Objective: To determine the effectiveness of selective tubal catheterization in the management of female infertility due to proximal tubal obstruction. Method: This was a longitudinal descriptive study, conducted over...Objective: To determine the effectiveness of selective tubal catheterization in the management of female infertility due to proximal tubal obstruction. Method: This was a longitudinal descriptive study, conducted over a period of 24 months, which included 73 patients presenting with objectified bilateral proximal tubal obstruction after standard HSG. The intervention was performed on an outpatient basis, during the follicular phase with negative β-hCG assay the day before, in the interventional radiology room and under antibiotic coverage. Confirmatory hysterosalpingography was performed as the first step followed by selective tubal catheterization after the failure of spontaneous tubal opacification. The parameters studied related to socio-epidemiological, clinical and radiological data. Results: The age of our patients was between 24 and 42 years with an average of 33.97 years. The average duration of infertility was 3.95 years, with a predominance of primary infertility in 83.56% of cases. Voluntary termination of pregnancy (38.89%) and fibromyomas (33.33%) were the most represented gynecological-obstetrical antecedents. Selective tubal catheterization was successful in 92.14% of cases (129/140 tubes). It was possible bilaterally in 93.02% of cases and unilaterally in 6.98% of cases. The confirmatory HSG allowed a spontaneous opacification of 4.10% of the fallopian tubes. At the end of the procedure, all the recanalized tubes were opacified;62.01% of them were normal, against 37.99% pathological with a preponderance of inflammatory tubes 26.61% followed by hydrosalpinx in 5.03% of cases. No major complications were encountered. The fertility rate was 23.29%. Conclusion: Selective tubal catheterization is a simple technique, without major complications with an efficiency close to natural fertility. It should be proposed as the first intention before any other procedure in the treatment of infertility by proximal tubal obstruction.展开更多
Aims: Infertility is a major problem in our current societies and the Fertilia medical clinic in Bamako is a center for medical assistance in procreation (MAP) where there is an increasingly growing demand for ultraso...Aims: Infertility is a major problem in our current societies and the Fertilia medical clinic in Bamako is a center for medical assistance in procreation (MAP) where there is an increasingly growing demand for ultrasound. The objective of our study was to investigate the ultrasound causes likely to prevent the occurrence of pregnancy in a group of infertile and subfertile women. Subjects and Methods: This was a 5-year cross-sectional and prospective study, between January 2017 and January 2022, which involved 250 women wishing to become pregnant (infertile or subfertile), who came for pelvic ultrasound or follicular monitoring and who agreed to participate in our study. The parameters used were ultrasound reports including uterine, ovarian and tubal pathologies. It should be noted that in some cases no ultrasound cause of infertility was found. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS. Results: 250 women were recruited into our. The average age was 32 years with extremes ranging from 17 to 51 years. 179 patients or 71.6% were between 17 and 35 years old. 139 patients or 55.6% had secondary infertility against 44.4% primary infertility. 202 patients or 80.8% had at least one ultrasound lesion and 48 patients or 19.2% had no significant ultrasound abnormality. The most represented ultrasound lesions were of uterine origin with 72.20%, 23.7% ovarian lesions and 04% tubal lesions. Uterine lesions were dominated by myomas, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, uterine malformations and synechiae. As for ovarian lesions we noted cysts, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian endometriosis, non-follicular ovaries and tubal ultrasound lesions showed unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinx. Conclusion: In our study, ultrasound was an invaluable contribution to the diagnosis of the causes likely to explain subfertility and infertility in our respondents. She highlighted uterine, ovarian and tubal lesions, some of which could be corrected and pregnancies ensued.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Infertility is a major reproductive health care problem that affects the wel...<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Infertility is a major reproductive health care problem that affects the wellbeing of women. Although views vary between cultures, infertility is seen almost exclusively as a woman’s problem in Africa with secondary infertility being the most prevalent while sexually transmitted infections the most investigated cause of infertility. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of this study was</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to determine the prevalence of female infertility in the Limbe and Buea Regional hospitals of the Southwest region of Cameroon from 2015-2019.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Materials and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A retrospective descriptive design was used which involved studying clinical files of women within the reproductive age group (15 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 49) with infertility problems, at the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">gynaecological</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and maternity units of the selected hospitals in the Southwest region of Cameroon </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">over a period of</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> five years (2015-2019). Data were collected from all files included in the study.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A total of 4609 females visited the two hospitals for investigation and 1111 files were identified with infertility giving </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">prevalence</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of 24 %. Three hundred and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">forty</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">three</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (343;31%) presented with primary infertility while seven hundred and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sixty</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">eight</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (768;69%) had secondary infertility. The average age of affected </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">female</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was 31.5 making age the predisposing factor of infertility because </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">after</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the peak of 25 years</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infertility </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">start</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> decreasing. Employment with salary and the association between diagnosis and age had a </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value < 0.005 which was considered significant in this study.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study found that the prevalence of infertility in Southwest Cameroon is high with secondary infertility being most predominant among infertile women with a prevalence of 69% caused principally by sexually transmitted infection (STIs). Age and occupation were significantly associated with infertility. Routine laboratory screening of women of reproductive age may reduce the high prevalence of infertility in the study area.</span>展开更多
Female infertility is considered as a real obstacle to the development of a couple who cannot conceive in a natural way. The aim of this study is to evaluate female infertility using two complementary methods of explo...Female infertility is considered as a real obstacle to the development of a couple who cannot conceive in a natural way. The aim of this study is to evaluate female infertility using two complementary methods of exploration: hystero-laparoscopy and endometrial biopsy, to compare histopathological data with those of hystero-laparoscopy findings in the same patients, and finally assess the interest to couple both methods to detect a greater number of pathologies. Our prospective study included 64 patients aged 20 - 43 years with primary or secondary infertility for a period of 3 years ranging from 2012 to 2015 at obstetrics and gynecology department in which all patients were admitted to a hysteroscopy followed by laparoscopy. Endometrial biopsy curettage was performed and sent to the Pathological Anatomy Department for a histopathological study. On 64 infertile women explored, no pathologies were findings in 20 patients (31.3%) to the biopsy and 27 patients (42.2%) by hysteroscopy-laparoscopy. Histopathological study was in favor of dysfunctional endometrium (50%) followed by hyperplasia (10.9%). The lesions findings in the hystero-laparoscopy were in the first place uterine (18.8%) followed by equally between tubal and endometrial pathologies (10.9%). Associated diseases affecting the same organs or more were recorded with a percentage of 7.8%. The two methods have been shown effective and the most of common pathologies findings were uterine and endometrial. We concluded that the endometrial biopsy was more decisive in the exploration of endometrium pathologies while hystero-laparoscopy is more sensitive for the exploration of uterine, tubal and ovarian pathologies. Each method taken individually was revealed incomplete. It is more interesting to systematically couple the histology with endoscopic examination in order to detect a greater number of pathologies.展开更多
Objective:To identify the attitudes of infertile couples toward their surplus frozen embryos.Methods:This study was according to PRISMA-ScR as the guideline for scoping review.Studies that assessed the attitudes of pa...Objective:To identify the attitudes of infertile couples toward their surplus frozen embryos.Methods:This study was according to PRISMA-ScR as the guideline for scoping review.Studies that assessed the attitudes of patients or infertile couples who had surplus embryos were included.We conducted systematic searches in English studies from April 2011-April 2021 using 7 databases:PubMed,Science Direct,EBSCO,Scopus,the Cochrane Library,Sage Journals,and Google Scholar.Data were charted based on author,year of publication,country,purpose,data collection,key findings,and research focus/domain.Results:A total of 37 research articles were included in the analysis.Their attitudes encompassed:supporting the donation of the surplus embryos for both research and reproductive purposes,continuing to store the frozen embryos,and disposing of the surplus embryos.Conclusions:Most of the infertile patients support donating their surplus embryos for research and reproductive purposes.展开更多
Objective:Bushen Chengyun granule(BCG)is an empirical treatment for female infertility(FI)caused by low endometrial receptivity(LER)involving a poorly understood mechanism.In this study,network pharmacology was used t...Objective:Bushen Chengyun granule(BCG)is an empirical treatment for female infertility(FI)caused by low endometrial receptivity(LER)involving a poorly understood mechanism.In this study,network pharmacology was used to explore the potential therapeutic mechanism of BCG on FI caused by LER.Methods:The corresponding herb targets were obtained by conducting a search in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and PubMed-reported literature.Disease targets were obtained from the following databases:Comparative Toxicogenomics Database,Human Phenotype Ontology,and Therapeutic Target Database.Treatments for LER using BCG have used target matching(BCG e LER target).Then,the predicted targets were uploaded to the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins database for gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses.Furthermore,triptorelin acetate for injection t menotrophin t chorionic gonadotropin for injection were used to establish a mouse model of blastocyst implantation disorder and to evaluate the in vivo effect of BCG on blastocyst implantation.Results:Overall,156 bioactive chemical components and 1092 targets of BCG were identified.The results indicated that 482 biological processes(FDR<0.01)and 15 pathways(FDR<0.01)related to BCG participated in the complex treatment effects and were associated with the endocrine system,inflammatory responses,metabolism,apoptosis,ovulatory performance,and angiogenesis.Moreover,16 hub nodes of BCG including estrogen receptor(ESR1),estrogen receptor beta(ESR2),progesterone receptor,et al,were recognized as potential treatment targets and might help clarify the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of BCG for female infertility.BCG significantly increased the protein expressions of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors.Conclusions:These findings reveal the potential therapeutic mechanism of BCG for female infertility involves low endometrial receptivity,which should be evaluated further.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the impact of endometriosis(EMS)on granulosa cell function and elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved.Methods:RNA sequencing,differential expression analysis,Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto En...Objective:To investigate the impact of endometriosis(EMS)on granulosa cell function and elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved.Methods:RNA sequencing,differential expression analysis,Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis,gene set enrichment analysis,protein–protein interaction analysis,and RT-qPCR were employed to assess the effects of EMS on granulosa cell function.Results:The results revealed significant differences in gene expression between the EMS and control groups,including genes related to immune regulatory functions and ferroptosis.Hub gene modules and hub genes were identified,including those related to cell cycle and immune and inflammatory pathways.RT-qPCR revealed significant upregulation of the hub genesCCL3 andIL1B in granulosa cells of patients with EMS.Conclusion:The results of RNA sequencing demonstrated that EMS induces significant transcriptional alterations in granulosa cells of affected patients.These findings provide important insights into the diagnosis and treatment of EMS and highlight the importance of further investigation ofCCL3 andIL1B as potential biomarkers for EMS.展开更多
Reproductive biology is a uniquely important topic since it is about germ cells, which are central for transmitting genetic information from generation to generation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in mamm...Reproductive biology is a uniquely important topic since it is about germ cells, which are central for transmitting genetic information from generation to generation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in mammalian germ cell development,including preimplantation development, fetal germ cell development and postnatal development of oocytes and sperm. We also discuss the etiologies of female and male infertility and describe the emerging technologies for studying reproductive biology such as gene editing and single-cell technologies.展开更多
文摘Objective: To determine the effectiveness of selective tubal catheterization in the management of female infertility due to proximal tubal obstruction. Method: This was a longitudinal descriptive study, conducted over a period of 24 months, which included 73 patients presenting with objectified bilateral proximal tubal obstruction after standard HSG. The intervention was performed on an outpatient basis, during the follicular phase with negative β-hCG assay the day before, in the interventional radiology room and under antibiotic coverage. Confirmatory hysterosalpingography was performed as the first step followed by selective tubal catheterization after the failure of spontaneous tubal opacification. The parameters studied related to socio-epidemiological, clinical and radiological data. Results: The age of our patients was between 24 and 42 years with an average of 33.97 years. The average duration of infertility was 3.95 years, with a predominance of primary infertility in 83.56% of cases. Voluntary termination of pregnancy (38.89%) and fibromyomas (33.33%) were the most represented gynecological-obstetrical antecedents. Selective tubal catheterization was successful in 92.14% of cases (129/140 tubes). It was possible bilaterally in 93.02% of cases and unilaterally in 6.98% of cases. The confirmatory HSG allowed a spontaneous opacification of 4.10% of the fallopian tubes. At the end of the procedure, all the recanalized tubes were opacified;62.01% of them were normal, against 37.99% pathological with a preponderance of inflammatory tubes 26.61% followed by hydrosalpinx in 5.03% of cases. No major complications were encountered. The fertility rate was 23.29%. Conclusion: Selective tubal catheterization is a simple technique, without major complications with an efficiency close to natural fertility. It should be proposed as the first intention before any other procedure in the treatment of infertility by proximal tubal obstruction.
文摘Aims: Infertility is a major problem in our current societies and the Fertilia medical clinic in Bamako is a center for medical assistance in procreation (MAP) where there is an increasingly growing demand for ultrasound. The objective of our study was to investigate the ultrasound causes likely to prevent the occurrence of pregnancy in a group of infertile and subfertile women. Subjects and Methods: This was a 5-year cross-sectional and prospective study, between January 2017 and January 2022, which involved 250 women wishing to become pregnant (infertile or subfertile), who came for pelvic ultrasound or follicular monitoring and who agreed to participate in our study. The parameters used were ultrasound reports including uterine, ovarian and tubal pathologies. It should be noted that in some cases no ultrasound cause of infertility was found. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS. Results: 250 women were recruited into our. The average age was 32 years with extremes ranging from 17 to 51 years. 179 patients or 71.6% were between 17 and 35 years old. 139 patients or 55.6% had secondary infertility against 44.4% primary infertility. 202 patients or 80.8% had at least one ultrasound lesion and 48 patients or 19.2% had no significant ultrasound abnormality. The most represented ultrasound lesions were of uterine origin with 72.20%, 23.7% ovarian lesions and 04% tubal lesions. Uterine lesions were dominated by myomas, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, uterine malformations and synechiae. As for ovarian lesions we noted cysts, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian endometriosis, non-follicular ovaries and tubal ultrasound lesions showed unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinx. Conclusion: In our study, ultrasound was an invaluable contribution to the diagnosis of the causes likely to explain subfertility and infertility in our respondents. She highlighted uterine, ovarian and tubal lesions, some of which could be corrected and pregnancies ensued.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Infertility is a major reproductive health care problem that affects the wellbeing of women. Although views vary between cultures, infertility is seen almost exclusively as a woman’s problem in Africa with secondary infertility being the most prevalent while sexually transmitted infections the most investigated cause of infertility. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of this study was</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to determine the prevalence of female infertility in the Limbe and Buea Regional hospitals of the Southwest region of Cameroon from 2015-2019.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Materials and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A retrospective descriptive design was used which involved studying clinical files of women within the reproductive age group (15 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 49) with infertility problems, at the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">gynaecological</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and maternity units of the selected hospitals in the Southwest region of Cameroon </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">over a period of</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> five years (2015-2019). Data were collected from all files included in the study.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A total of 4609 females visited the two hospitals for investigation and 1111 files were identified with infertility giving </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">prevalence</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of 24 %. Three hundred and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">forty</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">three</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (343;31%) presented with primary infertility while seven hundred and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sixty</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">eight</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (768;69%) had secondary infertility. The average age of affected </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">female</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was 31.5 making age the predisposing factor of infertility because </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">after</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the peak of 25 years</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infertility </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">start</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> decreasing. Employment with salary and the association between diagnosis and age had a </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-value < 0.005 which was considered significant in this study.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study found that the prevalence of infertility in Southwest Cameroon is high with secondary infertility being most predominant among infertile women with a prevalence of 69% caused principally by sexually transmitted infection (STIs). Age and occupation were significantly associated with infertility. Routine laboratory screening of women of reproductive age may reduce the high prevalence of infertility in the study area.</span>
文摘Female infertility is considered as a real obstacle to the development of a couple who cannot conceive in a natural way. The aim of this study is to evaluate female infertility using two complementary methods of exploration: hystero-laparoscopy and endometrial biopsy, to compare histopathological data with those of hystero-laparoscopy findings in the same patients, and finally assess the interest to couple both methods to detect a greater number of pathologies. Our prospective study included 64 patients aged 20 - 43 years with primary or secondary infertility for a period of 3 years ranging from 2012 to 2015 at obstetrics and gynecology department in which all patients were admitted to a hysteroscopy followed by laparoscopy. Endometrial biopsy curettage was performed and sent to the Pathological Anatomy Department for a histopathological study. On 64 infertile women explored, no pathologies were findings in 20 patients (31.3%) to the biopsy and 27 patients (42.2%) by hysteroscopy-laparoscopy. Histopathological study was in favor of dysfunctional endometrium (50%) followed by hyperplasia (10.9%). The lesions findings in the hystero-laparoscopy were in the first place uterine (18.8%) followed by equally between tubal and endometrial pathologies (10.9%). Associated diseases affecting the same organs or more were recorded with a percentage of 7.8%. The two methods have been shown effective and the most of common pathologies findings were uterine and endometrial. We concluded that the endometrial biopsy was more decisive in the exploration of endometrium pathologies while hystero-laparoscopy is more sensitive for the exploration of uterine, tubal and ovarian pathologies. Each method taken individually was revealed incomplete. It is more interesting to systematically couple the histology with endoscopic examination in order to detect a greater number of pathologies.
文摘Objective:To identify the attitudes of infertile couples toward their surplus frozen embryos.Methods:This study was according to PRISMA-ScR as the guideline for scoping review.Studies that assessed the attitudes of patients or infertile couples who had surplus embryos were included.We conducted systematic searches in English studies from April 2011-April 2021 using 7 databases:PubMed,Science Direct,EBSCO,Scopus,the Cochrane Library,Sage Journals,and Google Scholar.Data were charted based on author,year of publication,country,purpose,data collection,key findings,and research focus/domain.Results:A total of 37 research articles were included in the analysis.Their attitudes encompassed:supporting the donation of the surplus embryos for both research and reproductive purposes,continuing to store the frozen embryos,and disposing of the surplus embryos.Conclusions:Most of the infertile patients support donating their surplus embryos for research and reproductive purposes.
基金This study was supported by Beijing Nova Program(Z181100006218083)the Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81874421)the Youth Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81904240).
文摘Objective:Bushen Chengyun granule(BCG)is an empirical treatment for female infertility(FI)caused by low endometrial receptivity(LER)involving a poorly understood mechanism.In this study,network pharmacology was used to explore the potential therapeutic mechanism of BCG on FI caused by LER.Methods:The corresponding herb targets were obtained by conducting a search in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and PubMed-reported literature.Disease targets were obtained from the following databases:Comparative Toxicogenomics Database,Human Phenotype Ontology,and Therapeutic Target Database.Treatments for LER using BCG have used target matching(BCG e LER target).Then,the predicted targets were uploaded to the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins database for gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses.Furthermore,triptorelin acetate for injection t menotrophin t chorionic gonadotropin for injection were used to establish a mouse model of blastocyst implantation disorder and to evaluate the in vivo effect of BCG on blastocyst implantation.Results:Overall,156 bioactive chemical components and 1092 targets of BCG were identified.The results indicated that 482 biological processes(FDR<0.01)and 15 pathways(FDR<0.01)related to BCG participated in the complex treatment effects and were associated with the endocrine system,inflammatory responses,metabolism,apoptosis,ovulatory performance,and angiogenesis.Moreover,16 hub nodes of BCG including estrogen receptor(ESR1),estrogen receptor beta(ESR2),progesterone receptor,et al,were recognized as potential treatment targets and might help clarify the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of BCG for female infertility.BCG significantly increased the protein expressions of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors.Conclusions:These findings reveal the potential therapeutic mechanism of BCG for female infertility involves low endometrial receptivity,which should be evaluated further.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82071598)。
文摘Objective:To investigate the impact of endometriosis(EMS)on granulosa cell function and elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved.Methods:RNA sequencing,differential expression analysis,Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis,gene set enrichment analysis,protein–protein interaction analysis,and RT-qPCR were employed to assess the effects of EMS on granulosa cell function.Results:The results revealed significant differences in gene expression between the EMS and control groups,including genes related to immune regulatory functions and ferroptosis.Hub gene modules and hub genes were identified,including those related to cell cycle and immune and inflammatory pathways.RT-qPCR revealed significant upregulation of the hub genesCCL3 andIL1B in granulosa cells of patients with EMS.Conclusion:The results of RNA sequencing demonstrated that EMS induces significant transcriptional alterations in granulosa cells of affected patients.These findings provide important insights into the diagnosis and treatment of EMS and highlight the importance of further investigation ofCCL3 andIL1B as potential biomarkers for EMS.
文摘Reproductive biology is a uniquely important topic since it is about germ cells, which are central for transmitting genetic information from generation to generation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in mammalian germ cell development,including preimplantation development, fetal germ cell development and postnatal development of oocytes and sperm. We also discuss the etiologies of female and male infertility and describe the emerging technologies for studying reproductive biology such as gene editing and single-cell technologies.