Federated Machine Learning Based Fetal Health Prediction Empowered with Bio-Signal Cardiotocography

Cardiotocography measures the fetal heart rate in the fetus during pregnancy to ensure physical health because cardiotocography gives data about fetal heart rate and uterine shrinkages which is very beneficial to detect whether the fetus is normal or suspect or pathologic.Various cardiotocography measures infer wrongly and give wrong predictions because of human error.The traditional way of reading the cardiotocography measures is the time taken and belongs to numerous human errors as well.Fetal condition is very important to measure at numerous stages and give proper medications to the fetus for its well-being.In the current period Machine learning(ML)is a well-known classification strategy used in the biomedical field on various issues because ML is very fast and gives appropriate results that are better than traditional results.ML techniques play a pivotal role in detecting fetal disease in its early stages.This research article uses Federated machine learning(FML)and ML techniques to classify the condition of the fetus.This study proposed a model for the detection of bio-signal cardiotocography that uses FML and ML techniques to train and test the data.So,the proposed model of FML used numerous data preprocessing techniques to overcome data deficiency and achieves 99.06%and 0.94%of prediction accuracy and misprediction rate,respectively,and parallel the proposed model applying K-nearest neighbor(KNN)and achieves 82.93%and 17.07%of prediction accuracy and misprediction accuracy,respectively.So,by comparing both models FML outperformed the KNN technique and achieved the best and most appropriate prediction results as compared with previous studies the proposed study achieves the best and most accurate results.

Valvuloplasty of fetal pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and hypoplastic right heart: Mid-term follow-up results

Objective:This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the results of mid-term follow-up after fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty(FPV)in fetuses with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum(PA/IVS).Methods:From August 31,2018,to May 31,2019,seven fetuses with PA/IVS and hypoplastic right heart were included in this study.All underwent echocardiography by the same specialist and were operated on by the same team.Intervention and echocardiography data were collected,and changes in the associated indices noted during follow-up were analyzed.Results:All seven fetuses successfully underwent FPV.The median gestational age at FPV was 27.54 weeks.The average FPV procedural time was 6 min.Persistent bradycardia requiring treatment occurred in 4/7 procedures.Finally,five pregnancies were successfully delivered,and the other two were aborted.Compared to data before fetal cardiac interventions(FCI),tricuspid valve annulus diameter/mitral valve annulus diameter(TV/MV)and right ventricle diameter/left ventricle diameter(RV/LV)of all fetuses had progressively improved.The maximum tricuspid regurgitation velocity decreased from 4.60 m/s to 3.64 m/s.The average follow-up time was 30.40±2.05 months.During the follow-up period,the diameter of the tricuspid valve ring in five children continued to improve,and the development rate of the tricuspid valve was relatively obvious from 6 months to 1 year after birth.However,the development of the right ventricle after birth was relatively slow.It was discovered that there were individual variations in the development of the right ventricle during follow-up.Conclusion:The findings support the potential for the development of the right ventricle and tricuspid valve in fetuses with PA/IVS who underwent FCI.Development of the right ventricle and tricuspid valve does not occur synchronously during pregnancy.The right ventricle develops rapidly in utero,but the development of tricuspid valve is more apparent after birth than in utero.

Antenatal imaging:A pictorial review

Today,in parallel with the use of imaging modalities increases in all fields,the use of imaging methods in pregnant women is increasing.Imaging has become an integral component of routine pregnancy follow-up.Imaging provides parents with an early opportunity to learn about the current situation,including prenatal detection of anomalies or diseases,etiology,prognosis,and the availability of prenatal or postnatal treatments.Various imaging modalities,especially ultrasonography,are frequently used for imaging both maternal and fetal imaging.The goal of this review was to address imaging modalities in terms of usefulness and safety,as well as to provide demonstrative examples for disorders.And this review provides current information on selecting a safe imaging modality to evaluate the pregnant and the fetus,the safety of contrast medium use,and summarizes major pathological situations with demonstrative son-ographic images to assist radiologists and obstetricians in everyday practice.

An Eperimental Study on the Transplantation of Human Fetal Brain Cells into Monkey Models of Parkinson's Disease.

Unilateral administration of methly-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP) into the common carotid artery

INTRACEREBRAL CO-GRAFTING OF SCHW ANN'S CELLS AND FETAL ADRENAL MEDULLA IN THE TREATMENT OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE

Intracerebral co-grafting of Schwann's cells and human fetal adrenal medullary tissue was performed in 10 patients with Parkinson's disease. One to six months after grafting, symptoms were improved significantly for 1 to 3 grade. Among them, 2 patients resumed nearly normal daily activities. Long-term follow-up showed that the symptoms were not improved satisfactorily in some patients. It is considered that careful selection of patients, administration of amantadine, and co-grafting of Schwann's cells which prompts the survival of chromaffin cells are essential to better results.

Maternal high salt-diet increases offspring's blood pressure with dysfunction of NO/PKGI signaling pathway in heart tissue

Background:High salt-diets have become significant threats to human health,resulting in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are complicated,since the maternal cardiovascular system undergoes extensive physiological changes during pregnancy.High-salt diets during pregnancy can disturb the intrauterine environment and negatively affect fetal development.Therefore,we explored how high-salt diets during pregnancy could affect the offspring.Methods:Rats were divided into three groups and fed with low,normal,and high salt diets.The offspring were separated into three groups after weaning based on dietary salt concentration.The blood pressure and urine protein content of both dams and offspring were measured.To evaluate cardiac function,we used Masson staining and immunodetection to confirm the fibrosis status.Finally,we extracted protein from cardiac tissue to test the expression levels of the Nitric Oxide(NO)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase I(PKGI)pathway and the angiotensin receptor.Results:High-salt diets increased blood pressure,and offspring previously exposed to high-salt environments were predisposed to hypertension.High-salt diets were also found to induce cardiac fibrosis and exacerbate fibrosis in offspring and alter the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT).Under these conditions,the NO/PKGI pathway was activated in cardiac tissue and the type-1angiotensin II receptor(AT1R)was upregulated,though the type-2 angiotensin II receptor(AT2R)had the opposite effect.Conclusion:High-salt diets induce high blood pressure and increase predisposition to hypertension in offspring.They are accompanied by cardiac fibrosis,which could be caused by the activation of NO/PKGI and upregulation of AT1R.