Fecal microbiota of three bactrian camels(Camelus ferus and Camelus bactrianus) in China by high throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene

This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geographical regions in China. Operational taxonomic unit（OTU） clustering was performed by identifying an OTU at 97% sequence identity. The alpha and beta diversities were applied to estimate the differences in microbial diversity among the three fecal samples. Totally, 4409, 3151 and 4075 OTUs in the fecal samples were identified in the Lop Nor wild camel（Camelus ferus）, the domestic camel（C. bactrianus） and Dunhuang wild camel（C. ferus）, respectively. The majority of bactreria were affiliated with phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the three samples. The wild camels had higher gastrointestinal tract microbial diversity than the domestic one, while the microbial composition of the Lop Nor wild camel shared higher similarity with domestic camel at the genus and family levels than that of the Dunhuang wild camel did. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for assessing their health conditions and may thus be useful for protecting the critically endangered species of C. ferus.

The Seasonal Distribution of Wild Camels (<i>Camelus ferus</i>) in Relation to Changes of the Environmental Conditions in Mongolia

The wild camel (Camelus ferus) is a critically endangered large ungulate, surviving in just three distinct populations located in the Taklamakan Desert, China;deserts near Lop Nuur, China;and in China and Mongolia within and adjacent to Mongolia’s Great Gobi Strictly Protected Area (GGSPA). The population surviving in Mongolia remains poorly researched, but as few as 500 individuals may survive, although its distribution has remained relatively constant over the past 30 - 50 years. This study aimed at identifying potentially important environmental factors that influence the distribution of wild camels in Mongolia and predicting seasonal movement. We predicted distribution by season using presence only data and selected environmental predictors, including land surface temperature, normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI), water sources, vegetation and soil. Model predictions revealed that land surface temperature in summer correlated significantly with wild camel distribution, with camels occurring in cooler areas. Abundance of biomass did not significantly correlate with camel distribution. Camels occurred in areas with intermediate levels of NDVI in most seasons, implying that they may base foraging decisions on forage quantity, not quality. Positive correlations of camel distribution with higher NDVI in summer (P = 0.03) suggests that they may prefer herbaceous species that appear after rainfall. Models indicate distance to water sources may be critical for camel distribution in all seasons. Camel occurrence correlated with areas containing shallow mountain soils in summer. Camels displayed no significant habitat correlations in other seasons, yet ranges differed among all seasons. Camels used a common region in spring, summer and autumn that we believe represents the core of the species’ annual range. Wild camel distribution during winter varied significantly from other seasons. Our modelling led to a predicted distribution range that was consistent with ranges described by previous research, indicating consistency between survey data and satellite tracking data.

梗天牛属的3种重要林业害虫

辐射松幽天牛、褐梗天牛和Arhopalus ferus(Mulsant)是梗天牛属的3种重要害虫,对火灾后的死亡和衰弱木造成严重为害。其中褐梗天牛在我国已有分布,能够携带拟松材线虫。本文查阅了国内外相关资料,介绍这3种害虫的分类鉴定特征和生物学特性。

1种国内首次截获的梗天牛属天牛的鉴定与检疫

苏州出入境检验检疫局从葡萄牙进境木质包装中截获1种天牛,经鉴定为梗天牛属的Arhopalus ferus(Mulsant),该有害生物在我国未有分布记录,为国内口岸首次截获。针对该有害生物的分类鉴定特征、生物学特性和检疫防治措施进行介绍。

Trials for Gathering Information on an Unknown Peak in the GC-MS Spectra of Horse and Pony Hair Extracts

The volatile compounds from horse and pony hairs and skin were analyzed to determine bioactive molecules that are kairomones used for host location by blood-feeding diptera. In this study, horse and pony hair samples were extracted with organic solvents (pentane or hexane) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) with closed electron ionization (CEI). Using the GC-MS analysis, we observed a compound peak, which could not be identified by comparison to mass spectra in the mass spectral library. This unknown compound was often the largest peak in the chromatogram and had a retention index and mass spectral fragmentation similar to nonanal. However, there were several differences in the fragmentation pattern. When compared to a nonanal reference standard, it was evident that this was a different compound. Hydrodistillation of pony hair was another extraction method to obtain the unknown component in higher concentrations. Analysis of this extract with GC-flame ionization detector (FID) with GC-MS confirmed the same unknown peak. Further experiments and analysis with the various mass spectroscopy tools gave the possible molecular ion with mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) 142, corresponding to the unknown component.

无线网桥技术在野骆驼监测中的应用

野骆驼(Camelus ferus)天性警惕,人们很难见到,研究监测难度相对较大。常用的监测方法主要有红外线相机和卫星定位跟踪项圈。“无线网桥+雷达摄像装置”首次用于野骆驼监测。无线网桥监控能够减少因监测人员在监测区域内频繁活动给野生动物带来的干扰,较完整地监测到野生动物在自然状态下的活动状况,且能够全天候不间断监测,数据保存完整,监测区域覆盖面大、获取物种种类多、影像质量高等。2020年9月至2021年8月期间,安南坝保护区在此监测区域共监测到国家重点保护野生动物18种,有野骆驼(Camelus ferus)、雪豹(Cuon alpinus)、豺(Panthera uncia)、高山兀鹫(Gyps himalayensis)、黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)等国家Ⅰ级保护野生动物8种,其中在库姆塔格沙漠南缘山区首次发现雪豹。

具有优越电催化析氢性能的超小碳负载FeRu合金

电化学水分解是将可再生能源产生的间歇性电能转化为高纯度氢气的一种极具前景的绿色能源技术.目前,高效制氢催化剂主要由贵金属及其化合物组成,而贵金属的高成本及稀缺性,限制了其在大规模工业化制氢中的应用.因此,探索低成本,高电化学活性、高稳定性的电解水制氢催化剂至关重要.合金化材料以短程或长程有序结构存在,具有增强的电化学性能.因此,本文采用两步法制备超小碳负载FeRu合金纳米电催化剂并将其应用于电催化析氢反应.Fe_(0.05)Ru_(0.05)/XC-72双功能电催化剂粒径为2.1 nm,在碱性淡水和海水电解质中表现出优异的活性和耐久性.10 mA cm^(-2)时,在1 mol L^(-1)KOH、1 mol L^(-1)KOH+0.5 mol L^(-1)NaCl和1 mol L^(-1)KOH+海水中分别表现出13、15和18 mV的过电位.在1 mol L^(-1)KOH介质和-0.07 V(相比于可逆氢电极)条件下,Fe_(0.05)Ru_(0.05)/XC-72的析氢质量活性高达11.32Amg^(-1)_(noble metal).在1 mol L^(-1)KOH中,Fe_(0.05)Ru_(0.05)/XC-72电催化剂具有24 h以上的长期析氢反应(HER)稳定性.理论计算表明,引入Fe形成的FeRu合金可以诱导电子效应,使其对*H的吸附能力增强,进一步提高了HER性能.本工作对制备高电活性、高稳定性的钌基电催化剂具有重要的启发意义.

利用红外相机视频数据进行库姆塔格沙漠地区野骆驼集群行为研究的可行性

野骆驼(Camelus ferus)生性机警,且栖息于远离人迹、自然条件极端恶劣的荒漠、半荒漠地区,其种群动态和行为生态学研究一直较为缺乏。本研究通过在库姆塔格沙漠地区进行不同季节的野外观测和连续水源地红外相机监测,对野骆驼的集群行为进行了研究。2011–2013年,在库姆塔格沙漠地区进行了8次野外调查,共记录野骆驼64群,个体430峰。非繁殖季节野骆驼集群大小平均为2.94±0.67峰;而繁殖季节野骆驼集群大小平均为10.74±3.08峰。野外观测数据证明了野骆驼集群行为存在季节性差异,倾向于冬季繁殖季节的集群。并于2012年10月至2013年9月期间,在11个水源地设置11台红外相机,共记录野骆驼281群745峰。与野外调查结果相比,红外相机数据表明繁殖期间和非繁殖期间野骆驼集群大小没有显著差异(t=0.322,P=0.748)。水源地的地形因素、红外相机监测视角和监测时间的限制可能是造成这一差异的原因。但是两种方法的结果均表明野骆驼在阿尔金山北麓比西湖地区容易形成较大的集群;同时,繁殖季节野骆驼最大集群的规模要大于非繁殖季节。尽管利用红外相机进行动物集群行为研究存在一定的局限性,但与传统基于野外调查的方法相比,无论是经济上还是实用性方面,利用红外相机都为我们开展动物行为学研究提供了新的手段。

罗布泊野骆驼的家域特征及其意义

野双峰骆驼(Camelus ferus)生活在荒漠戈壁,种群数量稀少,栖息地地形复杂多样,且有长距离迁徙习性,目前对其家域面积和重要栖息地范围的研究只有定性描述。本研究于2012年5月至2013年7月,在阿奇克谷地和阿尔金山北麓捕捉了8峰野骆驼并安装GPS卫星跟踪项圈,分别获得了12–423天的13,748个GPS位点记录。研究结果表明,8峰野骆驼的100%最小凸多边形(minimum convex polygons,MCP)家域面积分别为1,775–11,768 km2,总家域面积为32,821 km2,占罗布泊野骆驼分布区面积的23.1%,平均家域面积为7,349±1,323 km2。野骆驼个体家域面积季节间差异显著,秋季最大,其次是冬季和夏季,春季最小,秋季是春季的4.4倍。野骆驼在繁殖季节的家域平均面积为879±320 km2,非繁殖季节为998±106 km2,二者间无显著差异。除了项圈编码为135号的野骆驼和其他7峰野骆驼的家域没有重叠外,其余7峰野骆驼的家域都有重叠。这7峰野骆驼的家域总面积是24,910 km2,占罗布泊野骆驼分布区总面积的17.5%,重叠区面积是515 km2。鉴于野骆驼主要分布在阿奇克谷地及以南区域、阿尔金山北麓,建议将罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区位于阿奇克谷地北山以北的核心区部分区域、磁海低地以南的山区和阿尔金山西部原为实验区的部分区域调整为缓冲区,而将阿尔金山北麓至库姆塔格沙漠之间的戈壁地带原为缓冲区的部分区域调整为核心区。