Coconut Fiber Pyrolysis: Bio-Oil Characterization for Potential Application as an Alternative Energy Source and Production of Bio-Degradable Plastics

The current energy crisis could be alleviated by enhancing energy generation using the abundant biomass waste resources. Agricultural and forest wastes are the leading organic waste streams that can be transformed into useful alternative energy resources. Pyrolysis is one of the technologies for converting biomass into more valuable products, such as bio-oil, bio-char, and syngas. This work investigated the production of bio-oil through batch pyrolysis technology. A fixed bed pyrolyzer was designed and fabricated for bio-oil production. The major components of the system include a fixed bed reactor, a condenser, and a bio-oil collector. The reactor was heated using a cylindrical biomass external heater. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor at a pressure of 1atm and a varying operating temperature of 150˚C, 250˚C, 350˚C to 450˚C for 120 minutes. The mass of 1kg of coconut fiber was used with particle sizes between 2.36 mm - 4.75 mm. The results show that the higher the temperature, the more volume of bio-oil produced, with the highest yield being 39.2%, at 450˚C with a heating rate of 10˚C/min. The Fourier transformation Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis was used to analyze the bio-oil components. The obtained bio-oil has a pH of 2.4, a density of 1019.385 kg/m3, and a calorific value of 17.5 MJ/kg. The analysis also showed the presence of high-oxygenated compounds;carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols, and branched oxygenated hydrocarbons as the main compounds present in the bio-oil. The results inferred that the liquid product could be bestowed as an alternative resource for polycarbonate material production.

DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR FOR LONG-DISTANCE OIL PIPELINE HEALTH

A fully distributed optical fiber sensor （DOFS） for monitoring long-distance oil pipeline health is proposed based on optical time domain reflectometry （OTDR）. A smart and sensitive optical fiber cable is installed along the pipeline acting as a sensor, The experiments show that the cable swells when exposed to oil and induced additional bending losses inside the fiber, and the optical attenuation of the fiber coated by a thin skin with periodical hardness is sensitive to deformation and vibration caused by oil leakage, tampering, or mechanical impact. The region where the additional attenuation occurred is detected and located by DOFS based on OTDR, the types of pipeline accidents are identified according to the characteristics of transmitted optical power received by an optical power meter, Another prototype of DOFS based on a forward traveling frequency-modulated continuous-wave （FMCW） is also proposed to monitor pipeline. The advantages and disadvantages of DOFSs based on OTDR and FMCW are discussed. The experiments show that DOFSs are capable of detecting and locating distant oil pipeline leakages and damages in real time with an estimated precision of ten meters over tens of kilometers.

Microwave thermal remediation of crude oil contaminated soil enhanced by carbon fiber

Thermal remediation of the soil contaminated with crude oil using microwave heating enhanced by carbon fiber （CF） was explored. The contaminated soil was treated with 2.45 GHz microwave, and CF was added to improve the conversion of microwave energy into thermal energy to heat the soil. During microwave heating, the oil contaminant was removed from the soil matrix and recovered by a condensation system of ice-salt bath. The experimental results indicated that CF could efficiently enhance the microwave heating of soil even with relatively low-dose. With 0.1 wt.% CF, the soil could be heated to approximately 700℃ within 4 min using 800 W of microwave irradiation. Correspondingly, the contaminated soil could be highly cleaned up in a short time. Investigation of oil recovery showed that, during the remediation process, oil contaminant in the soil could be efficiently recovered without causing significant secondary pollution.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ACOUSTICAL INSULATION OF CEMENT-BASED BOARD PREPARED WITH WASTE COCONUT COIR AND OIL PALM FIBERS

Among the major challenges facing the modern era of technological and industrial advancements are pollution and exponentially growing energy consumption.Pollution continues to be a menace affecting different aspects of life such as health,productivity,and comfort.This paper focuses on the elimination or reduction of sound pollution in buildings using cement-based boards made from pretreated coconut coir and oil palm fibers obtained from agricultural residues.The study includes an account of the preparation of fiber cement boards made from Portland cement Type 1,limestone powder,water,sand,and pretreated coconut coir and oil palm fibers at 5,10,15,and 20%by weight of powder materials,respectively,and a high-range water reducer in order to make sure that the natural materials would be spread in an even way throughout the specimens.Sound insulation tests were performed as key indicators of the performance of the fiber cement boards.It was found that an increase in the proportion of natural materials resulted in fiber cement boards with decreased density,compressive strength,and flexural strength.Furthermore,in relation to both physical and mechanical performance,the boards incorporating coconut fibers were superior to those incorporating oil palm fibers.With an increased proportion of natural fibers,sound insulation performance tended to improve.The boards prepared with coconut coir and oil palm fibers in this study yielded acceptable physical and mechanical properties and showed promise in relation to providing insulative protection against sound.

High Oil-absorptive Composites Prepared from Non-woven Fiber and Sponges with 4-tert- butylstyrene-EPDM-divinylbenzene Graft Polymer

4-tert-butylstyrene-EPDM-divinylbenzene graft terpolymer (PBED) was prepared by graft cross-polymerization in toluene using BPO as an initiator. The gel-PBED and solPBED were isolated from extraction of tetrahydrofuran (THF), and then they were identified by IR spectroscopy. The maximum oil-absorptivity of gel-PBED produced from the optinum reaction conditions was 8 420% but its swelling rate was very low. The highest oil-absorptivity of photocrosslinked sol-PBED film was 5 800%. Although its oil absorbency was not as high as gel-PBED' s, swelling rate was higher than that of gelPBED and was suitable for commercial purpose. After swelling in oil, neither gel PBED nor photocrosslinked sol-PBED film having high oil-absorptivity had sufficient mechanical strength to be taken out of oil wholly. As is known, composite technique is one of the useful methods for reinforcing them. Fibers, sponges and non-woven cloths were used as reinforcers or supporters in this work. Oil-absorptivities and swelling kinetics were evaluated by method ASTM (F726 - 81 ) and an experimental equation. The mechanical properties and the morphologies of some composites were measured by tensile tester and SEM , respectively.

Environmental Friendly Lightweight Material from Natural Fibers of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Indonesia is the most producer of crude palm oil (CPO) worldwide with production more that 25 million tons in 2013. Through increasing production of CPO the wastes generated are growing up as well. The empty fruit bunch of oil palm (EFB) is one of the solid waste (biomass) which is generated at the palm oil mill. Its amount is equivalent to the CPO production, but only about 50% of its weight are good fibers for further usage as industrial raw material. The EFB fiber consists an interesting honey comb/lightweight structure. By mixing the EFB natural fiber with bio binding agent based on potato the environmental friendly materials (biocomposites) can be produced which are 100% biodegadrable. The biocomposites with 2 mm thickness have strengthness about 7 GPa according to the 3 points bending test standard of DIN 53 457. After coating process the environmental friendly lightweight materials with density less than 0.4 g/cm3 will be ready to be implemented for different technical applications.

基于Fibersim的碳纤维复合材料油底壳设计

在汽车轻量化背景下,对金属油底壳进行碳纤维复合材料轻量化设计。首先从轻量化程度、设计性和安全性三个方面出发确定油底壳构件碳纤维复合材料化的可行性;其次,通过Catia软件对原金属油底壳进行结构简化处理,根据复合材料结构设计的规范,去除相关后期机加工结构。通过等刚度替换原理初步确定碳纤维复合材料油底壳的总体厚度为3 mm。依据结构优化、工艺设计和铺层结构等方面的设计规范,利用Fibersim软件进行油底壳结构的铺层设计,探讨盒类复杂件的铺层裁剪方案。分别对碳纤维复合材料油底壳结构的0°,90°,–45°和45°的铺层进行铺覆可行性分析,对不满足铺覆可行性的铺层分别使用剪口和分块方案并评估,最终依据不合格率和完整度两项指标确定剪口方案为最佳方案。

Properties and Application of Oil-well Cement Enhanced with a Novel Composite Toughening Agent

Brittle fracture of cement sheath, induced by perforation and stimulation treatments, can cause cross flow of formation fluid and increase casing damage. A novel agent XL was developed for solving the problem. Experimental results showed that the toughness of the set cement containing XL was improved remarkably. The engineering properties of the slurry containing XL, drag reducer USZ （0.2% BWOC）, filtrate loss additive F 17B （1.2% BWOC） and crystalloid expanding agent F17A （3% BWOC） could meet technical requirements of cementing operation. After perforation, good quality cement sheath enhanced with XL was observed by CBL/VDL logs in a deep well.

Modification of Mesophase Pitch from Petroleum Heavy Oils

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基于FBG信号和DECE-PCA-BHOSVM的变压器绕组径向松动状态评估

变压器作为电力系统的关键设备,其绕组松动状态的识别对电网的稳定运行具有重要意义。针对传统监测方法环境干扰较大、应用复杂等问题,提出了使用两类不同的布拉格光纤光栅(Fiber bragg grating,FBG)传感器采集变压器绕组关键测点温度与应变信号,经快速解耦与自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解后(Fast decoupling and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise,DECE),提取关键参数并进行主元分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)。对降维后的特征采用基于黑洞优化的支持向量机(Support vector machine based on black hole optimization,BHOSVM)进行分类,实现对变压器绕组径向松动状态的监测与定位。诊断结果表明,所提诊断方法对变压器绕组径向松动状态的识别准确率达到96.8%。

油田用纤维增强塑料压力容器的应用及研究进展

纤维增强塑料压力容器具有耐腐蚀性好、比强度高、耐疲劳性好、质量轻、易于成型、保温性好等优点,近年来逐渐应用于油气处理领域。首先,对纤维增强塑料压力容器在国内油田的应用现状和成型工艺进行了介绍;其次,对影响纤维增强塑料压力容器性能的因素进行了分析总结;然后,对纤维增强塑料压力容器的相关标准进行了介绍,并对国内外纤维增强塑料压力容器无损检测技术的相关研究进行了综述;最后,对纤维增强塑料压力容器在油田的发展趋势进行了展望。

分布式光纤压裂监测技术研究及应用

随着页岩油气等非常规油气勘探开发走向深层以及日趋精细化,微地震等传统压裂监测手段愈发无法满足压裂效果评价的精度要求。作为分布式光纤传感(DFOS)技术的最新研究进展,分布式光纤声波传感(DAS)近年来成为国内外压裂监测方向的研究热点。文中介绍了井下光缆布设、光缆深度标定、DAS信号处理、压裂期间DAS响应提取和解释的方法,并结合涪陵地区某页岩气井组的套管外光纤压裂监测实例,展示了DAS技术给非常规油气水力压裂监测带来的新视角和新认识,为我国压裂监测新技术的发展和推广应用提供参考。

鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油水力压裂试验场建设概述及实践认识

借鉴北美HFTS成功经验,长庆油田围绕进一步提高单井产量目标,整体规划了三期水力压裂试验场HFFL建设。I期于2022年启动,2024年完成,是国内首个完整意义上的水力压裂试验场。I期重点围绕夹层性页岩油长71、长72储层,坚持“压前地质工程一体化设计、压中测试响应反演拟合、压后取心验证分析评价”的研究路径,综合应用光纤、双井微地震、井下电视、示踪剂及取心等10项16井次测试,系统开展人工裂缝形态、多簇起裂及产液贡献率等精细评价,主要认识包括:(1)页岩油压后地下裂缝类型多样,300 m取心过程中累计发现裂缝431条,其中压裂缝115条、层理缝239条;(2)裂缝复杂程度远超预期,人工裂缝总量远大于簇数,局部未严格按照最大主应力方向扩展,受到岩性、天然裂缝发育等综合影响,裂缝存在明显偏转、沟通、弯曲等现象;(3)水力裂缝缝长延伸较长,缝高整体受控,支撑剂在取心岩屑中广泛分布,裂缝面同样观察到支撑;(4)多簇100%起裂,但扩展过程呈动态变化,砂液分配差异大,光纤评价均一指数平均61.8%;(5)长期产剖动态跟踪显示,生产6个月后,多裂缝段与优质甜点段贡献逐渐凸显。综上,水力试验场对长庆页岩油重新认识油藏、缝控储量、裂缝、产量提供了更加准确科学的理论依据,对井网优化、开发技术政策制定以及体积压裂优化设计都具有十分重要的作用,同时也为国内水力压裂试验场建设发挥了示范引领作用。

吸油纤维电纺过程影响因素的研究进展

近年来,石油漏油事故和大量工业及生活污水的排放,导致油类污染持续加剧,对生态环境造成了严重危害,研究和制备高效吸油材料,去除水中油类污染物,减少对环境的危害,已成为当务之急。文中综述了高吸油树脂的吸油机理,比较了天然与合成吸油材料,重点探讨了电纺纤维的多孔、中空及串珠结构对吸油效果的影响,并对影响纤维结构的因素进行了论述,最后展望了电纺吸油纤维的发展方向。

海泡石纤维表面包覆二氧化硅增强油井水泥的力学性能

【目的】降低天然海泡石纤维的吸水性,提高海泡石纤维水泥浆的流动性能,改善水泥石的力学性能。【方法】通过酸-水热法对天然海泡石纤维进行除杂提纯,并采用正硅酸乙酯(tetraethyl orthosilicate,TEOS)水解在海泡石纤维表面包覆二氧化硅降低海泡石纤维的吸水性,探究海泡石纤维对油井水泥的浆体性能、力学性能影响;运用X射线衍射分析、热分析和扫描电子显微镜分析等方法表征水泥石的物相组成、水化程度及微观形貌。【结果】改性水泥的海泡石纤维最优质量分数为5%,固化7 d的水泥石抗压、抗拉强度较未改性的分别提高了10.98%、10.58%;海泡石纤维质量分数为5%的改性水泥石的峰值应力为35.76 MPa,峰值应变为3.97×10^(-2)。海泡石纤维表面包覆SiO_(2)后,在较低质量分数下(5%)就能够促进水泥水化。【结论】改性海泡石纤维水泥浆的流动性优于未改性的;在纤维掺量和养护时间相同的情况下,改性海泡石纤维水泥石的抗压强度和抗拉强度均高于未改性的;改性海泡石纤维对水泥石的增韧强化能力高于未改性海泡石纤维。

重金属镉胁迫下棉花纤维品质和棉籽油质量的变化及评价

为探究Cd污染对棉花纤维品质和棉籽油质量的影响,明晰棉花产物质量变化规律,本试验以棉花品种中棉所65为材料,设置6个土壤有效Cd含量[0.97 mg·kg^(-1)(Cd1)、11.21 mg·kg^(-1)(Cd11)、14.26 mg·kg^(-1)(Cd14)、23.30 mg·kg^(-1)(Cd23)、49.36 mg·kg^(-1)(Cd49)和77.11 mg·kg^(-1)(Cd77)],测定不同含量Cd胁迫下棉花叶片SPAD值、净光合速率、各个器官的Cd含量、部分农艺性状、纤维品质及棉籽油质量,评价棉花纤维和棉籽油中Cd含量。试验结果显示:Cd胁迫对棉花株高影响差异显著。Cd11处理棉花总生物量较Cd1处理显著增加,而Cd23处理棉花总生物量显著下降。棉花富集Cd的主要器官为叶柄、茎和根,且不同含量土壤Cd污染环境下棉花不同器官对Cd的富集能力存在差异。随着Cd含量的增加,棉花纤维上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、纤维伸长率和纺纱均匀性指数显著降低,而断裂比强度和马克隆值变化不显著。在Cd49和Cd77处理条件下,棉花纤维中Cd含量超过GB/T 18885—2020规定的总Cd含量,棉花纤维使用存在风险。棉籽油中未检测到Cd,Cd胁迫对棉籽油的过氧化值影响不显著。随着Cd离子含量增加,棉籽出油率先上升后下降,棉籽油的酸价增加,导致棉籽油质量下降。研究表明,棉花具有优异的Cd耐受性及Cd累积能力,Cd胁迫显著降低了棉花纤维上半部分平均长度、整齐度指数、纤维伸长率和纺纱均匀性指数,降低了棉籽油出油率,增加了棉籽油酸价。

过滤吸油用PP/PE双组分熔喷非织造布的性能测试研究

以不同质量比的聚丙烯(PP)、聚乙烯(PE)为原料制得PP/PE双组分熔喷非织造布,测试分析了PP/PE双组分熔喷非织造布的性能。结果表明:PP/PE双组分熔喷非织造布的纤网呈现蓬松杂乱的三维结构,纤维直径较细,孔隙率较高;随着PE添加比例增大,PP/PE双组分熔喷非织造布的面密度和厚度增大,拉伸断裂强力、顶破强力略有下降,硬挺度下降,透气性增大;当PP/PE质量比为73时,PP/PE双组分熔喷非织造布的水接触角在129°左右,吸油倍数为18.75,20 s内吸油高度为1.7 mm,空气过滤效率为56.82%,综合性能较好,可应用于过滤、吸油等领域。

水-温-紫外线耦合作用下玄武岩纤维沥青混合料路用性能研究

为改善沥青路面性能,延长其使用年限,将玄武岩纤维掺入到沥青混合料中并开展高低温及水稳定性能试验。引入水-温-紫外线耦合作用试验条件来模拟现场沥青混合料快速老化环境。通过配合比设计,确定AC-20C、BFAC-20C两种沥青混合料的最佳油石比;通过对沥青混合料开展相关路用性能试验,评价水-温-紫外线耦合作用试验条件下玄武岩纤维对AC-20C沥青混合料路用性能的影响。试验结果表明,未经水冲刷、冻融循环及紫外线照射的BFAC-20C沥青混合料高低温及水稳定性能显著优于AC-20C沥青混合料;水冲刷、冻融循环及紫外线照射下两种沥青混合料高低温及水稳定性能均显著降低,BFAC-20C沥青混合料降低幅度较小;玄武岩纤维的掺入能够显著降低沥青路面运营阶段相关路用性能的衰减速度。

农业废弃物加氢热解联合挥发分催化加氢制燃料油

利用农业废弃物生产燃料油是“双碳”背景下富有吸引力和挑战性的课题。该研究在两段加压固定床反应器上进行了生物质加氢热解联合挥发分催化加氢转化试验,由生物质加氢热解(压力5.0 MPa、升温速率15℃/min、终温700℃)产生的挥发分通过NiMo-HZSM-5层进行催化加氢(压力5.0 MPa、温度320℃)实现生物油提质;研究了3种农业废弃物玉米秸秆、棉花秸秆和花生秸秆的产油特征,借助水洗和酸洗预处理的方法、并采用纤维素和木质素模型化合物考察了不同纤维组成的影响。结果得到,3种农业废弃物的催化加氢生物油产率为10.3%~15.9%,生物油中脂肪烃占比达73.0%~84.8%,几乎不存在含氧化合物和含氮化合物。3种农业废弃物经水洗后脱除部分中性溶解物后,其催化加氢生物油产率提高至18.1%~18.5%;经酸洗后主要残留纤维素和木质素,其催化加氢生物油产率相比水洗又有所提高。模型化合物的研究揭示,纤维素可获得产率较高的富含环戊烷、环己烷和十氢萘类脂环烃化合物的催化加氢生物油,而木质素的催化加氢生物油产率较低,倾向生成单环芳烃,也可生成环己烷和十氢萘类化合物,却不易生成环戊烷类化合物。该研究提供了利用农业废弃物高效生产燃料油的新技术途径。

木棉/棉水刺非织造布的制备及吸油性能评价

为了探究木棉制品在面部油脂吸附中的应用,将木棉和棉纤维以5种不同的比例(0∶10、3∶7、5∶5、7∶3、10∶0)混合梳理成纤维网,通过三道水刺加固制成非织造布。测试并表征了这5种非织造布的表面形貌、孔径分布、表面润湿性、吸油性能和瞬间吸附性能,并与市面上现有的吸油面巾纸做了对比分析。结果表明:水刺不会破坏木棉的空腔结构,且5种样品均具有很好的疏水亲油性;当木棉/棉混合比为7/3时,非织造布的吸油倍率(31.28)和保油率(94.69%)最高,且油液主要会附着在纤维表面、纤维与纤维间隙及纤维空腔中;此外,当木棉与棉的混合比为5/5时,0.5 s内的平均吸附速率最大(1.569 g/s)。研究表明木棉/棉水刺非织造布具有很好的吸油保油性能,为后续开发绿色环保木棉基吸油面巾纸提供了一定的理论参考。