Effect of shear-induced contact area and aperture variations on nonlinear flow behaviors in fractal rock fractures

This study experimentally analyzes the nonlinear flow characteristics and channelization of fluid through rough-walled fractures during the shear process using a shear-flow-visualization apparatus.A series of fluid flow and visualization tests is performed on four transparent fracture specimens with various shear displacements of 1 mm,3 mm,5 mm,7 mm and 10 mm under a normal stress of 0.5 MPa.Four granite fractures with different roughnesses are selected and quantified using variogram fractal dimensions.The obtained results show that the critical Reynolds number tends to increase with increasing shear displacement but decrease with increasing roughness of fracture surface.The flow paths are more tortuous at the beginning of shear because of the wide distribution of small contact spots.As the shear displacement continues to increase,preferential flow paths are more distinctly observed due to the decrease in the number of contact spots caused by shear dilation;yet the area of single contacts in-creases.Based on the experimental results,an empirical mathematical equation is proposed to quantify the critical Reynolds number using the contact area ratio and fractal dimension.

TOOTH CURVES AND ENTIRE CONTACT AREA IN PROCESS OF SPLINE COLD ROLLING

In spline rolling process, the contact area between roller and workpiece plays an important role in calculating rolling-force and rolling-moment. For the purpose of studying the contact area, contact state between roller and workpiece in process of spline cold rolling based upon cross rolling is analyzed. According to the suitable hypothesis, the mathematic model of roller-tooth-curve in optional position of rolling process is established. Combing the theory of conjugate curves with the theory of envelope curve, the corresponding mathematic model of workpiece-tooth-curve is established. By utilizing establishing mathematic models, the algorithm of entire contact area in rolling process is created. On the basis of the algorithm, calculation-program is compiled under MATLAB program language environment. The calculation-program actualizes quantitative analysis and quantitative calculation of contact areas. Utilizing the calculation-program, the influence of parameters on contact area is analyzed, and the tendency is consistent with the manufacturing experience. In consideration of rolling-force optimization, the primary process parameters may be selected according to results of calculation. The result of the present study may provide basis for research on rolling-force and rolling-moment.

A measurement method for distinguishing the real contact area of rough surfaces of transparent solids using improved Otsu technique

An experimental method of measuring the real contact area of transparent blocks based on the principle of total internal reflection is presented, intending to support the investigation of friction characteristics, heat conduction, and energy dissipation at the contact interface. A laser sheet illuminates the contact interface, and the transmitted laser sheet is projected onto a screen. Then the contact information is acquired from the screen by a camera. An improved Otsu method is proposed to process the data of experimental images. It can compute the threshold of the overall image and filter out all the pixels one by one. Through analyzing the experimental results, we describe the relationship between the real contact area and the positive pressure during a continuous loading process, at different loading rates, with the polymethyl methacrylate（PMMA）material. A hysteresis phenomenon in the relationship between the real contact area and the positive pressure is found and explained.

Double-row repair of rotator cuff tears: Comparing tendon contact area between techniques

BACKGROUND In rotator cuff repair surgery,the double-row technique is widely performed.Studies have shown that with increased contact area and pressure between tendon and bone interface,better healing is promoted.AIM To assess the different suture configurations with the double-row technique and how this influences the contact area of the rotator cuff tendon to bone.METHODS This was a controlled laboratory study where identical tears were created in 24 fresh porcine shoulders over a 1.5 cm×2.5 cm infraspinatus insertion footprint.Double-row repair techniques,with 3 to 4-suture anchors in different configurations(2 medial,2 lateral vs 2 medial,1 lateral vs 1 medial,2 lateral),were employed for three control groups.Each group consisted of eight shoulders with identical repair configurations.Footprint contact areas of the repaired tendon against the tuberosity were determined using pressure sensitive Fujifilm placed between the tendon and tuberosity.RESULTS The mean contact area between tendon and insertion footprint from the imprinted Fujifilm was obtained using computer software.The contact area measured from a standard 4-suture anchor double row repair was 75.1±9.3 mm2,whereas areas obtained for the 2 lateral-1 medial and 2 medial-1 lateral anchor configurations were 72.9±5.2 mm2 and 75.0±4.9 mm2 respectively.No statistical significance was noted between the three groups.CONCLUSION In the technique of double-row repair,using a 3-suture anchor configuration may offer a non-inferior alternative to the standard 4-anchor construct in terms of efficacy.This may also result in overall cost reduction and shorter surgical time.

Relationship between the real contact area and contact force in pre-sliding regime

The pre-sliding regime is typically neglected in the dynamic modelling of mechanical systems. However, the change in contact state caused by static friction may decrease positional accuracy and control precision. To investigate the relationship between contact status and contact force in pre-sliding friction, an optical experimental method is presented in this paper.With this method, the real contact state at the interface of a transparent material can be observed based on the total reflection principle of light by using an image processing technique. A novel setup, which includes a pair of rectangular trapezoidal blocks, is proposed to solve the challenging issue of accurately applying different tangential and normal forces to the contact interface. The improved Otsu＇s method is used for measurement. Through an experimental study performed on polymethyl methacrylate（PMMA）, the quantity of contact asperities is proven to be the dominant factor that affects the real contact area. The relationship between the real contact area and the contact force in the pre-sliding regime is studied, and the distribution of static friction at the contact interface is qualitatively discussed. New phenomena in which the real contact area expands along with increasing static friction are identified. The aforementioned relationship is approximately linear at the contact interface under a constant normal pressure, and the distribution of friction stress decreases from the leading edge to the trailing edge.

An experimental method for quantitative analysis of real contact area based on the total reflection optical principle

The simulation of real contact area between materials is foundationally important for the contact mechanics of mechanical structures. The Greenwood and Williamson(GW) model and the Majumdar(MB) model are the basic models in this field, which are widely accepted and proven to be valid in many experiments and engineering. Although the contact models have evolved considerably in recent years, the verifications of the models are most based on the indirect methods such as electrical conductivity and contact stiffness, because of the lack of effective methods to directly measure the variation of contact surface. In this paper, the total reflection(TR) method is introduced into the verification of contact models.An experiment system based on TR method is constructed to measure the real contact area of two PMMA specimens. The comparison analysis between the results of experiment and models suggests that the experiment result has the same trend with simulation, the MB model has better agreement with the experimental result because this method can take into account the variation of radius and the merging of asperities, while the GW model has a huge deviation because of the dependence on resolution and the lack of considering the variation of radius and asperity's merging process. Taking the interaction of asperities into account could give a better result that is closer to the experiment. Our results and analysis prove that the experimental methods in this paper could be used as a more direct and valid method to quantitatively measure the real contact area and to verify the contact models.

Evolution of real contact area during stick-slip movement observed by total reflection method

We build an experiment system based on total reflection(TR) method to observe the evolution of real contact area of polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) in the continual stick-slip movement. The bilateral friction is adopted to overcome the bending moment in the lateral friction movement. Besides some classical phenomena of stick-slip movement such as periodical slow increase of frictional force in sticking phase and a sudden drop when slipping, a special phenomenon that the contact area increases with the tangential force is observed, which was called junction growth by Tabor in 1959.Image processing methods are developed to observe the variation of the junction area. The results show that the center of the strongest contact region will keep sticking under the tangential force until the whole slipping, the strongest point undergoes three stages in one cycle, which are named as sticking stage, fretting stage, and cracking stage, respectively. The combined analysis reveals a physical process of stick-slip movement: the tangential force causes the increase of the real contact area, which reduces the pressure between the contact spots and finally leads to the slipping. Once slipping occurs,the real contact area drops to the original level resulting in the pressure increase to the original level, which makes the sticking happen again.

A Study on Law of Change of Real Contact Area of Friction during Transition Process

Mechanism of frictional vibration and the difference of kinctic-static friction is an open question. Research shows that the change of real area of contact during transition process of friction results in the phenomena mentioned above. In substance, the F-Vr, descent and F-T ascent characters are caused by A-Vr, and A-T characters respectively. Based on ultrasonic experiment the mechanism of the phenomena is explained and the frictional formulas using the parameter-real area of contact are given in this article.

New Equations for Describing Contact Area between Tire and Ground

New equations are proposed to describe the shapes and sizes of the contact areas between tire and ground(the contact areas)under the conditions of static load,slip,camber,and rolling.The equations are super ellipse and trigonometric function with four parameters.Results indicate that the contact areas under the conditions of static load,slip,camber can be well described by super ellipse,in the most complicated case,fourteen parameters are used.The rolling contact area can be reconstructed by the trigonometric function completely.Symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes can both be described perfectly.The suggested curves will make calculate size of the areas easily.The described shapes and sizes are in good agreement with the measured,the maximum deviation is only 2.88%.This work will provide an instrument for understanding the contact area and be helpful for analyzing tire and road.

Concussion in contact sport:A challenging area to tackle

1.The problem The term'concussion'refers to a common form of traumatic brain injury,which typically occurs after a blow or injury to the head.It has been described as a'complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain,induced by biomechanical factors',and shear forces induced by rotational acceleration are believed to be the primary mechanism of injury in concussion.~1The incidence of concussion in the UK has been shown to be

A consecutive joint shear strength model considering the 3D roughness of real contact joint surface

A consecutive joint shear strength model for soft rock joints is proposed in this paper,which takes into account the degradation law of the actual contact three-dimensional(3D)roughness.The essence of the degradation of the maximum possible dilation angle is the degradation of the 3D average equivalent dip angle of the actual contact joint asperities.Firstly,models for calculating the maximum possible dilation angle at the initial and residual shear stress stages are proposed by analyzing the 3D joint morphology characteristics of the corresponding shear stages.Secondly,the variation law of the maximum possible dilation angle is quantified by studying the degradation law of the joint micro convex body.Based on the variation law of the maximum possible dilation angle,the maximum possible shear strength model is proposed.Furthermore,a method to calculate the shear stiffness degradation in the plastic stage is proposed.According to the maximum possible shear strength of rock joints,the shear stress-shear displacement prediction model of rock joints is obtained.The new model reveals that there is a close relationship between joint shear strength and actual contact joint roughness,and the degradation of shear strength after the peak is due to the degradation of actual contact joint roughness.

半无限区域雪壤与车轮交互作用接触动力学特性分析

车轮与雪壤交互作用是车辆在高原、极地等环境下安全行驶的基础。为构建准确表征车轮与雪壤接触过程的车轮-雪壤交互动态模型,建立圆盘加载仿真模型,获取典型雪壤的压力-沉陷关系;基于硬质雪壤建立车轮-雪壤交互数值仿真模型,对车轮-雪壤交互接触作用力进行数值仿真。利用圆盘加载试验结果和实车试验结果,对建立的数值模型进行有效性验证。基于车轮-雪壤交互平均接触应力关系建立车轮-雪壤交互接触作用力解析模型,利用仿真结果对解析模型进行验证。研究结果表明:半无限区域下的圆盘加载数值仿真模型能够有效反映雪壤的压力-沉陷特性,车轮-雪壤交互数值仿真结果与实际车轮行驶的下陷量、运动阻力系数有较好的一致性;车轮行驶滑移率为正时,车轮载荷-沉陷关系和车轮-雪壤交互接触作用力趋于稳定,车轮行驶滑移率为负时,车轮下陷量变大,由此导致垂向支持力正应力部分和运动阻力增加;车轮行驶滑移率为正时,车轮-雪壤交互解析模型可以准确预测车轮-雪壤交互接触作用力的变化趋势。

装配式刻槽道面宏观构造特征参数研究

本文以A320主起落架轮胎与装配式道面板为研究对象,首先,基于能量损耗理论及摩擦学基本原理,建立轮胎与道面之间的能量耗散方程,从而得出道面宏观构造特征参数与摩擦耗散之间的量化关系。其次,利用ABAQUS建立飞机轮胎-道面板相互作用动力仿真模型。最后,通过仿真实验得到最优的装配式刻槽道面的构造特征参数(刻槽深度、刻槽宽度、刻槽倒角),结果表明:当刻槽宽度为30 mm、刻槽深度为2 mm、刻槽倒角为45°时,装配式道面板可以显著增强道面抗滑性能,具有良好的摩擦耗散性能,与轮胎接触面更大,抓地性能更好,可以提高装配式道面板的耐久性。

基于无滑移接触的螺栓连接结构动力学建模方法及试验验证

为准确描述和分析动力学环境下螺栓连接结构的响应行为,提出将无滑移接触区域作为有效接触区的螺栓连接结构动力学简化建模方法;无滑移接触区可通过非线性静力学数值模拟获得。仿真结果表明,螺栓预紧力对无滑移接触区范围影响甚微,可以避免拧紧力矩以及拧紧力矩系数等参数的取值差异对建模精度的影响。同时,开展了典型组合结构从部件级到系统级的多层级模态试验,测试结果表明多阶模态频率及振型的试验结果与仿真结果吻合良好,说明该建模方法准确、有效,适用于正向设计过程中对产品动力学特性的研究。

元白话语言接触研究综述

由于元代特殊的社会文化背景,使得元白话表现出独特的语言接触面貌。目前在语法和词汇方面,学界对其研究可以说表现为从断代的静态描写到历时的动态描写,从文献的混同分析到分类对照考察,且逐渐兼顾汉语本身演变规律和语言融合因素的双重影响。不过研究成果虽多,但也存在研究广度欠缺、研究视域狭窄,对内在机制动因挖掘不够深入等问题。站在长城地带北方话语言接触底层研究的视角上,认为“汉儿言语”并非某个朝代所独有,至少在魏晋南北朝以来不断发展递变,在长城内外已构成“汉儿言语联盟”。站在北方话发展历史的角度观照“汉儿言语”“辽代汉儿言语”“蒙式汉语”“满式汉语”等均是其不同时代的变体。理清这一汉语发展脉络,对我们认识汉语基础方言的演变、认识中华民族多元一体化格局的形成,无疑具有重要的历史和现实意义。

接触面积对H62/T2弹性接触载流摩擦副性能的影响

针对接触条件对电连接器热插拔条件下性能影响不明的问题,采用H62/T2弹性接触摩擦副,在微-滑动摩擦试验机上,对其进行往复滑动载流摩擦实验,研究了接触面积对H62/T2载流摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:在给定电流为2 A、4 A、6 A条件下,随接触面积的增加,摩擦系数波动性降低,即摩擦过程的稳定性提高,平均摩擦系数和总磨损体积均呈现增大趋势;在电流为2 A条件下,当圆弧半径从1.5 mm增加至5.5 mm时,电流波动性减小,载流稳定性提高,载流效率η从98.26%提高至99.73%。摩擦副的摩擦磨损机制包括磨粒磨损、粘着磨损、电弧侵蚀且多机制耦合作用,随接触面积的增加,以熔融和喷溅为主的电弧侵蚀减少,以犁沟和粘着为主的机械磨损加剧。

风荷载下的树木动态行为参数测量方法综述

树木风害机理、风害损失及防治技术的研究是当前的研究热点,其共同基础是了解树木的空气动力学特性。对树木动态行为参数的测量是研究树木空气动力学的基础,对定量化研究树木风载及其安全性评估具有重要意义。在调研国内外相关文献的基础上对树木动态行为参数的测量方法进行了综述。首先,对树干、树枝和树叶的动态行为参数进行了总结;其次,从接触式和非接触式两方面对树木动态行为参数的测量方法进行归纳,对每种方法的适用范围及优缺点进行阐述分析;最后,讨论了目前测量方法的不足,对未来的测量方法进行展望。

射频连接器装配位移的机电耦合建模及实验

射频连接器是射频和微波系统中必不可少的器件。在射频连接器装配过程中,装配位移的变化会导致接触状态变化,进而影响传输信号完整性。针对互连射频连接器的装配位移变化影响传输电性能这一问题,通过搭建射频连接器的装配位移与散射参数测量实验平台,研究装配位移对电信号的影响。基于微波网络理论分析,引入接触区域的等效电路,将接触区域等效电路转化为端口网络与射频连接器端口网络级联,构建装配位移影响下互连射频连接器的场路耦合模型。根据该模型搭建实验平台,测量射频连接器不同装配位移下的散射参数,由实验数据拟合装配位移和接触区域阻抗的映射关系,最后构建出射频连接器装配位移的机电耦合模型。通过搭建装配位移实验平台,验证了耦合模型的有效性。

轴承钢滚动接触疲劳亚表面夹杂处损伤分析

轴承钢在滚动接触疲劳(RCF)中失效的主要原因之一是亚表面白蚀区(WEA)的形成.本文中从塑性应变累积引起剪切局域化新的角度对WEA进行了研究.通过耦合晶体塑性和相场损伤理论建立了损伤演化本构模型,研究了非金属夹杂处塑性应变累积和损伤演化.研究表明,接触疲劳载荷引起的塑性应变局域化导致了剪切带的形成.剪切带的形貌、取向和应变与WEA的一致,表明WEA实际上是应变局域化的剪切带.晶体取向对WEA损伤的形成和发展有很大的影响,WEA仅在择优的晶体取向下形成.与软夹杂周围的剪切带和损伤演化不同,硬夹杂处的剪切带与夹杂相切,形成的4条剪切变形带将夹杂“包围”.剪切带内部处于高应变和低应力的状态,带中心处应变达到最大,随带宽两侧急剧减小,而中心处应力却最小,几乎为零,沿带宽两侧增大,这说明裂纹在剪切带内萌生和扩展.该结论阐明了裂纹和WEA形成的关系,即裂纹是在WEA形成过程中因应变不协调产生,而非裂纹先产生,裂纹上下表面相互摩擦导致WEA形成.

多孔结构可磨耗涂层抗氧化性能评价方法

防钛火可磨耗封严涂层的抗氧化性能是决定其服役寿命的重要因素。然而,当涂层呈现孔隙率高达50%量级的多孔结构,经典的氧化增重评价方法不适用。为构建多孔结构涂层抗氧化性能的合理评价方法,以防钛火可磨耗封严涂层为典型的多孔结构合金涂层研究对象,通过系统研究涂层氧化动力学规律、氧化膜分布特征,揭示了多孔结构涂层内表面氧化机制,建立合理考虑涂层实际氧化表面积的多孔结构涂层抗氧化性能评价方法。结果表明,孔隙作为环境氧的快速扩散通道,使涂层与环境氧的接触面积增大2个数量级,导致根据经典氧化增重法所得氧化膜厚度比实际表面氧化膜厚度高2个数量级。据此,通过建模计算包含外表面和内表面的多孔涂层实际氧化面积,构建基于实际氧化表面积的涂层抗氧化评价方法。采用该方法评价NiCrAl-膨润土可磨耗封严涂层,得出600℃空气氧化条件下该涂层平均氧化速率为1.8×10^(-2) g·m^(-2)·h^(-1),达到标准HB5258—2000规定的完全抗氧化级。上述评价方法为准确评价多孔涂层抗氧化性能从而保障涂层可靠服役提供方法支撑。