This review paper explores the efficacy of magnesium ferrite-based catalysts in photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminates(antibiotic and dyes).We report the influence of different doping strategies,synthesis ...This review paper explores the efficacy of magnesium ferrite-based catalysts in photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminates(antibiotic and dyes).We report the influence of different doping strategies,synthesis methods,and composite materials on the degradation efficiency of these pollutants.Our analysis reveals the versatile and promising nature of magnesium ferrite-based catalysts,offering the valuable insights into their practical application for restoring the environment.Due to the smaller band gap and magnetic nature of magnesium ferrite,it holds the benefit of utilising the broader spectrum of light while also being recoverable.The in-depth analysis of magnesium ferrites'photocatalytic mechanism could lead to the development of cheap and reliable photocatalyst for the wastewater treatment.This concise review offers a thorough summary of the key advancements in this field,highlighting the pivotal role of the magnesium ferrite based photocatalysts in addressing the pressing global issue of organic pollutants in wastewater.展开更多
A well-known hazardous metal and top contaminant in wastewater is hexavalent chromium. The two forms of most commonly found chromium are chromate ( CrO 4 2− ) and dichromate ( Cr 2 O 7 2− ). Leather tanning, cooling t...A well-known hazardous metal and top contaminant in wastewater is hexavalent chromium. The two forms of most commonly found chromium are chromate ( CrO 4 2− ) and dichromate ( Cr 2 O 7 2− ). Leather tanning, cooling tower blow-down, plating, electroplating, rinse water sources, anodizing baths etc. are the main sources of Cr (VI) contamination. The Cr (VI) is not only non-biodegradable in the environment but also carcinogenic to living population. It is still difficult to treat Cr contaminated waste water effectively, safely, eco-friendly, and economically. As a result, many techniques have been used to treat Cr (VI)-polluted wastewater, including adsorption, chemical precipitation, coagulation, ion-exchange, and filtration. Among these practices, the most practical method is adsorption for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions, which has gained widespread acceptance due to the ease of use and affordability of the equipment and adsorbent. It has been revealed that Fe-based adsorbents’ oxides and hydroxides have high adsorptive potential to lower Cr (VI) content below the advised threshold. Fe-based adsorbents were also discovered to be relatively cheap and toxic-free in Cr (VI) treatment. Fe-based adsorbents are commonly utilized in industry. It has been discovered that nanoparticles of Fe-, Ti-, and Cu-based adsorbents have a better capacity to remove Cr (VI). Cr (VI) was effectively removed from contaminated water using mixed element-based adsorbents (Fe-Mn, Fe-Ti, Fe-Cu, Fe-Zr, Fe-Cu-Y, Fe-Mg, etc.). Initial findings suggest that Cr (VI) removal from wastewater may be accomplished by using magnesium ferrite nanomaterials as an efficient adsorbent.展开更多
The changes in austenite grain size of the specimens with coarse ferrite grains under different heat treatment process were investigated.The focus was on studying the effect of annealing on refining coarse ferrite gra...The changes in austenite grain size of the specimens with coarse ferrite grains under different heat treatment process were investigated.The focus was on studying the effect of annealing on refining coarse ferrite grains,as well as the influence of the ferrite grain size on the main technical indicators of gas carburizing.The results show that coarse ferrite grains may not necessarily cause the coarse austenite grains,but may result in mixed austenite grains.After annealing treatment,the coarse ferrite grains can be significantly refined and homogenized.Moreover,the coarse ferrite grains have no significant effects on hardnessand intergranular oxidationof gas carburizing.展开更多
Co_((1-x))ZnxFe_(2)O_(4)nanospheres(x=0,0.5,0.8)with a unidirectional cubic spinel structure were prepared by a solvothermal method.By using a range of theoretical and empirical models,the experimental heat capacity v...Co_((1-x))ZnxFe_(2)O_(4)nanospheres(x=0,0.5,0.8)with a unidirectional cubic spinel structure were prepared by a solvothermal method.By using a range of theoretical and empirical models,the experimental heat capacity values were fitted as a function of temperature over a suitable temperature range to explain the possible relationship between the magnetic properties and microstructure of the nanospheres.As a result,at a low temperature(T<10 K),the parameter Bfswdecreases with increasing Zn concentration,implying that the exchange interaction between A and B sites decreases.At a relatively high temperature(T>50 K),the Debye temperature decreases with increasing Zn concentration,which is due to the weakening of the interatomic bonding force after the addition of non-magnetic materials to the Co Fe_(2)O_(4)spinel ferrite.展开更多
In this study,three-dimensional porous magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide(Mg Fe_2O_(4)-GM/TiO_(2)/rGO(MGTG))was successfully synthesized via green and hydrothermal-supported co-precipitation met...In this study,three-dimensional porous magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide(Mg Fe_2O_(4)-GM/TiO_(2)/rGO(MGTG))was successfully synthesized via green and hydrothermal-supported co-precipitation methods using the extract of Garcinia mangostana(G.mangostana)as a reducing agent.The characterization results indicate the successful formation of the nano/micro Mg Fe_(2)O_(4)(MFO)and TiO_(2) on the structure of the reduced graphene oxide(rGO),which can also act as efficient support,alleviating the agglomeration of the nano/micro MFO and TiO_(2).The synergic effects of the adsorption and photodegradation activity of the material were investigated according to the removal of crystal violet(CV)under ultraviolet light.The effects of catalyst dosage,CV concentration,and p H on the CV removal efficiency of the MGTG were also investigated.According to the results,the CV photodegradation of the MGTG-200 corresponded to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model.The reusability of the material after 10 cycles also showed a removal efficiency of 92%.This happened because the materials can easily be recollected using external magnets.In addition,according to the effects of different free radicals·O_(2)^(-),h^(+),and·OH on the photodegradation process,the photocatalysis mechanism of the MGTG was also thoroughly suggested.The antibacterial efficiency of the MGTG was also evaluated according to the inhibition of the Gram-positive bacteria strain Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Concurrently,the antibacterial mechanism of the fabricated material was also proposed.These results confirm that the prepared material can be potentially employed in a wide range of applications,including wastewater treatment and antibacterial activity.展开更多
Magneto-dielectric properties of Co_(2)Z ferrite materials are tuned via Gd doping for applications in high-frequency antennas and filters in the present work.Ba_(3)Co_(2)Fe_(24-x)Gd_(x)O_(41)(x=0.00,0.05,0.10,0.15,an...Magneto-dielectric properties of Co_(2)Z ferrite materials are tuned via Gd doping for applications in high-frequency antennas and filters in the present work.Ba_(3)Co_(2)Fe_(24-x)Gd_(x)O_(41)(x=0.00,0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20)materials are successfully prepared by using solid-state method at 925℃for 4 h with 2.5-wt%Bi_(2)O_(3)sintering aids.The content of Gd^(3+)ion can affect micromorphology,grain size,bulk density,and magneto-dielectric properties of the ferrite.With Gd^(3+)ion content increasing,saturation magnetization(Ms)first increases and then decreases.The maximum value of Ms is 44.86 emu/g at x=0.15.Additionally,sites occupied by Gd^(3+)ions can change magnetic anisotropy constant of the ferrite.Magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant(K_1)is derived from initial magnetization curve,and found to be related to spin-orbit coupling and intersublattice interactions between metal ions.The real part of magnetic permeability(μ′)and real part of dielectric permittivity(ε′)are measured in a frequency range of 10 MHz-1 GHz.When x=0.15,material has excellent magneto-dielectric properties(μ′≈12.2 andε′≈17.61),low magnetic loss(tanδμ≈0.03 at 500 MHz),and dielectric loss(tanδε≈0.04 at 500 MHz).The results show that Gd-doped Co_(2)Z ferrite has broad application prospects in multilayer filters and high-frequency antennas.展开更多
A big enough transverse magnetic field applied to soft magnetic ferrite toroid can magnetize the ferrite to a saturation level in transverse direction and almost completely suppresses magnetic domain structures in the...A big enough transverse magnetic field applied to soft magnetic ferrite toroid can magnetize the ferrite to a saturation level in transverse direction and almost completely suppresses magnetic domain structures in the ferrite,the response to the longitudinal alternating electromagnetic field changes from the original domain wall displacements and spin rotations to the precession of magnetization around the transverse field,and the hysteresis loss disappears in the ferrites.Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that the permeability and magnetic loss in the ferrite can be controlled by adjusting the transverse magnetic field.A higher Q value with relatively low permeability can be achieved by increasing the transverse field,which ensures that the ferrite can be operated at high frequencies,with magnetic loss being very low.展开更多
Although there is a high demand for absorption-dominant electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding materials for 5G millimeter-wave(mmWave) frequencies, most current shielding materials are based on reflection-domina...Although there is a high demand for absorption-dominant electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding materials for 5G millimeter-wave(mmWave) frequencies, most current shielding materials are based on reflection-dominant conductive materials. While there are few absorption-dominant shielding materials proposed with magnetic materials, their working frequencies are usually limited to under 30 GHz. In this study, a novel multi-band absorption-dominant EMI shielding film with M-type strontium ferrites and a conductive grid is proposed. This film shows ultralow EMI reflection of less than 5% in multiple mmWave frequency bands with sub-millimeter thicknesses, while shielding more than 99.9% of EMI. The ultralow reflection frequency bands are controllable by tuning the ferromagnetic resonance frequency of M-type strontium ferrites and composite layer geometries. Two examples of shielding films with ultralow reflection frequencies, one for 39 and 52 GHz 5G telecommunication bands and the other for 60 and 77 GHz autonomous radar bands, are presented. The remarkably low reflectance and thinness of the proposed films provide an important advancement toward the commercialization of EMI shielding materials for 5G mmWave applications.展开更多
To improve the competitive relationship between strength and toughness,the effect of low undercooling in austenite(γ)on the microstructure and mechanical properties of commercial vanadium-containing wheel steels was ...To improve the competitive relationship between strength and toughness,the effect of low undercooling in austenite(γ)on the microstructure and mechanical properties of commercial vanadium-containing wheel steels was studied using an optical microscope(OM),a scanning electron microscope(SEM),a transmission electron microscope(TEM),and mechanical property tests.The results show that when the wheel steel is slightly cooled to an appropriate temperature above A c3 point for a short time after it has been austenitized at an elevated temperature,the solid-solved vanadium is pre-precipitated in the form of V(C,N)second phase semicoherent with the matrix in the originalγgrain.This phase hardly participates in matrix strengthening.Due to the small mismatch between V(C,N)and ferrite(α),during the subsequent-cooling phase transformation stage,the pre-precipitated second phase becomes theαnucleation point,causing granular and ellipsoidal intragranular ferrite(IGF,with an average size of 4-6μm)to nucleate in the originalγ.The IGF production and strength loss increases with the increasing undercooling degree.Based on this,Masteel Co.,Ltd.has developed a new heat-treatment step-cooling process that can promote the formation of IGF,considerably improving the level and uniformity of fracture toughness on the premise that the strength and hardness of the wheel are almost unchanged.展开更多
Al-substituted barium ferrite powders were synthesized using the sol-gel auto-combustion method according to the molecular formula BaAlxFe12-xO19 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0). Compared with non-substituted ba...Al-substituted barium ferrite powders were synthesized using the sol-gel auto-combustion method according to the molecular formula BaAlxFe12-xO19 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0). Compared with non-substituted barium ferrite annealing at 1000 ℃, the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement manifested that the optimum magnetic properties formation temperature of Al-substituted barium ferrite was 1 100 ℃. The data from X-ray diffractometer (XRD) showed that with increasing x, the lattice constants (a and c) decreased as well as the unit-cell volume Vcell. Magnetic measurement of non-substituted and Al-substituted powders annealed from 900 ℃ to 1 200 ℃ exhibited that the maximum magnetization M (10 kOe), the remanent magnetization Mr and the coercivity Hc depended strongly on the chemical composition of powder as well as the annealing temperature. When annealing at 1 100 ℃, BaAl0.5Fe11.5O19 of high coercivity Hc (6584 Oe) was produced. Meanwhile, M (10 kOe) and Mr were 42.83 emu/g and 25.65 emu/g, respectively.展开更多
Spinel ferrites have a significant role in high-tech applications.In the present work nano-crystalline ferrites having general formula Co0.5Cd0.5BixFe2-xO4 with(x=0.0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,and 0.25)are synthesized via mic...Spinel ferrites have a significant role in high-tech applications.In the present work nano-crystalline ferrites having general formula Co0.5Cd0.5BixFe2-xO4 with(x=0.0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,and 0.25)are synthesized via micro-emulsion route.Powder x-ray diffraction(XRD)studies discover the FCC spinel structure.Crystalline size is calculated in a range of 11 nm-15 nm.Lattice parameter calculations are reduced due to its substitution which leads to the exchange of large ionic radius of Fe^3+for small ionic radius of Bi^3+.The x-ray density is analyzed to increase with doping.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)is performed to analyze absorption band spectra.The two absorption bands are observed in a range of 400 cm^-1-600 cm^-1,and they are the characteristic feature of spinel structure.Thermo-gravimetric analysis(TGA)reveals the total weight loss of nearly 1.98%.Dielectric analysis is carried out by impedance analyzer in a frequency span from 1 MHz to 3 GHz by using the Maxwell Wagner model.Dielectric studies reveal the decrease of dielectric parameters.The alternating current(AC)conductivity exhibits a plane behavior in a low frequency range and it increases with the applied frequency increasing.This is attributed to the grain effects in a high frequency range or may be due to the reduction of porosity.Real and imaginary part of impedance show the decreasing trend which corresponds to the grain boundary action.The imaginary modulus shows the occurrence of peak that helps to understand the interfacial polarization.Cole-Cole graph shows a single semicircle which confirms that the conduction mechanism is due to the grain boundaries at low frequency.Dielectric studies reveal the applicability of these ferrites in high frequency equipment,microwave applications,high storage media,and semiconductor devices.展开更多
Pure MnO2, ZnO and Fe2O3 were used to prepare a Mn-Zn Ferrite sample of the nominal composition Mn0.64Zn0.29Fe2.07O4. These oxides were mixed firstly for 1hr, and then were milled for 20 and for 40 hrs. The as-mixed a...Pure MnO2, ZnO and Fe2O3 were used to prepare a Mn-Zn Ferrite sample of the nominal composition Mn0.64Zn0.29Fe2.07O4. These oxides were mixed firstly for 1hr, and then were milled for 20 and for 40 hrs. The as-mixed and the milled powders were examined by XRD and ME spectroscopy. The investigated samples were further mixed with PVA, granulated, cold pressed and sintered at different temperatures (1000, 1300 and 1400 oC) for 2 hrs and were then reinvestigated again. The magnetic properties of all samples before and after sintering were characterized using VSM at a field of 15 k Oe. When the powder oxides were milled for 20 hrs, detectable diffusion reaction was observed where the centers of all XRD peaks (due to Fe2O3 and MnO2) shifted to higher 2? angles, suggesting that Zn2+ cations had diffused through Fe3+ and/or Mn4+ lattices. The observed increase in the width of the XRD peaks can be attributed to the refinement of the powders by milling. Milling of the powder for 40 hrs resulted in the formation of spinel phase of (Zn, Fe), but MnO2 was disappeared probably due to the formation of amorphous structure. Sintering at 1000, 1300, and 1400 oC resulted in the formation of different spinel (Mn-Zn) ferrites. The ME measurements followed the gradual formation the manganese zinc ferrite until complete formation which observed in the sample that milled for 40 hrs followed by sintering at 1300 oC for two hrs. However, it can be concluded that, the processing conditions of such sample represent are the best conditions for obtaining a soft manganese zinc ferrite (single phase).展开更多
Using thermomechanical simulation experiment, the kinetics of the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in two HSLA low-carbon steels containing different amounts of niobium was investigated under the cond...Using thermomechanical simulation experiment, the kinetics of the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in two HSLA low-carbon steels containing different amounts of niobium was investigated under the conditions of both deformation and undeformation. The results of optical microstructure observation and quantitative metallography analysis showed that the kinetics of the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in lower niobium steel with and without deformation suggests a stage mechanism, wherein there exists a linear relationship between the logarithms of holding time and ferrite volume fraction according to Avrami equation, whereas the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in high niobium steel proceeds via a two stage mechanism according to micrographs, wherein, the nucleation rate of ferrite in the initial stage of transformation is low, and in the second stage, the rate of transformation is high and the transformation of residual austenite to ferrite is rapidly complete. Using carbon extraction replica TEM, niobium carbide precipitation for different holding time was investigated and the results suggested that NbC precipitation and the presence of solute niobium would influence the transformation of austenite to ferrite. The mechanism of the effect of niobium on the isothermal transformation was discussed.展开更多
Hydrothermal method was used to synthesize nanoscale particles of MnZn ferrites. The crystallites were characterized by XRD, TEM and SEM. The effects of the reaction time, temperature and additives on the product were...Hydrothermal method was used to synthesize nanoscale particles of MnZn ferrites. The crystallites were characterized by XRD, TEM and SEM. The effects of the reaction time, temperature and additives on the product were investigated. Crystallization process would be carried out above 160 ℃ for 5 h or more, higher temperature can reduce the reaction time. Additives were used to remove impurities such as Fe 2O 3, ZnMnO 3.10~15 nm pure slightly agglomerated MnZn ferrite crystallites with a narrow grain size distribution were obtained.展开更多
A series of Gd-doped Li-Ni ferrites with the formula of LiNi0.5GdxFe2-xO4 where x = 0.00 - 0.08 in steps of 0.02, were prepared by thermolysis of oxalate precursors obtained by rheological phase reaction. The structur...A series of Gd-doped Li-Ni ferrites with the formula of LiNi0.5GdxFe2-xO4 where x = 0.00 - 0.08 in steps of 0.02, were prepared by thermolysis of oxalate precursors obtained by rheological phase reaction. The structure, morphology, and the magnetic properties of the samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). A single spinel phase was obtained in the range of x = 0.00 - 0.04. The lattice parameters of the Gd-doped samples were larger than that of pure Li-Ni ferrite, and increased in the range of 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.04, then decreased up to x = 0.08, because of the formation of the secondary phase (Gd- FeO3). All samples were spheric particles with an average size of about 100 nm, but agglomerated to some extent. The hysteresis loops indicated that the saturation magnetization decreased gradually with increasing Gd content, while the variation of coercivity was related to the microstructure of the Gd-doped samples.展开更多
The aspects of two pipeline steels with different technologies were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure presents a typica...The aspects of two pipeline steels with different technologies were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure presents a typical acicular ferrite characteristic with fine particles of martensite/austenite (M/A) constituent, which distributes in grains and at grain boundaries. The bulk textures of the pipeline steel plate are {112}〈110〉 and 〈111〉 fibers, respectively, and the {112}〈110〉 component is the favorable texture benefiting for drop weight tear test. Moreover, low angle boundaries and low coincidence site lattice boundaries are inactive and more resistant to fracture than high energy random boundaries.展开更多
W-type barium ferrites doped with Gd^3+,Ba1-xGdx(Zn0.3Co0.7)2Fe16O27(x = 0,0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20),were prepared by a sol-gel method.The effects of Gd^3+ substitution on their microstructure,electromagnetic propert...W-type barium ferrites doped with Gd^3+,Ba1-xGdx(Zn0.3Co0.7)2Fe16O27(x = 0,0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20),were prepared by a sol-gel method.The effects of Gd^3+ substitution on their microstructure,electromagnetic properties and microwave absorptive behavior were analyzed.The XRD patterns showed the single phase of W-type barium ferrite when x ≤ 0.15.Microwave electromagnetic properties of samples were studied at the frequency range from 2 GHz to 18 GHz using a network analyzer(Agilent 8722ET).The complex permittivity ε(ε',ε'') increased gradually when x ≤ 0.10,but it decreased as x = 0.15.The real permeability(μ') decreased with the increase of Gd^3+ content,while the imaginary permeability(μ'') increased when x ≤ 0.10.All these reasons were discussed using the electromagnetic theory.Furthermore,the ferrite-epoxy compound coating materials with 80 wt.% of Ba0.9Gd0.1(Zn0.3Co0.7)2Fe16O27 were prepared to measure the microwave absorbing properties.The maximum of reflection loss(RL) reached about-27 dB and RL was below-10 dB in the frequency range of 8-18 GHz when the thickness was 1.92 mm.展开更多
The formation mechanism of acicular ferrite and its microstructural characteristics in 430 ferrite stainless steel with TiC additions were studied by theory and experiment.Using an"edge?to?edge matching"mode...The formation mechanism of acicular ferrite and its microstructural characteristics in 430 ferrite stainless steel with TiC additions were studied by theory and experiment.Using an"edge?to?edge matching"model,a 5.25 mismatch between TiC(FCC structure)and ferritic stainless steel(BCC structure)was identified,which met the mismatch requirement for the heterogeneous nucleation of 430 ferritic stainless steel.TiC was found to be an effective nucleation site for the formation of acicular ferrite in a smelting experiment,as analyzed by metallographic examination,Image-Pro Plus 6.0 analysis software,and SEM–EDS.Furthermore,small inclusions in the size of 2–4?m increased the probability of acicular ferrite nucleation,and the secondary acicular ferrite would grow sympathetically from the initial acicular ferrite to produce multi-dimensional acicular ferrites.Moreover,the addition of Ti C can increase the average microstrain and dislocation density of 430 ferrite stainless steel,as calculated by Williamson-Hall(WH)method,which could play some role in strengthening the dislocation.展开更多
An ultra-low carbon acicular ferrite steel heavy plate was obtained with an advanced thermo-mechanical control process-relaxed precipitation controlled transformation (TMCP-RPC) at Xiangtan Steel, Valin Group. The h...An ultra-low carbon acicular ferrite steel heavy plate was obtained with an advanced thermo-mechanical control process-relaxed precipitation controlled transformation (TMCP-RPC) at Xiangtan Steel, Valin Group. The heavy plate has a tensile strength of approximately 600 MPa with a lower yield ratio. The impact toughness of the heavy plate achieves 280 J at ?40°C. The fine-grained mixed microstructures of the heavy plate mainly consist of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and polygonal ferrite. The high strength and excellent toughness of the heavy plate are attributed to the formation of acicular ferrite microstructure. The prevention of blocks of martensite/retained austenite (M/A) and the higher cleanness are also responsible for the superior toughness.展开更多
Mn-Zn spinel ferrites were synthesized by sol-gel method. Effects of calcined temperature on structure and particle size of MnZnFe2O4 were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)...Mn-Zn spinel ferrites were synthesized by sol-gel method. Effects of calcined temperature on structure and particle size of MnZnFe2O4 were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns indicate that the ultra fine Mn-Zn ferrite exhibits a spinel crystal structure. SEM images show that the powder fired at 900 ℃ for 2 h has an average diameter of 60~90 nm. The particle size becomes larger with the increasing of calcined temperature and the distribution of particle becomes even more homogeneous. Sintering behaviors of synthesized ferrite powders depend on the powder characteristics and high temperatures have induced the good crystallization of particles.展开更多
文摘This review paper explores the efficacy of magnesium ferrite-based catalysts in photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminates(antibiotic and dyes).We report the influence of different doping strategies,synthesis methods,and composite materials on the degradation efficiency of these pollutants.Our analysis reveals the versatile and promising nature of magnesium ferrite-based catalysts,offering the valuable insights into their practical application for restoring the environment.Due to the smaller band gap and magnetic nature of magnesium ferrite,it holds the benefit of utilising the broader spectrum of light while also being recoverable.The in-depth analysis of magnesium ferrites'photocatalytic mechanism could lead to the development of cheap and reliable photocatalyst for the wastewater treatment.This concise review offers a thorough summary of the key advancements in this field,highlighting the pivotal role of the magnesium ferrite based photocatalysts in addressing the pressing global issue of organic pollutants in wastewater.
文摘A well-known hazardous metal and top contaminant in wastewater is hexavalent chromium. The two forms of most commonly found chromium are chromate ( CrO 4 2− ) and dichromate ( Cr 2 O 7 2− ). Leather tanning, cooling tower blow-down, plating, electroplating, rinse water sources, anodizing baths etc. are the main sources of Cr (VI) contamination. The Cr (VI) is not only non-biodegradable in the environment but also carcinogenic to living population. It is still difficult to treat Cr contaminated waste water effectively, safely, eco-friendly, and economically. As a result, many techniques have been used to treat Cr (VI)-polluted wastewater, including adsorption, chemical precipitation, coagulation, ion-exchange, and filtration. Among these practices, the most practical method is adsorption for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions, which has gained widespread acceptance due to the ease of use and affordability of the equipment and adsorbent. It has been revealed that Fe-based adsorbents’ oxides and hydroxides have high adsorptive potential to lower Cr (VI) content below the advised threshold. Fe-based adsorbents were also discovered to be relatively cheap and toxic-free in Cr (VI) treatment. Fe-based adsorbents are commonly utilized in industry. It has been discovered that nanoparticles of Fe-, Ti-, and Cu-based adsorbents have a better capacity to remove Cr (VI). Cr (VI) was effectively removed from contaminated water using mixed element-based adsorbents (Fe-Mn, Fe-Ti, Fe-Cu, Fe-Zr, Fe-Cu-Y, Fe-Mg, etc.). Initial findings suggest that Cr (VI) removal from wastewater may be accomplished by using magnesium ferrite nanomaterials as an efficient adsorbent.
基金the Shaanxi Innovation Talent Promotion Plan-Youth Science and Technology New Star Project(Talent).Project No.:2023KJXX-121。
文摘The changes in austenite grain size of the specimens with coarse ferrite grains under different heat treatment process were investigated.The focus was on studying the effect of annealing on refining coarse ferrite grains,as well as the influence of the ferrite grain size on the main technical indicators of gas carburizing.The results show that coarse ferrite grains may not necessarily cause the coarse austenite grains,but may result in mixed austenite grains.After annealing treatment,the coarse ferrite grains can be significantly refined and homogenized.Moreover,the coarse ferrite grains have no significant effects on hardnessand intergranular oxidationof gas carburizing.
基金Basic Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(No.LJKMZ20220829)Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials(Guilin University of Electronic Technology)(No.211006-K)。
文摘Co_((1-x))ZnxFe_(2)O_(4)nanospheres(x=0,0.5,0.8)with a unidirectional cubic spinel structure were prepared by a solvothermal method.By using a range of theoretical and empirical models,the experimental heat capacity values were fitted as a function of temperature over a suitable temperature range to explain the possible relationship between the magnetic properties and microstructure of the nanospheres.As a result,at a low temperature(T<10 K),the parameter Bfswdecreases with increasing Zn concentration,implying that the exchange interaction between A and B sites decreases.At a relatively high temperature(T>50 K),the Debye temperature decreases with increasing Zn concentration,which is due to the weakening of the interatomic bonding force after the addition of non-magnetic materials to the Co Fe_(2)O_(4)spinel ferrite.
基金Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT),VNU-HCM for supporting this study。
文摘In this study,three-dimensional porous magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide(Mg Fe_2O_(4)-GM/TiO_(2)/rGO(MGTG))was successfully synthesized via green and hydrothermal-supported co-precipitation methods using the extract of Garcinia mangostana(G.mangostana)as a reducing agent.The characterization results indicate the successful formation of the nano/micro Mg Fe_(2)O_(4)(MFO)and TiO_(2) on the structure of the reduced graphene oxide(rGO),which can also act as efficient support,alleviating the agglomeration of the nano/micro MFO and TiO_(2).The synergic effects of the adsorption and photodegradation activity of the material were investigated according to the removal of crystal violet(CV)under ultraviolet light.The effects of catalyst dosage,CV concentration,and p H on the CV removal efficiency of the MGTG were also investigated.According to the results,the CV photodegradation of the MGTG-200 corresponded to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model.The reusability of the material after 10 cycles also showed a removal efficiency of 92%.This happened because the materials can easily be recollected using external magnets.In addition,according to the effects of different free radicals·O_(2)^(-),h^(+),and·OH on the photodegradation process,the photocatalysis mechanism of the MGTG was also thoroughly suggested.The antibacterial efficiency of the MGTG was also evaluated according to the inhibition of the Gram-positive bacteria strain Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Concurrently,the antibacterial mechanism of the fabricated material was also proposed.These results confirm that the prepared material can be potentially employed in a wide range of applications,including wastewater treatment and antibacterial activity.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3504800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61901142,52003256,and 51902037)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(Grant No.201901D211259)。
文摘Magneto-dielectric properties of Co_(2)Z ferrite materials are tuned via Gd doping for applications in high-frequency antennas and filters in the present work.Ba_(3)Co_(2)Fe_(24-x)Gd_(x)O_(41)(x=0.00,0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20)materials are successfully prepared by using solid-state method at 925℃for 4 h with 2.5-wt%Bi_(2)O_(3)sintering aids.The content of Gd^(3+)ion can affect micromorphology,grain size,bulk density,and magneto-dielectric properties of the ferrite.With Gd^(3+)ion content increasing,saturation magnetization(Ms)first increases and then decreases.The maximum value of Ms is 44.86 emu/g at x=0.15.Additionally,sites occupied by Gd^(3+)ions can change magnetic anisotropy constant of the ferrite.Magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant(K_1)is derived from initial magnetization curve,and found to be related to spin-orbit coupling and intersublattice interactions between metal ions.The real part of magnetic permeability(μ′)and real part of dielectric permittivity(ε′)are measured in a frequency range of 10 MHz-1 GHz.When x=0.15,material has excellent magneto-dielectric properties(μ′≈12.2 andε′≈17.61),low magnetic loss(tanδμ≈0.03 at 500 MHz),and dielectric loss(tanδε≈0.04 at 500 MHz).The results show that Gd-doped Co_(2)Z ferrite has broad application prospects in multilayer filters and high-frequency antennas.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFB3504800 and 2021YFB3502400)the Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.202003c08020012)the Key Program of Education Department of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.KJ2019ZD03)。
文摘A big enough transverse magnetic field applied to soft magnetic ferrite toroid can magnetize the ferrite to a saturation level in transverse direction and almost completely suppresses magnetic domain structures in the ferrite,the response to the longitudinal alternating electromagnetic field changes from the original domain wall displacements and spin rotations to the precession of magnetization around the transverse field,and the hysteresis loss disappears in the ferrites.Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that the permeability and magnetic loss in the ferrite can be controlled by adjusting the transverse magnetic field.A higher Q value with relatively low permeability can be achieved by increasing the transverse field,which ensures that the ferrite can be operated at high frequencies,with magnetic loss being very low.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Program of the Korea Institute of Materials Science (PNK8330)the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIT) (2020M3H4A3081843)。
文摘Although there is a high demand for absorption-dominant electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding materials for 5G millimeter-wave(mmWave) frequencies, most current shielding materials are based on reflection-dominant conductive materials. While there are few absorption-dominant shielding materials proposed with magnetic materials, their working frequencies are usually limited to under 30 GHz. In this study, a novel multi-band absorption-dominant EMI shielding film with M-type strontium ferrites and a conductive grid is proposed. This film shows ultralow EMI reflection of less than 5% in multiple mmWave frequency bands with sub-millimeter thicknesses, while shielding more than 99.9% of EMI. The ultralow reflection frequency bands are controllable by tuning the ferromagnetic resonance frequency of M-type strontium ferrites and composite layer geometries. Two examples of shielding films with ultralow reflection frequencies, one for 39 and 52 GHz 5G telecommunication bands and the other for 60 and 77 GHz autonomous radar bands, are presented. The remarkably low reflectance and thinness of the proposed films provide an important advancement toward the commercialization of EMI shielding materials for 5G mmWave applications.
文摘To improve the competitive relationship between strength and toughness,the effect of low undercooling in austenite(γ)on the microstructure and mechanical properties of commercial vanadium-containing wheel steels was studied using an optical microscope(OM),a scanning electron microscope(SEM),a transmission electron microscope(TEM),and mechanical property tests.The results show that when the wheel steel is slightly cooled to an appropriate temperature above A c3 point for a short time after it has been austenitized at an elevated temperature,the solid-solved vanadium is pre-precipitated in the form of V(C,N)second phase semicoherent with the matrix in the originalγgrain.This phase hardly participates in matrix strengthening.Due to the small mismatch between V(C,N)and ferrite(α),during the subsequent-cooling phase transformation stage,the pre-precipitated second phase becomes theαnucleation point,causing granular and ellipsoidal intragranular ferrite(IGF,with an average size of 4-6μm)to nucleate in the originalγ.The IGF production and strength loss increases with the increasing undercooling degree.Based on this,Masteel Co.,Ltd.has developed a new heat-treatment step-cooling process that can promote the formation of IGF,considerably improving the level and uniformity of fracture toughness on the premise that the strength and hardness of the wheel are almost unchanged.
基金Project supported by the Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology (Grant No.0452nm049)
文摘Al-substituted barium ferrite powders were synthesized using the sol-gel auto-combustion method according to the molecular formula BaAlxFe12-xO19 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0). Compared with non-substituted barium ferrite annealing at 1000 ℃, the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement manifested that the optimum magnetic properties formation temperature of Al-substituted barium ferrite was 1 100 ℃. The data from X-ray diffractometer (XRD) showed that with increasing x, the lattice constants (a and c) decreased as well as the unit-cell volume Vcell. Magnetic measurement of non-substituted and Al-substituted powders annealed from 900 ℃ to 1 200 ℃ exhibited that the maximum magnetization M (10 kOe), the remanent magnetization Mr and the coercivity Hc depended strongly on the chemical composition of powder as well as the annealing temperature. When annealing at 1 100 ℃, BaAl0.5Fe11.5O19 of high coercivity Hc (6584 Oe) was produced. Meanwhile, M (10 kOe) and Mr were 42.83 emu/g and 25.65 emu/g, respectively.
基金the ORIC of Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS) Quetta-PK, for help and financial support to accomplish this research work in the Department of Physics
文摘Spinel ferrites have a significant role in high-tech applications.In the present work nano-crystalline ferrites having general formula Co0.5Cd0.5BixFe2-xO4 with(x=0.0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,and 0.25)are synthesized via micro-emulsion route.Powder x-ray diffraction(XRD)studies discover the FCC spinel structure.Crystalline size is calculated in a range of 11 nm-15 nm.Lattice parameter calculations are reduced due to its substitution which leads to the exchange of large ionic radius of Fe^3+for small ionic radius of Bi^3+.The x-ray density is analyzed to increase with doping.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)is performed to analyze absorption band spectra.The two absorption bands are observed in a range of 400 cm^-1-600 cm^-1,and they are the characteristic feature of spinel structure.Thermo-gravimetric analysis(TGA)reveals the total weight loss of nearly 1.98%.Dielectric analysis is carried out by impedance analyzer in a frequency span from 1 MHz to 3 GHz by using the Maxwell Wagner model.Dielectric studies reveal the decrease of dielectric parameters.The alternating current(AC)conductivity exhibits a plane behavior in a low frequency range and it increases with the applied frequency increasing.This is attributed to the grain effects in a high frequency range or may be due to the reduction of porosity.Real and imaginary part of impedance show the decreasing trend which corresponds to the grain boundary action.The imaginary modulus shows the occurrence of peak that helps to understand the interfacial polarization.Cole-Cole graph shows a single semicircle which confirms that the conduction mechanism is due to the grain boundaries at low frequency.Dielectric studies reveal the applicability of these ferrites in high frequency equipment,microwave applications,high storage media,and semiconductor devices.
文摘Pure MnO2, ZnO and Fe2O3 were used to prepare a Mn-Zn Ferrite sample of the nominal composition Mn0.64Zn0.29Fe2.07O4. These oxides were mixed firstly for 1hr, and then were milled for 20 and for 40 hrs. The as-mixed and the milled powders were examined by XRD and ME spectroscopy. The investigated samples were further mixed with PVA, granulated, cold pressed and sintered at different temperatures (1000, 1300 and 1400 oC) for 2 hrs and were then reinvestigated again. The magnetic properties of all samples before and after sintering were characterized using VSM at a field of 15 k Oe. When the powder oxides were milled for 20 hrs, detectable diffusion reaction was observed where the centers of all XRD peaks (due to Fe2O3 and MnO2) shifted to higher 2? angles, suggesting that Zn2+ cations had diffused through Fe3+ and/or Mn4+ lattices. The observed increase in the width of the XRD peaks can be attributed to the refinement of the powders by milling. Milling of the powder for 40 hrs resulted in the formation of spinel phase of (Zn, Fe), but MnO2 was disappeared probably due to the formation of amorphous structure. Sintering at 1000, 1300, and 1400 oC resulted in the formation of different spinel (Mn-Zn) ferrites. The ME measurements followed the gradual formation the manganese zinc ferrite until complete formation which observed in the sample that milled for 40 hrs followed by sintering at 1300 oC for two hrs. However, it can be concluded that, the processing conditions of such sample represent are the best conditions for obtaining a soft manganese zinc ferrite (single phase).
基金Item Sponsored by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2002AA302501)
文摘Using thermomechanical simulation experiment, the kinetics of the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in two HSLA low-carbon steels containing different amounts of niobium was investigated under the conditions of both deformation and undeformation. The results of optical microstructure observation and quantitative metallography analysis showed that the kinetics of the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in lower niobium steel with and without deformation suggests a stage mechanism, wherein there exists a linear relationship between the logarithms of holding time and ferrite volume fraction according to Avrami equation, whereas the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in high niobium steel proceeds via a two stage mechanism according to micrographs, wherein, the nucleation rate of ferrite in the initial stage of transformation is low, and in the second stage, the rate of transformation is high and the transformation of residual austenite to ferrite is rapidly complete. Using carbon extraction replica TEM, niobium carbide precipitation for different holding time was investigated and the results suggested that NbC precipitation and the presence of solute niobium would influence the transformation of austenite to ferrite. The mechanism of the effect of niobium on the isothermal transformation was discussed.
文摘Hydrothermal method was used to synthesize nanoscale particles of MnZn ferrites. The crystallites were characterized by XRD, TEM and SEM. The effects of the reaction time, temperature and additives on the product were investigated. Crystallization process would be carried out above 160 ℃ for 5 h or more, higher temperature can reduce the reaction time. Additives were used to remove impurities such as Fe 2O 3, ZnMnO 3.10~15 nm pure slightly agglomerated MnZn ferrite crystallites with a narrow grain size distribution were obtained.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Y405038) Science and Technology Key Project of ZhejiangProvince (2006C21080)
文摘A series of Gd-doped Li-Ni ferrites with the formula of LiNi0.5GdxFe2-xO4 where x = 0.00 - 0.08 in steps of 0.02, were prepared by thermolysis of oxalate precursors obtained by rheological phase reaction. The structure, morphology, and the magnetic properties of the samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). A single spinel phase was obtained in the range of x = 0.00 - 0.04. The lattice parameters of the Gd-doped samples were larger than that of pure Li-Ni ferrite, and increased in the range of 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.04, then decreased up to x = 0.08, because of the formation of the secondary phase (Gd- FeO3). All samples were spheric particles with an average size of about 100 nm, but agglomerated to some extent. The hysteresis loops indicated that the saturation magnetization decreased gradually with increasing Gd content, while the variation of coercivity was related to the microstructure of the Gd-doped samples.
文摘The aspects of two pipeline steels with different technologies were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure presents a typical acicular ferrite characteristic with fine particles of martensite/austenite (M/A) constituent, which distributes in grains and at grain boundaries. The bulk textures of the pipeline steel plate are {112}〈110〉 and 〈111〉 fibers, respectively, and the {112}〈110〉 component is the favorable texture benefiting for drop weight tear test. Moreover, low angle boundaries and low coincidence site lattice boundaries are inactive and more resistant to fracture than high energy random boundaries.
基金supported by the Pre-research Foundation of CPLA General Equipment Department (NO.9140A××××6401)
文摘W-type barium ferrites doped with Gd^3+,Ba1-xGdx(Zn0.3Co0.7)2Fe16O27(x = 0,0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20),were prepared by a sol-gel method.The effects of Gd^3+ substitution on their microstructure,electromagnetic properties and microwave absorptive behavior were analyzed.The XRD patterns showed the single phase of W-type barium ferrite when x ≤ 0.15.Microwave electromagnetic properties of samples were studied at the frequency range from 2 GHz to 18 GHz using a network analyzer(Agilent 8722ET).The complex permittivity ε(ε',ε'') increased gradually when x ≤ 0.10,but it decreased as x = 0.15.The real permeability(μ') decreased with the increase of Gd^3+ content,while the imaginary permeability(μ'') increased when x ≤ 0.10.All these reasons were discussed using the electromagnetic theory.Furthermore,the ferrite-epoxy compound coating materials with 80 wt.% of Ba0.9Gd0.1(Zn0.3Co0.7)2Fe16O27 were prepared to measure the microwave absorbing properties.The maximum of reflection loss(RL) reached about-27 dB and RL was below-10 dB in the frequency range of 8-18 GHz when the thickness was 1.92 mm.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51674071)
文摘The formation mechanism of acicular ferrite and its microstructural characteristics in 430 ferrite stainless steel with TiC additions were studied by theory and experiment.Using an"edge?to?edge matching"model,a 5.25 mismatch between TiC(FCC structure)and ferritic stainless steel(BCC structure)was identified,which met the mismatch requirement for the heterogeneous nucleation of 430 ferritic stainless steel.TiC was found to be an effective nucleation site for the formation of acicular ferrite in a smelting experiment,as analyzed by metallographic examination,Image-Pro Plus 6.0 analysis software,and SEM–EDS.Furthermore,small inclusions in the size of 2–4?m increased the probability of acicular ferrite nucleation,and the secondary acicular ferrite would grow sympathetically from the initial acicular ferrite to produce multi-dimensional acicular ferrites.Moreover,the addition of Ti C can increase the average microstrain and dislocation density of 430 ferrite stainless steel,as calculated by Williamson-Hall(WH)method,which could play some role in strengthening the dislocation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.50471107 and 50734004)
文摘An ultra-low carbon acicular ferrite steel heavy plate was obtained with an advanced thermo-mechanical control process-relaxed precipitation controlled transformation (TMCP-RPC) at Xiangtan Steel, Valin Group. The heavy plate has a tensile strength of approximately 600 MPa with a lower yield ratio. The impact toughness of the heavy plate achieves 280 J at ?40°C. The fine-grained mixed microstructures of the heavy plate mainly consist of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and polygonal ferrite. The high strength and excellent toughness of the heavy plate are attributed to the formation of acicular ferrite microstructure. The prevention of blocks of martensite/retained austenite (M/A) and the higher cleanness are also responsible for the superior toughness.
基金Project supported by the Fund for Harbin Young Scholars (2005AFQXJ031)
文摘Mn-Zn spinel ferrites were synthesized by sol-gel method. Effects of calcined temperature on structure and particle size of MnZnFe2O4 were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns indicate that the ultra fine Mn-Zn ferrite exhibits a spinel crystal structure. SEM images show that the powder fired at 900 ℃ for 2 h has an average diameter of 60~90 nm. The particle size becomes larger with the increasing of calcined temperature and the distribution of particle becomes even more homogeneous. Sintering behaviors of synthesized ferrite powders depend on the powder characteristics and high temperatures have induced the good crystallization of particles.