Spatial Pattern of Female Non-agricultural Employment and Its Driving Forces in Guangdong Province,China:A Perspective of Individual and Family-level

Promoting women’s employment is not only the need of social and economic development,but also the historical mission of liberating women.This paper uses data from the 1%Population Sample Survey,taken in Guangdong Province in 2015,to explore how women’s marital status,education,and family environment affect the female non-agricultural employment rate(FNAER)on a county scale using a spatial-lag model.The results show that:1)The female non-agricultural employment rate in counties of Guangdong Province is low,with more than three-quarters of counties having female non-agricultural employment rate less than 50%.Moreover,the spatial distribution of FNAER is uneven,with the high-value areas concentrated in the southeast and the low-value areas mainly distributed in the central and western parts of Guangdong Province.2)From the perspective of industry,there are significant spatial differences among women.In the southeast,women are mainly engaged in the secondary industry,while in the central and western regions,women are mainly engaged in the tertiary industry.3)Women having better skills and more effective support from the elderly can improve the FNAER.Women having lower skills,smaller-scale families,a higher fertility rate,and households with two or more elderly members have a negative effect on the FNAER.4)Public policies suggest that improving women’s education and their family environment,building social welfare facilities,and repairing the family environment will increase the FNAER.

Determinants of Female Employment Rate in the European Union

The aim of this paper is to provide a clear insight about the determinants of female employment rate in the European Union where we have used panel data analyses of 27 countries members of the European Union from 1995 till 2009. Applying dynamic modeling, i.e, generalized method of moments （GMM） econometrics findings have driven us to system estimated model where the following institutional variables have been tested： maternity leave, child care facilities, college education, fertility rate, GDP growth, female unemployment rate and part-time employment. We expect these variables to have a positive impact on the female employment rate except for the female unemployment rate and maternity leave

Non-agricultural Population, Employment and Land:An Econometric Study in an Integrated Framework

Abstract： his paper explored the relationships among nonagricultural population, employment and land in an integrated framework, taking account of rural-urban land conversion into Carlino-Mills＇s model on the regional growth. Two-stage-leastsquares and ordinary-least-squares were employed. Recent data for district （grade） cities in China （from 1999 to 2005） were used. Our results showed that： first, urban population influenced non-agricultural employment, and vice versa, but the evidence that non-agricultural employment influenced urban population was stronger than the evidence that urban population influenced non-agricultural employment; second, urban population and non-agricultural employment both influenced ruralurban land conversion, but the evidence that urban population influenced rural urban land conversion was more stronger than the evidence that non-agricultural employment did. We also found that： first, the employment from the secondary industry influenced urban population in a positive way, and vice versa, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced urban population in a negative way, and vice versa; second, the employment from the secondary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a positive way, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a negative way. We can conclude that the key of urbanization is to speed up the process of non-agricultural employment, especially the employment from the tertiary industry, which might promote non-agricultural population, employment and land harmoniously.

Relationship between Farmland Use Right Circulation and Non-agricultural Employment——Based on Survey Data from Eastern and Western China

Relationship between Chinese rural non-agricultural employment and farmland use circulation has always been a hot research topic without final conclusions.This paper uses survey data of"China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS)"covering 1,549 households of 95 villages in Zhejiang and Gansu Province in 2008.According to the data analysis,Zhejiang Province has a higher ratio of rural households leasing out their farmland than Gansu Province has,while the latter has a higher ratio of rural residents going out for earning a living.In both provinces,non-agricultural employment and farmland use circulation show significant positive correlation,but in Gansu,non-agricultural employment of farmers shows no significant positive correlation with rural households leasing out their farmland.The factor shows that for peasants in underdeveloped regions of west China,they rely more on land because of its social security functions,so they are not willing to lease out their land even when they go to cities for earning a living.For local government,it is not appropriate to promote farmland use circulation by depending on the transfer of rural labor forces,fundamental needs of peasants must be taken into consideration.

Gender Discrimination and Female Human Rights Protection in China's Labor Market

As an important part of women’s human rights system, women’s labor right for the women as a group is of very important value and profound significance. The existence of gender discrimination in the labor market caused double losses of benefits and economic efficiency and the interaction with human capital investments. It seriously hinders the women’s equal enjoyment of labor rights, affects the rational use of female talent resources and leads to the idle and waste of human resources in society. Based on analyzing the harm caused by gender discrimination in the labor market from an economic point of view, this paper reveals the existing problems of China’s existing laws and regulations. In the end, some advisable recommendations are suggested to improve the women’s equal employment rights for China.

Migration, Gender, and the Hospitality Industry: Exploring the Use of Female Emotional Labour Within the Hospitality Industry

Emotional labour is an important aspect of the service sector as it is related to the psychological wellbeing of employees and organisational performance.Therefore,this research examines motivations behind female migration and impacts of emotional labour within the hotel industry.Emotional labour is linked to employee motivations and employee performances within the hotel industry to illustrate the length of emotion applied by female migrants while conducting their duties in hotels,the consequence of which causes female migrant workers larger emotional burnout than their fellow male colleagues.The topic is critically reviewed based on available literature discussing this topic.

Why Female College Graduates Are Discriminated in China?

The discrimination against female college graduates is a problem which cannot be ignored in Chinese labor market. This paper thus focuses on the analyses of why the discrimination exists in order to seek better solutions to the problem.

社会资本视角下工程移民女性就业融入研究

后移民时代,工程移民女性作为传统农村向现代化乡村全面振兴转变的典型代表,其就业融入成为自身可持续发展的核心目标。运用社会资本理论,从社会工作视角,结合实地调查,重点考察女性就业融入实践机理可以发现,女性移民就业意愿较为强烈,但其理想就业与现实之间仍存在较大差距,其就业资本面临人力资本、性别分工、移民身份以及社会网络等困境。社会工作通过组织社区活动、小组活动和提供个性化服务,促进了女性移民与他人的社会联系,构建了女性移民社会支持网络。为进一步强化女性移民就业融入网络和保障,可从劳动力人口瞄准、社会工作介入、性别歧视监控和人际网络强化四个方面着手。

How farmers’non-agricultural employment affects rural land circulation in China?

To clarify the impact of non-agricultural employment on rural land circulation in China,we built logit models using the Chinese Household Income Project 2013 dataset,which includes 18,948 household samples over 15 provinces,126 cities and 234 counties of China in 2013.We use the proportion of non-agricultural income,the proportion of non-agricultural laborers and non-agricultural fixed operating assets to reflect the degree of the households’dependence on agriculture,the degree of the households’laborers committed to non-agricultural employment and the stability of non-agricultural employment,respectively.The results show that the stability of non-agricultural employment is an important reason for farmers to transfer out their land,and an increase in non-agricultural income is the fundamental reason.The proportion of non-agricultural assets has the greatest impact on the decision to transfer land,followed by the proportion of non-agricultural income.Per unit increase in the non-agricultural income ratio has a stronger effect on the transfer-out decision than it does on the transfer-in decision,which is a 0.09 increase of the probability of transfer-out the land and a 0.07 decrease of the probability of transfer-in the land.In terms of regional differences,when considering the impact of non-agricultural employment on the land transfer-out decision,the impacts of non-agricultural income and labor force are the greatest in the Central region.The impact of non-agricultural assets is the greatest in the Eastern region.For the Eastern region,the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets and the non-agricultural labor force,and the decision to transfer in land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets.In the Central and Western regions,the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets,non-agricultural income and the non-agricultural labor force,in that order.The decision to transfer in land in the Central region is not significantly affected by non-agricultural employment.The decision to transfer in land in the Western region is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets,non-agricultural labor force and non-agricultural income,in that order.We note that non-agricultural assets have a prominent impact on land transfer,which shows that the stability of non-agricultural employment has an important impact on land transfer decision-making.Vocational training for rural labor forces may be an effective means to promote stable non-agricultural employment and simultaneously facilitate rural land circulation,especially in Central and Western China.

外资进入与女性就业——基于就业率和性别工资差距的双重视角

在中国性别就业差异逐渐扩大的背景下,探讨吸引和利用外商直接投资能否为提高女性就业比例和缩小性别工资差距提供新的动力,对实现中国劳动力市场性别平等、共享对外开放成果至关重要。基于1998~2021年中国省际面板数据和中国家庭收入调查数据库,从就业率和性别工资差距的双重视角出发,实证分析外资进入对中国女性就业的影响及其机制,并考察外资进入速度的调节效应。研究结果表明,外资进入能够提高女性就业率和缩小性别工资差距。异质性分析表明,以独资方式进入的外商直接投资和来自欧美国家的外商直接投资更有助于提高女性就业率和缩小性别工资差距;同时,外资进入对女性就业的积极作用在私营内资企业、高性别平等化地区、东部地区以及第三产业中影响更大。影响机制结果表明,增加市场竞争程度和促进技术进步是外资进入能够提高女性就业率和缩小性别工资差距的主要渠道。从调节效应上看,过快的外资进入速度减缓了外资进入对提高女性就业率和缩小性别工资差距的积极影响。因此,应通过完善市场竞争机制、提高企业技术水平、合理把控外资进入速度等措施,充分发挥外资进入对提高女性就业率和缩小性别工资差距的重要作用。研究结果为促进女性共享对外开放成果和经济可持续发展提供了新思路。

数字经济是否有助于改善劳动力市场上的性别不平等——基于中国家庭追踪调查的实证研究

中国劳动力市场上性别不平等的问题始终存在,而快速发展的数字经济为推动性别平等注入了新活力。本文基于2014—2018年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,构建关于数字经济与性别就业差距的理论模型,全面考察了数字经济发展对女性就业的影响,并采用历史邮电数据作为工具变量缓解内生性问题。研究表明,数字经济的发展显著提高了女性的相对就业水平。异质性结果显示,低教育和已婚已育女性受数字经济的积极影响更大。传导机制表明,女性的工作灵活程度、性别平等观念水平的提高和女性密集型产业的发展是重要的作用渠道。本文为缩小我国劳动力性别差距提供了新的视角,也从侧面反映了建设“数字中国”的社会意义。

“事业家庭相得益彰”——女性劳动参与对家庭经济脆弱性影响研究

老龄化社会加剧叠加男性劳动供给缺乏弹性,女性劳动参与的边际效应增强,微观上有助于改善家庭收入结构,宏观上有助于推动经济社会可持续发展。基于中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)微观数据,研究了女性劳动参与对家庭经济脆弱性的影响。研究发现:女性劳动参与会在1%水平上显著降低家庭经济脆弱性,这种影响经过内生性检验及多种稳健性检验后仍然稳健。这是由于女性劳动参与可以增加家庭社会资本、金融资本、应急储蓄以及商业医疗保险投入,从而增强家庭风险管理能力;这种影响在工资水平较高的地区以及健康状况较差的群体中更明显;此外,高质量就业对降低家庭经济脆弱性具有更显著效果,有利于女性就业的产业结构从外部助推了这种影响。研究有助于完善家庭经济脆弱性的性别结构分析,政府应进一步保证就业市场的性别平等,这可增强家庭经济韧性,推动社会经济可持续发展。

数字经济背景下互联网使用能否促进农村女性非农就业

采用2017年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,结合Probit模型、随机森林模型(Random forest)与拓展回归模型(ERM)等实证分析方法,分析数字时代互联网使用对农村女性非农就业决策的影响及作用机制。结果表明,互联网使用能够促进农村女性非农就业,其边际效应为6.8%;现代媒介使用频率越高的农村女性,其非农就业概率越高,尤其对自雇就业的影响效果大于受雇就业;信息获取渠道影响则不显著。异质性分析表明,互联网使用对初中以下文化程度、家庭照料强度小、家庭经济水平较低的农村女性非农就业提升的概率更高。互联网使用可能通过人力资本水平提升及经验累积、拓展社会关系渠道、改善传统性别观念认知3个方面影响非农就业。这说明在数字经济时代互联网的使用对农村女性非农就业参与发挥着积极的作用,也为探索现存劳动力制约下的数字红利、优化劳动配置资源、推动经济又好又快发展提供了新视角。

性别平等意识对女性就业的影响——基于近代报纸库的经验研究

本文利用近代报纸库数据,借助文本分析方法构造各地区的性别平等意识指标,探讨性别平等意识对女性就业的短期和长期影响。结果表明,性别平等意识的增强显著降低了20世纪30年代女性就业的数量和占比,并减少了假日天数。利用明清时期贞节牌坊数量作为工具变量解决内生性问题后,结论稳健。而在长期影响方面,性别平等意识对女性就业的影响发生了逆转,从2000年之前的负效应变成之后的正影响。劳动者谈判能力的提升是长短期影响出现逆转的关键。

当前女大学生就业观现状调查研究——以H大学为例

以H大学女大学生为调查对象,通过问卷调查的方式,对当前H大学女大学生的就业观念进行调查。结果显示,当前女大学生认为工作对于女性非常重要,但是当前的就业形势对于女性并不乐观,尤其是职场的性别歧视问题比较严重。女大学生对于就业相关的自我认知也有偏差。对策及建议:在社会方面要转变观念,改变歧视女性就业的错误认识;强化对劳动力市场的监管,完善法律法规;学校和家庭教育方面也要引导学生独立自强;个人规划方面要转变就业观念,重塑科学就业观;提升个人能力,做好就业准备;明确自我认知,制定个人规划。

长期护理保险对女性就业极化的影响——基于多时点双重差分模型

采用2011—2018年全国流动人口卫生计生动态监测调查数据(CMDS),构建多时点双重差分模型,评估长期护理保险对女性劳动力就业结构的影响。结果发现:与中等技能女性劳动力相比,长期护理保险显著提高了高技能和低技能女性劳动力的工资收入水平,提升幅度分别为14.15和7.37个百分点,从而促进了女性劳动力市场双向就业极化。这种极化现象在就业人数和工作时间层面同样存在,且在经济发展水平较低和传统文化观念淡薄的城市更加明显。鉴于此,应在推广长期护理保险的进程中,增强女性护理行业从业人员专业技能,切实提高其产业变化适应能力,同时探索发展更适应传统文化观念和失能家庭需要的养老照护模式。

中国服务业开放对制造业性别工资差距的影响——基于中国工业企业数据库的实证研究

基于服务业与制造业两业融合的视角,文章从服务业开放的角度实证检验了中国服务业开放对制造业性别工资差距的影响及其作用机制。结果表明:中国的服务业开放会通过成本机制、全要素生产率机制和出口机制三条路径,显著缩小制造业企业中存在的性别工资差距。在实证分析的基础上,国家层面应继续扩大服务业开放程度,促进制造业行业内和不同地区均衡发展,并从企业成本和生产率入手继续缩小性别工资差距。

丈夫育儿参与促进了女性就业吗?——基于CFPS 2020年数据的实证分析

随着生育政策放开,我国女性面临更为激烈的育儿和就业冲突,影响了女性高质量充分就业。挖掘家庭内部照料资源,从理论视角分析丈夫育儿与女性就业的影响关系及作用机制,使用Probit模型、倾向值得分匹配法发现,丈夫育儿参与能够显著促进女性进入劳动力市场,其结果通过稳健检验。在机制分析中,研究发现丈夫育儿参与通过减少女性的家务和照料时间从而促进女性就业,而女性及丈夫的性别不平等观念均会削弱男性育儿参与对女性就业的影响。此外,生育政策的放开也使得多子女家庭进一步增加,进一步探讨了二孩家庭中丈夫育儿参与对女性就业的影响发现,相较于一孩家庭,丈夫育儿对二孩女性就业的影响更大。研究结果对于提高女性劳动参与、促进劳动力市场健康发展,尤其是在人口老龄化、婴幼儿照料体系不健全背景下,提高生育率、缓解女性工作—家庭冲突具有现实意义,为相关政策的制定与实施提供了参考。

陪读会促进农村女性非农就业吗?——来自中国农村母亲的证据

教育是实现社会流动的重要途径。在乡村实施“撤点并校”改革之后,送子女进城接受教育,即教育城镇化已逐渐成为农村家庭的重要选择。然而,这种教育投资往往以牺牲陪读母亲的职业发展为代价。本文基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据进行实证分析,结果表明:(1)农村母亲陪读现象较为普遍,并且随着城镇等级的提升呈现增强的趋势;(2)教育城镇化伴生的陪读行为,显著抑制了陪读母亲非农就业的概率,对其非农就业影响的替代效应大于收入效应;(3)异质性分析表明,陪读对母亲非农就业的作用效应受到教育程度、年龄阶段和所处地理区位的影响;(4)长期来看,农村母亲的陪读经历促进了其人力资本提升,有助于其参与非农就业。总体而言,由于农村学生就读学校所在地的就业机会有限且家庭照料负担沉重,短期内陪读母亲就近务工及全家进城安居的可能性较低。本文有助于增进对中国教育城镇化过程中出现的“教育进城、家庭未进城”现象及其关联问题的理解。

流动人口家庭收入的性别红利效应分析

女性流动人口的劳动供给对于提高个人及家庭人均收入,以及对支持经济增长均有积极的作用。基于2017年度中国流动人口动态监测(CMDS)微观数据,研究流动人口家庭收入的性别红利效应。研究结果表明:提高流动人口非农就业可以获得家庭性别红利。家庭性别红利的获得是人口红利获得的重要来源,可以有力缓解人口红利的弱化对现代化发展带来的挑战,由此推论出开发性别红利对推进中国式现代化的重要性。