Electrolytic Co-Deposition Mechanisms, Texture Layers, and Residual Stresses in Nanocomposite Coatings Processes: A Review

The composite coating has gained wider attention due to its property to protect materials used in energy, bridges, offshore platforms, underground pipelines, and the aviation industry from corrosion and deterioration. In this work, a literature review was conducted about the processes of nanocomposite coating, the mechanisms of electrolytic co-deposition, the texture of layers, and the residual stresses. An important aspect, residual stress, was emphasized, which represents the persistent stress after removing the external force affecting a metal in the plastic region. Because it cannot be measured directly and may be determined by measuring strain and indirect methods, the sources and methods for measuring residual stresses (XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS) were described in the last section to provide a comprehensive overview. Based on the thorough analysis of the published literature, it was concluded that nanoparticles could be electrodeposited with Ni on an Al substrate using a direct current and Ni sulfamate as an electrolytic solution, and Nickel will not reside on the oxide layer covering Al, so chemical changes are needed to prepare the Al surface. In addition, texture changes with the thickness of the coated layer must be investigated.

Experimental study on the microstructural and anti-corrosion behaviour of Co-deposition Ni-Co-SiO_2 composite coating on mild steel

Mild steel is commonly used in the construction of Pipeline. The major problem of this Pipeline is corrosion. Effort is make my researchers to combat this problem. In this work Co-deposition of Ni-CoSiO_2 composite coating on mild steel was reported with the view to reduce this problem. The SiO_2 was varies from 5 to 25 wt% in the deposition. The microstructure, hardness values and potentiodynamic polarization in simulated sea water were determined. The results show that XRD pattern of the Ni Co deposited mild steel revealed the presence hard phases of NiO, Co_5Ni, Co_2Ni_3, Ni Co5 while that of Ni-CoSiO_2 deposited mild steel revealed the presence harder phases of NiOSiO_2, CoNi_7Si_2, Co_5Ni_2Si_3. The NiCo-25 SiO_2 deposited sample has smaller particle size than Ni-10 Co coating. Coating thickness of 110.7 mm was obtained for Ni-10 Co coating, while coating thickness of 135.7, 157.7, 165.0 mm were obtained at Ni-10 Co-x SiO_2(x=10, 15, 25 wt%). 99.90% corrosion resistance was achieved at Ni-Co-25 SiO_2. This improvement in corrosion resistance after composites coating could be attributed to the hard and fine structure obtained after coating.

Si-Al-Y Co-deposition Coatings Prepared on Ti-Al Alloy for Enhanced High Temperature Oxidation Resistance

Si-Al-Y co-deposition coatings were prepared on Ti-Al alloy by pack cementation processes at 1 050 ℃ for 4 h with different halide activators in the packs for enhancing the high temperature oxidation resistance of Ti-Al alloy. The structure, constituent phases, formation process and oxidation behavior of the coatings were investigated. The experimental results showed that the coatings prepared respectively with NaF and NH_4Cl as activators were composed of a（Ti, X）_5Si_4,（Ti, X）_5Si_3（X represents Nb and Cr）, and TiSi_2 outer layer, a TiAl_2 inner layer and an Al-rich interdiffusion zone. However, the constituent phases changed into TiSi_2 in the outer layer and（Ti, X）_5Si_4 and（Ti, X）_5Si_3 phases were observed in the middle layer of the coating prepared with AlCl_3·6H_2O activator. Among the halide activators studied, the coating prepared with AlCl_3·6H_2O was thicker and denser, which is the only suitable activator for pack Si-Al-Y co-deposition coatings on a Ti-Al alloy. The oxidation results show that the coating can protect the Ti-Al alloy from oxidation at 1000 ℃ in air for at least 80 h. The excellent oxidation resistance of the coating is attributed to the formation of a dense scale mainly consisted of TiO_2, SiO_2 and Al_2O_3.

Effects of submicron diamonds on the growth of copper in Cu-diamond co-deposition

Submicron diamonds were co-deposited on aluminum substrates with copper from the acid copper sulfate electrolyte by electro- lyte-suspension co-deposition. After submicron diamonds were added to the electrolyte, the shape of copper grains transformed from oval or round to polyhedron, the growth mode of copper grains transformed from columnar growth to gradual change in size, and the preferred ori- entation of copper grains transformed from （220） to （200）. Analyzing the variation of cathodic overpotential, it was found that the cathodic overpotential tended to remain tmchanged when copper plane （220） grew in the process of electrodepositing pure copper, while it tended to decrease with time when copper plane （200） grew in the process of co-deposition. It was inferred that copper plane （200） was propitious to the deposition of submicron diamonds.

Ti+C+N FILM PREPARATION AND ITS PROPERTIES BY LOW ENERGY CO-DEPOSITION ON STEEL

The Ti+C+N film was co-deposited on H13 steel by Filtered Vacuum Arc PlasmaDeposition (FVAPD) operated with a modified cathode. The co-deposited layer was effective for theimprovement of surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The nano-hardness value of theco-deposited film is 1.3 times more than that of undeposited sample. The corrosion behaviormeasurement shows that the corrosion resistance for acid corrosion and pitting corrosion wasimproved greatly. It is owing to the formation of the new ternary ceramic phase TiC_(0.7) N_(0.3) inthe co-deposited layer. The mechanism of property improvement is discussed.

Growth behaviors and emission properties of Co-deposited MAPbI_(3) ultrathin films on MoS_(2)

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite thin films have attracted much attention in optoelectronic and information fields because of their intriguing properties. Due to quantum confinement effects, ultrathin films in nm scale usually show special properties. Here, we report on the growth of methylammonium lead iodide(MAPbI_(3)) ultrathin films via co-deposition of PbI_2 and CH_3NH_3I(MAI) on chemical-vapor-deposition-grown monolayer MoS_(2) as well as the corresponding photoluminescence(PL) properties at different growing stages. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements reveal the MoS_(2) tuned growth of MAPbI_(3) in a Stranski–Krastanov mode. PL and Kelvin probe force microscopy results confirm that MAPbI_(3) /MoS_(2) heterostructures have a type-Ⅱ energy level alignment at the interface. Temperaturedependent PL measurements on layered MAPbI_(3) (at the initial stage) and on MAPbI_(3) crystals in averaged size of 500 nm(at the later stage) show rather different temperature dependence as well as the phase transitions from tetragonal to orthorhombic at 120 and 150 K, respectively. Our findings are useful in fabricating MAPbI_(3) /transition-metal dichalcogenide based innovative devices for wider optoelectronic applications.

Processing and oxidation of co-deposited Ni-Al coatings

Electrodeposited Ni matrix/Al microparticles or nanoparticles dispersed composite coatings (termed as EMCCs or ENCCs) are developed from a Ni-based electrolyte bath. The Al microparticles are in a size range of 1 -5 μm and the Al nanoparticles in an average size of 75 nm. The Al content in coatings increases with increase in the particle content in the bath. Particle size effect on the degree of codeposition is not significant. However, codeposition of Al nanoparticles instead of microparticles promotes more homogenous growth of Ni deposits on {111}, {200} and {220} planes. The oxidation at 1 050 ℃ of the as-deposited composite coatings shows that at a comparable Al content, ENCC of Ni-Al exhibits a better oxidation resistance than EMCC of Ni-Al due to the fast formation of an alumina scale during the transient stage of oxidation.

钴-铁沉积碳化硅颗粒及其吸波性能

目的提高碳化硅微粒的微波吸收性能。方法利用改进的化学镀法,以硫酸钴和硫酸亚铁为主盐,次亚磷酸钠为还原剂,施镀温度为50℃,使用机械搅拌和超声分散相结合的方法,在预处理后的微米碳化硅颗粒表面沉积钴铁合金。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对化学镀前后材料的结晶状态、组成成分和形貌特征进行了表征;利用矢量网络分析仪对化学镀前后材料在2~18 GHz频率范围内的电磁性能进行了测试,并通过计算得到了材料微波反射率损耗。结果钴铁合金呈微球状均匀沉积在碳化硅表面,有效地改善了碳化硅材料的电磁性能和微波吸收性能。碳化硅的介电常数虚部存在界面极化和缺陷极化两个弛豫峰(9.1、13.8 GHz),而沉积钴铁合金后,碳化硅材料Co-Fe/SiC增加了两个弛豫峰:介电弛豫峰(11.7 GHz)和磁弛豫峰(12.6 GHz)。正是由于Co-Fe合金对微波信号的介电弛豫和磁弛豫,有效提升了材料的吸波性能。当吸波层厚度为2.4 mm时,反射率在10 dB以上的吸收带宽达到3.8 GHz,20 dB带宽可以达到1.5 GHz。当吸波层厚度为2.3 mm时,频率为12.7 GHz时达到最大吸收峰值–43 dB。结论在碳化硅材料表面沉积钴铁合金是一种有效改进材料微波吸收性能的方法,且该材料是一种高效、宽频的微波吸收材料。

Effects of Y_2O_3/Y on Si-B co-deposition coating prepared through HAPC method on pure molybdenum

In order to clarify the effects of reactive element Y on the properties of Si-B co-deposition coating on Mo substrate, the Si-B-Y2O3 and Si-B-Y co-deposition coatings were prepared at 1300 ℃ for 5 h by using the pack mixtures 16Si-4B-xY2O3/Y- 4NaF-（76–x）Al2O3 （wt.%,x=0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8）. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） and wavelength dis-persive spectroscopy （WDS） techniques were used to analyze the structure and oxidation behavior of these coatings. The results re-vealed that the Si-B-Y2O3 and Si-B-Y co-deposition coatings had the same structure with that of the Si-B co-deposition coating. However, Y was incorporated into these coatings and the thicknesses of these coatings were thicker than that of the Si-B co-deposition coating. In addition, the Si-B-Y co-deposition coating demonstrated better cyclic oxidation resistance than the Si-B co-deposition coating at 1100 ℃. The modifying mechanism of Y on the Si-B co-deposition coating was discussed.

One step synthesis of high efficiency nickel/mesoporous TiO_2 hybrid catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

Nickel-Ti O_2 hybrid catalysts are synthesized by electrodeposition and their catalytic activity with respect to the hydrogen evolution reaction is analyzed.Two types of titanium oxide particles,which are commercial particles of dense Ti O_2 and mesoporous TiO_2 particles synthesized by an aerosol method,are incorporated into the matrix of the nickel catalyst.Both nickel catalysts containing Ti O_2 particles presented higher catalytic activity than the conventional nickel Watts catalyst.Mesoporous TiO_2-modified nickel catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity towards HER in alkaline medium.In addition,this type of nickel catalyst increases its catalytic activity after ageing treatment,which is an indication of an increase in the electro-active area of the electrode.

Fabrication of Macro-porous β-zeolite by Using Colloidal Polystyrene Spheres as a Template

A β-zeolite/polystyrene composite material was synthesized by co-deposition of mono-disperse polystyrene spheres and nano β-zeolite particles in aqueous suspension on a vertical substrate. Macro-porous β-zeolite was obtained after the polystyrene template was removed by calcination. The micro/macro-pore structure of the prepared β-zeolite was highly ordered. In comparison with other assembly methods, the co-deposition method could obtain a highly ordered macro-porous material with relatively large zeolite filling particles, and therefore the co-deposition of particles with different size is a promising method for the fabrication of macro-porous materials.

Electrochemical Preparation of La-Ni Alloy Film in Acetamide-Urea-NaBr Melting System

The reduction of Ni(Ⅱ) is an irreversible reaction and La(Ⅲ) cannot be reduced to La directly but be co-deposited inductively in the present of Ni(Ⅱ) in the Acetamide-Urea-NaBr molten salt electrolyte at 353 K. The uncrystallized alloy film of La-Ni is obtained by potentiostatic electrolysis, and the amount of La grows with increasing cathodic overpotential, molar ratios of La(Ⅲ) to Ni(Ⅱ) and the electrolysis time. The maximum amount of La in alloy film reaches to 78.81% (mass fraction) in present study.

Recent Advances of Electroplating Additives Enabling Lithium Metal Anodes to Applicable Battery Techniques

Lithium(Li)metal batteries have long been deemed as the representative high-energy-density energy storage systems due to the ultrahigh theoretical capacity and lowest electrochemical potential of Li metal anode.Unfortunately,the intractable dendritic Li deposition during cycling greatly restrains the large-scale applications of Li metal anodes.Recent advances have been explored to address this issue,among which a specific class of electrolyte additives for electroplating is deeply impressive,as they are economic and pragmatic.Different from the conventional additives that construct solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)layer on anodes,they make dendrite-free Li metal anodes feasible through altering Li plating behavior.In this research news article,the interlinked principles between industrial electroplating and Li deposition are firstly illustrated.The featured effects of electroplating additives on regulating Li plating morphology are also summarized and mainly divided into three categories:co-deposition with Li cation,coordination with Li cation,and leveling effect of Li films.Furthermore,the mechanism exploration or derivative use of electroplating additive for dendrite suppression and potential research directions are proposed,with emphasizing that industrial electroplating might enable Li metal anode to scalable battery techniques and spread to metal battery systems beyond Li.

Improvement in Cr Nanoparticle Content in Ni-Cr Film by Co-deposition with Combined Surfactant HPB and CTAB

The effects of single surfactant hexadecylpyridinium bromide（HPB） and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide（CTAB） and the combination of HPB and CTAB on the Cr nanoparticle content in the Ni-Cr film prepared by codeposition were investigated. Single HPB/CTAB addition inhibited the oxidation and amorphous transformation of the Cr nanoparticles in the plating bath and effectively stabilized the Cr nanoparticles content at approximately 10 mass% as a function of time. Moreover, the combination of HPB and CTAB formed a cylindrical micelle structure on the Cr nanoparticle surface, which prompted the formation of a layer of NiCr2O4. As a result, the Cr nanoparticle content increased sharply to 20 mass%.

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PARTICULATE REINFORCED MATRIX COMPOSITE

TiB2 - particulate- reinforced Ni3 Al composites were prepared by spray a tom-ization co-deposition technique. The reinforcement particulate can be uniformly distributedin matrix alloy, and no interaction would be found at interface between TiB, and Ni,Al.In a word, the composites possess comprehensive mechanical properties.

Si-Al COATING ON PURE MOLYBDENUM SUBSTRATE AND ITS CYCLIC OXIDATION BEHAVIOR

The halide-activated pack cementation method is utilized to codeposit aluminum and silicon on Mo substrate. Emphasis is placed on the microstructure and elevated-temperature oxidation resistance of coatings. The results show that hexagonal Mo(Si, Al)2 as a main phase and a little amount of the lower disilicide Mo5Si3 was formed on Mo substrate through the halide-activated pack cementation method. The resultant Si-Al coating on Mo substrate exhibits excellent cyclic oxidation resistance. The excellent cyclic oxidation resistance of the coatings is attributed to the formation of alumina on the coatings during the oxidation.

Microstructure of a Spray Deposited Intermetallic Compound Alloy of Ni-Al-Mo System

The microstructure of a spray deposited intermetallic compound alloy of Ni-Al-Mo system（Ni3Al-Mo intermetallic compound alloy） prepared by a spray atomization deposition was studied in detail by using optical metallography,XRD,DTA,SEM,TEM,HREM and computer simulation.The preform consists of uniform and equiaxial grains,ranging from 10-40 μm,with some microporosity.Besides the main phases of the matrix alloy γ＇ and γ,Ni2Mo and Ni3Mo phases are also found within the γ network.A new Ni enriched phase in the γ phase was identified to have face-centered cubic structure with a lattice constant α=1.09 nm and space group Fm3m.

Insights into interfacial speciation and deposition morphology evolution at Mg-electrolyte interfaces under practical conditions

Rechargeable magnesium(Mg)battery technologies show the promise of low cost,less safety concerns and relatively higher energy density.Interrogating the critical issues on the Mg stripping/plating performance as well as the Mg metal anode-electrolyte interfacial chemistry is one great importance under the practical areal capacity and rate conditions.In this work,we systematically investigate the electrochemistry of Mg stripping/plating processes within four distinctive Mg-ion electrolytes and the Mg anodeelectrolyte interfacial chemistry under practical conditions.Electrochemical results show that the cycle life of Mg//Cu asymmetric cells using these above electrolytes is significantly shortened(less than 10 cycles)when tested at a practical areal capacity of 10 mAh cm^-2.Further optical and electron microscopic analyses reveal that the gradual growth of the Mg deposits is susceptible to detachment from the copper substrate,where the initial nucleation process might occur.In spite of showing an interconnected particle-like morphology,the Mg deposits could easily penetrate the porous separator,leading to cell failure.The co-deposition of metallic Al is revealed from surface region to bulk,while the Cl-containing species exist in the near surface of Mg deposits.Our work not only highlights the critical impacts of areal capacity on the performances of Mg stripping/plating process,but calls for further efforts to eliminating the safety concerns of Mg anode under practical conditions.

Preparation of ZrC-SiC composite coatings by chemical vapor deposition and study of co-deposition mechanism

In this work, the Zr C-SiC composite coatings were co-deposited by chemical vapor deposition(CVD)using ZrCl4, MTS, CH4 and H2 as raw materials. The morphologies, compositions and phases of the composite coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The results indicated that the morphologies, compositions and phases of the composite coatings were related to the deposition temperature, the flow rate of the carrier H2 gas, and the ratio of C/Zr. Moreover, the co-deposition mechanism of the composite coatings was also studied. It was found that different deposition temperatures resulted in different deposition mechanisms. At temperatures in the range of 1150–1250℃, the Zr C-SiC co-deposition was controlled by the surface kinetic process. At temperatures in the range of 1250–1400℃, the Zr C-SiC co-deposition was controlled by the mass transport process.

Co-deposition of Co-Ni alloys and their microstructure analysis by PoSAP

PULSED-co-electrodeposition （PCD） is a new and promising technique for producing alloymaterials of nanometer grain size. In this letter, Co-Ni alloys were produced by PCD, and theeffect of CO+2 ion concentration in the depositing baths on the Co content and the microstruc-ture in the corresponding deposit was studied by the position sensitive atom probe （PoSAP）,TEM and X-ray diffraction. The Co-Ni phase diagram shows that, at room temperature,there are two phases in Co-Ni alloys, one is εCo with hcp lattice, the other is αCo of fcc lat-tice. A Co-Ni alloy with a Ni content below 27% consists of single εCo, beyond 36% consistsof single αCo, in between consists of εCo + αCo. The examination results of TEM, SEM andX-ray diffraction indicated that the Co-Ni deposits with average grain size of 70 nm and thick-