Effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients on endogenous loss of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs

Background: Determination of the endogenous loss of fat(ELF) is used to adjust for the estimation of true total tract digestibility(TTTD) of fat in diets and ingredients.Any factor which affected ELF may further affect the digestibility of fat,including sources and concentrations of fat and fiber in the diet.There are some reports of determining the ELF using regression methods based on different levels of fat intake,while reports on effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients in pig diets on ELF are very limited.Therefore,the objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients on endogenous losses of fat and fatty acids at the end of ileum and throughout the entire intestinal tract in growing pigs.Methods: In Exp.1,the effect of fiber content on endogenous loss of fat was determined using six growing pigs(Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire;27.6 ± 2.4 kg),fitted with a T-cannula at the end of ileum.The experimental design was a 6 × 6 complete Latin square design with six periods of feeding and six diets.The six experimental fat-free diets were formulated to include graded levels of neutral detergent fiber(NDF)(0,40,80,120,160 and 200 g/kg) and soybean hull(SH) was the only fiber source,providing 0,75,150,225,300 and 375 g/kg,respectively.Chromic oxide was included at4 g/kg in all diets as an indigestible marker.In Exp.2,six crossbred growing barrows(27.6 ± 1.6 kg) were used and the experimental design was the same as for Exp.1.The six fat-free diets were formulated to include six common fiber-rich ingredients and the concentration of NDF was 100 g/kg.The six fiber-rich ingredients were defatted rice bran(DRB),sugar beet pulp(SBP),rice hull(RH),corn germ meal(CGM),SH and wheat bran(WB) and they were fed at represented250,270,145,250,170 and 280 g/kg in the diet,respectively.Results: In Exp.1,the endogenous loss of fatty acids profile did not change as dietary NDF increased in growing pigs.The endogenous losses of fat,C16:0,C18:0,C18:1,C18:2,total unsaturated fatty acids(UFA) and total saturated fatty acids(SFA) in growing pigs at the end of ileum and throughout the entire intestinal tract increased linearly as NDF content of diets increased.The endogenous losses of fat,as well as C16:0 and C18:0 throughout the entire intestinal tract also increased quadratically as NDF content of diets increased.The ELF increased from 0.71 to 3.14 g/kg of dry matter intake(DMI) and 0.56 to 8.21 g/kg DMI at the end of ileum and throughout the entire intestinal tract in growing pigs,respectively.The ELF occurred in the hindgut except for the growing pigs fed 0 and 4% NDF in their diets.The endogenous losses of C16:0 and UFA occurred primarily in the upper regions of the gut and the greatest endogenous losses of C18:0 occurred in the hindgut.The endogenous losses of fat,individual SFA and total SFA throughout the entire intestinal tract were much greater than that at the end of ileum.However,the endogenous losses of individual UFA and total UFA were less throughout the intestinal tract than at the end of ileum.In Exp.2,the endogenous losses of fat at the end of ileum were greater in growing pigs fed CGM or WB diets.The endogenous loss of fatty acids profile changed to a slight degree at the end of ileum that the endogenous loss of UFA(particularly C18:1 and C18:2) in growing pigs fed CGM or WB diets were greater(P < 0.01) than that for the other four diets.The greatest(P < 0.01) endogenous loss of SFA(particularly C18:0) was in growing pigs fed the RH diet.The endogenous losses of fat,C16:0,C18:0 and SFA over the entire intestinal tract were much greater in growing pigs fed CGM or WB diets,whereas the lowest values were in growing pigs fed DRB diet.The ELF at the end of ileum in growing pigs fed CGM or WB diets were 3.50 or 4.17 g/kg DMI,respectively,and the ELF over the entire intestinal tract was 7.23 or 7.38 g/kg DMI.The contribution in percentage of ELF in the upper gut was greater than that in the hindgut of growing pigs fed DRB and RH diets,while the ELF in the upper gut and hindgut were equal in growing pigs fed SBP,CGM and WB diets.On the whole,the endogenous losses of C18:1 and C18:2 throughout the entire intestinal tract in growing pigs fed the six fiber-rich ingredients diets were less than losses at the end of ileum,whereas the endogenous loss of fat,C16:0,C18:0 and SFA were greater throughout the intestinal tract than at the end of ileum.Conclusion: The profile of loss in endogenous fatty acids did not change as dietary NDF increased in growing pigs and the endogenous losses of fatty acids(C16:0,C18:0,C18:1 and C18:2) fat,UFA and SFA increased linearly as NDF content increased in the diets of pigs.The endogenous losses of fat or fatty acids at the end of ileum were greater in growing pigs fed RH,CGM or WB diets.The endogenous losses of fat,fatty acids(C16:0 and C18:0) and SFA were greater over the entire intestinal tract in pigs fed CGM or WB diet,while these values were the lowest in growing pigs fed the DRB diet.The contribution in percentage losses of fat in the upper gut were greater than in the hindgut of growing pigs fed DRB and RH diets,while the contribution of losses of fat in the upper gut and hindgut were equal in growing pigs fed SBP,CGM and WB diets.In addition,the endogenous loss of individual or total UFA was less over the entire intestinal tract of growing pigs fed fiber diets than that at the end of ileum,and the greatest endogenous losses of fat,individual or total SFA were over the entire intestinal tract.Therefore,differences in fiber content and the nature of fiber-rich ingredients in diets of pigs have different effects to the endogenous losses of fat or fatty acids.Considering the requirement of fat or fatty acids of pigs,careful attention must be paid that the endogenous losses of fat and fatty acids when fiber ingredients are used in diets of pigs.

Flexible Optical Waveguide Bent Loss Attenuation Effects Analysis and Modeling Application to an Intrinsic Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor

The temperature dependence of the bending loss light energy in multimode optical fibers is reported and analyzed. The work described in this paper aims to extend an initial previous analysis concerning planar optical waveguides, light energy loss, to circular optical waveguides. The paper also presents à novel intrinsic fiber optic sensing device base on this study allowing to measure temperatures parameters. The simulation results are validated theoretically in the case of silica/silicone optical fiber. A comparison is done between results obtained with an optical fiber and the results obtained from the previous curved optical planar waveguide study. It is showed that the bending losses and the temperature measurement range depend on the curvature radius of an optical fiber or waveguide and the kind of the optical waveguide on which the sensing process is implemented.

Design of Ultra-Low Loss Highly Nonlinear Dispersion Flattened Octagonal Photonic Crystal Fibers

In this study, Octagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber (O-PCF) structures are designed for different air filling fractions with fixed pitch length of 2.2 μm. The light propagating characteristics of PCF structures such as effective refractive index, confinement loss, chromatic dispersion mode effective area and nonlinear coefficient are numerically analyzed. The simulation results show that the fibers have dispersion flattened, ultra-low loss highly nonlinear nature in the wavelength region 1.3 μm to 1.7 μm.

Influence of intra-cavity loss on transmission characteristics of fiber Bragg grating Fabry–Perot cavity

A theoretical model of the fiber Bragg grating Fabry–Perot（FBG-FP） transmission spectrum considering loss of FBG and intra-cavity fiber is presented. Several types of FBG-FPs are inscribed experimentally, and their spectra are measured.The results confirm that weak intra-cavity loss is enhanced at the resonance transmission peak, that is, loss of transmission peaks is observably larger than other wavelengths. For FBG-FPs with multi resonance peaks, when the resonance peak wavelength is closer to the Bragg wavelength, the more significant loss effect of resonance transmission peak is exhibited.The measured spectra are fitted with the presented theoretical model. The fitted coefficient of determinations are near 1,which proves the validity of the theoretical model. This study can be applied to measure FBG loss more accurately, without a reference light. It can play an important role in FBG and FBG-FP writing process optimization and application parameter optimization.

Evaluation of the Bending Loss of the Hollow Optical Fiber for Application of the Carbon Dioxide Laser to Endoscopic Therapy

Since carbon dioxide laser is excellent for incision, hemostasis, coagulation, and vaporization of soft tissues, it has been widely applied in clinical treatments as the laser knife. In these days, flexible thin hollow optical fibers transmitting mid-infrared light have been developed, and the application of carbon dioxide laser to endoscopic therapy has become possible. However, it is expected that the irradiation effect is influenced by the change in the laser power at the tip of the hollow optical fiber due to the change in the transmittance by the bending loss. The purpose of this research is to quantitatively evaluate the change in the output power and therapeutic effect by bending the hollow optical fiber in a gastrointestinal endoscope. The change in the transmittance of the hollow optical fiber due to the insertion of the fiber into the endoscope and bending of the head of the endoscope was measured. Then, the relationship between the irradiated laser power and the incision depth for a porcine stomach was investigated. As the results, the most significant decrease in the transmittance of the hollow optical fiber was caused by the insertion of the fiber into the instrument channel of the endoscope, and bending of the head of the endoscope with the angle of 90° decreased the output laser power and incision depth by 10% and 25%, respectively. Therefore, it was confirmed that the bending loss of the hollow optical fiber due to the bending of the head of the endoscope had no significant influence on the endoscopic therapy using the carbon dioxide laser.

Influences of polishing on return loss of optical fiber connectors

With Al2O3 and SiO2 as polishing medium, under different polishing conditions, e.g. with different polishing pressure, polishing time and polishing fluid, the influences of polishing treatment on the return loss of optical fiber connectors were investigated. The return loss of optical fiber connectors is 32CD*238dB before polishing. The results show that dry polishing（i.e. no polishing fluid） with Al2O3 has less influence on return loss of optical fiber connectors, while dry polishing with SiO2 reduces return loss to about 20dB because of the end-face of optical fiber contaminated. The wet polishing（i.e. using distilled water as polishing fluid） with Al2O3 or SiO2 can increase return loss to 45CD*250dB, but wet polishing with Al2O3 may produce optical fiber undercut depth of 80CD*2140nm. Wet polishing with SiO2 should be preferentially selected for optical fiber connectors and polishing time should be controlled within 20CD*230s.

High birefringence, low loss, and flattened dispersion photonic crystal fiber for terahertz application

A type of photonic crystal fiber based on Kagome lattice cladding and slot air holes in a rectangular core is investigated. Full vector finite element method is used to evaluate the modal and propagation properties of the designed fiber.High birefringence of 0.089 and low effective material loss of 0.055 cm^-1 are obtained at 1 THz. The y-polarized fundamental mode of the designed fiber shows a flattened and near-zero dispersion of 0±0.45 ps · THz^-1· cm^-1 within a broad frequency range(0.5 THz–1.5 THz). Our results provide the theory basis for applications of the designed fiber in terahertz polarization maintaining systems.

Research on Additional Loss of Guidance Optical Fiber

The factors which cause additional losses of guidance optical fiber in wound state were analyzed.A mathematical model used to analyze the macro-bend losses in the cross region producing in the precision winding process was established.For an actual guidance optical fiber,the measured data of the fiber's additional losses under low temperature and the loss curves with radius were given in the paper.The simulation results were compared with the test data.It shows that the additional losses of optical fiber caused by bending and low temperature can meet the actual requirements of the fiber optical guidance system.The established model can be used to predict the change trend of fiber losses in the winding process with a certain tensile force.

Wavelength dependent loss of splice of single-mode fibers

After reviewing three different definitions of mode field diameter of single-mode fibers, coupled efficiency calculation methods associated with lateral offset, longitude separation and wavelength, the effects produced by them, and the influences of splicing defects were discussed in detail. The regularities of the effects were studied according to the first order derivation of couple efficiency formula, and a simplified formula for couple efficiency calculation was presented under the circumstance of slight misalignment, with respect to wavelength, λ, and in a good agreement with the theoretical model. The simplified formula provides a new but simple approach to evaluate wavelength dependent couple efficiency of single-mode fibers. Theoretical analyses and numerical calculations show that, when those defects exist, the wavelength produces additional effects on the couple loss that growth of wavelength causes an increase on the couple efficiency for the lateral offset or longitude separation whereas lessens the couple efficiency due to angular misalignment or mode fields mismatching, and that the wavelength degrades the couple efficiency distinctly when λ≥ 2.5 μm whereas it distorts the couple slightly in range of λ c ≤λ≤2 μm.

RELATION BETWEEN DYNAMIC LOSS MODULUS AND DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT IN A MODIFIED PET FIBER

The mobility of polymer chain segments is shown to play a major role in the diffusion ofdisperse dyes in a copolymerization modified PET system, monoepoxy compoundCH_3 (CH_3),OCH_2CH--CH_2 modified PET. The rate of dye diffusion (diffusion coefficient D) hasbeen related to the time-dependent mechanical property, dynamic loss modulus E', which iscontrolled by the mobility of chain segments. In this modified copolyester system, the variance ofamount of modifier in the copolyester fibers causes the change in disperse dye diffusion coefficientto fiber, and in the dynamic loss modulus of the fibers, but the relationship between the diffusionand the dynamic loss modulus is in agreement with the theoretical relation derived by Bell andDumbleton. The relation obtained in this paper is:Ln D=-2. 28Ln E'+26. 81

Effect of single point defects on the confinement losses of air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers

The confinement losses in air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers （PBGFs） with air hole missing are studied with the full-vector finite-element method. It is confirmed that there are two loss peaks （1.555 and 1.598 μm） if there is a hole missing in the cladding far from the core. The closer to the core the hole missing is, the larger the confinement losses are, and even no mode could propagate in the core. The main power of the fundamental mode leaks from the core to the cladding defect. The quality of PBGFs can be improved through controlling the number and position of defects.

Effect of γ-ray Radiation on the Loss of Optical Fiber in Visible Range

The mechanism of γ-ray radiation induced absorption loss of the optical fiber in visible range is analyzed. According to the mechanism, the quantitative relation between loss in optical fiber and γ-ray cumulation dose is found by use of methods of solid physics and statistic physics. This quantitative relation is certified in terms of the results of radiation experiment.

The Loss of Weight and Release of Formaldehyde in Acid Treatment of Basofil Fiber

The Basofil fiber is a new type of high-temperature fiber. Its Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) value reaches 32. It does not melt, drop down or smolder when it contacts fire. The fiber is condensed from melamine and formaldehyde into a cross-linked with methylene-ether and methylene bridge bond. This thesis discusses the change of fiber structure and performance after the acid treatment.

Weight Loss and Improved Metabolic Health Measures Using a One-Week Active Nutrition Jumpstart Program in Overweight and Obese Men and Women

Background: The prevalence of individuals who are obese or overweight is an increasing global epidemic that is associated with a multitude of adverse health conditions. Multiple strategies are available to promote weight loss in these populations, including the use of caloric restriction and/or liquid diets. We determined the impact of a low-calorie, nutrient-dense, primarily liquid diet on body weight and associated measures of metabolic health in overweight and obese men and women. Methods: Twenty-six men and women (age: 42.6 ± 10.8) completed a seven-day intervention using the USANA Active Nutrition Jumpstart program, which consisted of consuming three meal replacement shakes and three to four servings of fruits and vegetables, along with a probiotic, three metabolism supplements, and two vitamin packs each day. Pre-post measurements included body composition—determined (via DXA), fasting levels of lipids and glucose in heparinized whole blood, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, heart rate, and blood pressure. Subjective mood and hunger were also assessed. Results: The dietary program was well-tolerated, and the intervention resulted in a mean weight loss of approximately 4.5 pounds. Clinically relevant reductions were noted in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol (total and LDL), and glucose. In addition, there were favorable changes in self-esteem, energy, motivation, and physical appearance. Conclusion: A one-week period of adherence to the Active Nutrition Jumpstart program positively impacted subjective feelings, while resulting in significant weight loss and other health benefits that may have clinical relevance. Longer-term interventions are needed to sustain these initial results.

Derivation of General Formula for Coupling Loss of Single-mode Fiber Collimators with Gradient-index Rod Lenses

Gradient-index rod lens (GRIN-lens) whose pitch is ordinary value with bevel ferrule coupling system is analyzed, an equivalent method which can be used to analyze this system is put forward, and a general formula for determining the coupling loss with axes mismatch, radial mismatch, and angular mismatch is derived by use of the Gaussian field approximation and mode-field coupling theory. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theory prediction. It indicates that these formulas are suitable to analyze the gradient-index rod lens coupling system with pigtail fiber.

Unifying Convolution and Transformer Decoder for Textile Fiber Identification

At present,convolutional neural networks(CNNs)and transformers surpass humans in many situations(such as face recognition and object classification),but do not work well in identifying fibers in textile surface images.Hence,this paper proposes an architecture named FiberCT which takes advantages of the feature extraction capability of CNNs and the long-range modeling capability of transformer decoders to adaptively extract multiple types of fiber features.Firstly,the convolution module extracts fiber features from the input textile surface images.Secondly,these features are sent into the transformer decoder module where label embeddings are compared with the features of each type of fibers through multi-head cross-attention and the desired features are pooled adaptively.Finally,an asymmetric loss further purifies the extracted fiber representations.Experiments show that FiberCT can more effectively extract the representations of various types of fibers and improve fiber identification accuracy than state-of-the-art multi-label classification approaches.

Sn-Zn合金包覆PAN基碳纤维/聚六氟丙烯有机光纤材料的制备

采用Sn-Zn合金包覆聚丙烯腈(PAN)基碳纤维,以聚六氟丙烯为载体制备塑料光纤(POF)皮层材料,并将POF皮层材料与聚苯乙烯光纤芯材进行匹配,研究了材料在力学性能、传输损耗性、光场强度方面的变化。结果表明:Sn-Zn合金表面包覆PAN基碳纤维与聚六氟丙烯结合紧密,作为POF皮层材料的效果良好,在最常见的650 nm波长、100 m内,传输低于100 Mb/s速率数据信息的能力符合要求,光信号基本环绕着光纤芯材传播,没有过多的光信号因为皮层材质的缘故而散失,表明该皮层材料与聚苯乙烯光纤芯材的匹配性较高。

环氧树脂/玻璃纤维/石墨烯复合材料的电磁吸波性能

为了制备具有一定电磁吸波性能的结构型吸波材料,采用喷涂法制备了负载石墨烯微粒的玻璃纤维预浸料,并通过热压罐成型工艺进行固化,制备了环氧树脂/玻璃纤维/石墨烯吸波复合材料。研究了石墨烯含量对吸波复合材料电磁性能、吸波性能和力学性能的影响。通过三点弯曲测试结果可知,随着石墨烯含量的增加,环氧树脂/玻璃纤维/石墨烯吸波复合材料的弯曲强度先增大后减小,弯曲弹性模量增大,但总体变化幅度较小。矢量网络分析仪测试结果表明,随着石墨烯含量的增加,环氧树脂/玻璃纤维/石墨烯复合材料的介电常数逐渐增大,磁导率几乎不变,介电损耗正切角值逐渐增大。分析反射损耗计算结果可知,环氧树脂/玻璃纤维/石墨烯吸波复合材料的吸波性能主要由复合材料的厚度和石墨烯含量决定,随着复合材料厚度的增大,反射损耗峰值逐渐朝低频移动;随着石墨烯含量的增加,复合材料的吸波性能逐渐增大。当石墨烯质量分数为2.5%、复合材料厚度为1.7mm时,环氧树脂/玻璃纤维/石墨烯复合材料具有最佳的吸波效果,此时反射损耗峰值为-11.8dB,有效带宽为1.45GHz。

高阶轨道角动量传输光纤设计及传输特性研究(内封底文章)

为解决一般轨道角动量传输光纤传输轨道角动量模式数量少、质量差的问题,提出了一种基于正六边形空气孔排列的新型光子晶体光纤结构。该光纤引入了空气填充率高的矩形空气孔以及采用高折射率材料填充环形传输区域,能够有效提高环形传输区域和包层间的折射率差,且正六边形排列空气孔有利于提高模间有效折射率差。经过结构优化得到最优光纤结构,有限元法的分析结果表明,最优结构下,该光纤在常用波段S+C+L+U波段上能够支持142种轨道角动量模式的传输,最高阶数达到36阶。且所提出光纤具有良好的传输特性,本征模式的最高限制性损耗为10−9 dB/m量级,与典型轨道角动量传输光子晶体光纤相比至少降低了一个数量级;最大有效模场面积能够达到206.18μm^(2),最小非线性系数低至0.397 W^(−1)∙km^(−1);色散平坦且最小色散变化低至1.4578 ps/(nm∙km);所有本征模式纯度均在93.4%~96.8%范围内。且该光纤具有较好的制备可行性,对制造精度要求不高。因此,该光纤在基于轨道角动量光纤的复用系统中具有广阔的应用前景,为提高通信容量提供了一种有效手段。

两种直升机多舱油箱惰化系统代偿损失比较

针对某型直升机多舱油箱,设计了冷却空气控温和燃油热沉控温的2种多舱油箱惰化系统。基于AMESim平台搭建了这2种系统模型,研究了这2种系统的控温效果和各舱油箱参数变化规律,并且引入代偿损失指标对这2种系统性能进行评估。仿真结果表明:2种惰化系统均能控制膜前温度维持在90℃;燃油热沉控温的多舱油箱惰化系统在整个飞行过程中,各舱油箱中最高燃油温度小于32℃,没有超过许用限制;对于直升机而言,由于油箱相比大型客机而言体积较小,通过计算可得,冷却空气控温的多舱油箱惰化系统的燃油代偿损失小于燃油热沉控温的多舱油箱惰化系统的燃油代偿损失。仿真结果为多舱油箱惰化系统的设计和优化提供了参考依据。