Foeniculum vu/gare Mill. （F. vu/gare）, commonly known as Fennel, is a popular medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities mentioned in traditional Iranian medicine （TIM） and modern phytotherapy such as...Foeniculum vu/gare Mill. （F. vu/gare）, commonly known as Fennel, is a popular medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities mentioned in traditional Iranian medicine （TIM） and modern phytotherapy such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, estrogenic, diuretic, lithontripic, galactogogue, emmenagogue, antithrombotic, hypotensive, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, memory enhancing, and antimutagenic activities. No serious adverse events were recorded after ingestion of F. vu/gare except some cases of allergic reactions. The estrogenic activity of F. vu/gare brings some side effects such as decrease in protein concentration and acid and alkaline phosphatase in male genital organs, increase in weight of mammary glands and reproductive organs in women and premature thelarohe in girls. However, no evidence of teratogenicity was recorded, it is better not to use F. vulgare during pregnancy due to its estrogenic activity. Because of inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 （CYP3A4）, the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs mainly metabolized by this isozyme may be affected by F. vu/gare. In addition, a significant interaction between cyprofloxacin and F. vu/gare was demonstrated. The aim of current paper is to review pharmacological properties, toxicity and adverse events, and drug interactions of F.vu/gare and brings conclusive results about the use of this plant in men, women and during pregnancy.展开更多
Cough, as a defensive reflux mechanism, removes foreign objects and secretions from bronchi and bron- chioles of airways. Zataria multiflora is a popular plant for treatment of cough in Iranian traditional med- icine....Cough, as a defensive reflux mechanism, removes foreign objects and secretions from bronchi and bron- chioles of airways. Zataria multiflora is a popular plant for treatment of cough in Iranian traditional med- icine. The aim of this review was to evaluate the potency of Z. multiflora as an alternative treatment in management of acute cough and its possible mechanisms of action. Here the authors compiled informa- tion about Z. multiflora in the treatment of cough from all accessible resources and books. The results of this investigation showed that there were five clinical studies that evaluated the efficacy of Z. multiflora essential oil or extract alone （n = 1 ）, in combination with Althaea officinalis （n = 2） or Foeniculum vulgate essential oil （n = 1 ）, in the form of syrup （n = 3）, oral drop （n = 1 ） and soft capsule （n = 1 ）, for the treatment of acute cough in comparison with placebo or synthetic drugs （bromhexine, dextromethorphan and clobutinol）. All clinical studies confirmed the efficacy ofZ multiflora in the amelioration of acute cough in pediatric （n = 1） and adult patients （n = 4） without any adverse effects. Different mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, relaxant and immune-enhancement, may be responsible for the efficacy of Z. multiflora in cough relief. Other clinical trials can be performed with Z. multiflora in com- bination with ivy leaf extract or primrose root extract on patients with cough.展开更多
文摘Foeniculum vu/gare Mill. （F. vu/gare）, commonly known as Fennel, is a popular medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities mentioned in traditional Iranian medicine （TIM） and modern phytotherapy such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, estrogenic, diuretic, lithontripic, galactogogue, emmenagogue, antithrombotic, hypotensive, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, memory enhancing, and antimutagenic activities. No serious adverse events were recorded after ingestion of F. vu/gare except some cases of allergic reactions. The estrogenic activity of F. vu/gare brings some side effects such as decrease in protein concentration and acid and alkaline phosphatase in male genital organs, increase in weight of mammary glands and reproductive organs in women and premature thelarohe in girls. However, no evidence of teratogenicity was recorded, it is better not to use F. vulgare during pregnancy due to its estrogenic activity. Because of inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 （CYP3A4）, the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs mainly metabolized by this isozyme may be affected by F. vu/gare. In addition, a significant interaction between cyprofloxacin and F. vu/gare was demonstrated. The aim of current paper is to review pharmacological properties, toxicity and adverse events, and drug interactions of F.vu/gare and brings conclusive results about the use of this plant in men, women and during pregnancy.
文摘Cough, as a defensive reflux mechanism, removes foreign objects and secretions from bronchi and bron- chioles of airways. Zataria multiflora is a popular plant for treatment of cough in Iranian traditional med- icine. The aim of this review was to evaluate the potency of Z. multiflora as an alternative treatment in management of acute cough and its possible mechanisms of action. Here the authors compiled informa- tion about Z. multiflora in the treatment of cough from all accessible resources and books. The results of this investigation showed that there were five clinical studies that evaluated the efficacy of Z. multiflora essential oil or extract alone （n = 1 ）, in combination with Althaea officinalis （n = 2） or Foeniculum vulgate essential oil （n = 1 ）, in the form of syrup （n = 3）, oral drop （n = 1 ） and soft capsule （n = 1 ）, for the treatment of acute cough in comparison with placebo or synthetic drugs （bromhexine, dextromethorphan and clobutinol）. All clinical studies confirmed the efficacy ofZ multiflora in the amelioration of acute cough in pediatric （n = 1） and adult patients （n = 4） without any adverse effects. Different mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, relaxant and immune-enhancement, may be responsible for the efficacy of Z. multiflora in cough relief. Other clinical trials can be performed with Z. multiflora in com- bination with ivy leaf extract or primrose root extract on patients with cough.
