to increase the fertilizer use efficiency and to minimize any possible adverse environmental impact.For this purpose,studies on the development of coated fertilizers have been done all over the world.In this paper,we are to introduce our coated urea“MEISTER”as the sophisticated fertilizer,with explaining the features and applications in actual fields.“MEISTER”is the coated urea with a mixture of polyolefin and silicate mineral.“MEISTER”has two releasing types.One is the linear type.Another is the sigmoidal type.Release of nitrogen from“MEISTER”mainly depends on temperature which allows precise prediction of nutrient release.Application experiments for rice,Chinese cabbage and long onion are introduced in this paper.Every experiment shows single basal application is possible by using“MEISTER”with keeping yield and high nitrogen recovery.Coated fertilizers show accurate release control of nutrients.The use of coated fertilizers brings:(a)efficient use of fertilizer resources,(b)reduction of environmental load by fertilizer,(c)labor saving.Thus applying coated fertilizers is definitely smart fertilization technology in agriculture.Coated fertilizers seem to closely meet the requirements of an ideal fertilizer.The problem is its high price compared to the normal rapid soluble fertilizer.Unit price of coated fertilizer is expensive on the surface,though total application cost of coated fertilizers is often cheaper than the cost of rapid soluble fertilizers.This sometime disturbs the spread of coated fertilizers.So,we have been trying to make an effort to reduce production cost and doing application enlargement trials of coated fertilizers for becoming more widespread.Through those studies and development,we believe coated fertilizers will contribute to agriculture more in the world.