Flexible Optical Waveguide Bent Loss Attenuation Effects Analysis and Modeling Application to an Intrinsic Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor

The temperature dependence of the bending loss light energy in multimode optical fibers is reported and analyzed. The work described in this paper aims to extend an initial previous analysis concerning planar optical waveguides, light energy loss, to circular optical waveguides. The paper also presents à novel intrinsic fiber optic sensing device base on this study allowing to measure temperatures parameters. The simulation results are validated theoretically in the case of silica/silicone optical fiber. A comparison is done between results obtained with an optical fiber and the results obtained from the previous curved optical planar waveguide study. It is showed that the bending losses and the temperature measurement range depend on the curvature radius of an optical fiber or waveguide and the kind of the optical waveguide on which the sensing process is implemented.

Mathematical Model of Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor Based on Optic Absorption and Experiment Testing

On the basis of analysis on the temperature monitoring methods for high voltage devices, a new type of fiber optic sensor structure with reference channel is given. And the operation principle of fiber optic sensor is analysed at large based on the absorption of semiconductor chip. The mathematical model of both devices and the whole system are also given. It is proved by the experiment that this mathematical model is reliable.

Temperature sensor based on a single-mode tapered optical fiber

A temperature sensor is demonstrated and fabricated by coating the single-mode tapered optical fiber with temperature-sensitive silicone rubber. It works on the change of the evanescent fields in the tapered optical fiber. Small changes in the refractive index of coating film greatly influence the power of evanescent fields, which modulate the transmission optical power in the waist region. The range of temperature measured is from -20℃ to 70 ℃. The results show that the temperature sensor has high temperature sensitivity （0.012 mW/℃） and good repeatability.

Stress Sensing by an Optical Fiber Sensor: Method and Process for the Characterization of the Sensor Response Depending on Several Designs

In this paper we propose an analyzing of the response of a stress optical fiber sensor of which we proposed several design. We show that an optical fiber sensor with these designs can covenanting allow the measuring the force/stress applied to a mechanical structure or which it is linked, by optimizing the uses of appropriate materials for constituting the sensor support. The experiment that we introduce to validate our approach based in principles includes design with a support bearing a multimode optical fiber organized in such a way that the transmitted light is attenuated when the fiber-bending angle coming from stitching in holes of the support is modified by the effects of the force/stress applied to the optical fiber sensor realized in this way. The tests realized concern the most relevant parameters that define the performances of the stress sensor that we propose. We present the problems that we to solved for the optimization of the sensor for selecting the more efficient material for the optical fiber sensor support related to a relevant choice of optical fibers.

Strain measurement of fiber optic sensor surface bonding on host material

Fiber optic sensor has been widely used as a structural health monitoring device by either embedding into or surface bonding onto the structures. The strain of optic fiber induced by the host material is strongly dependent on the bonding characteristics which include the protective coating, adhesive layer and the length of bonding. The strains between the fiber optics and host structure are not exact the same. The existence of the protective coating and adhesive layer would affect the strain measured by the surface bonding optic sensor. The analytical expression of the strain in the optic fiber induced by the host material was presented. The results were validated by the finite element method. The theoretical predictions reveal that the strain in the optical fiber is lower than the strain of host material. Parametric study shows that a long bonding length and high modulus of protective coating would increase the percentage of strain transferring into the optical fiber. Experiments were conducted by using Mach-Zehnder interferometer to measure the strain of the surface bonding optic fiber induced by the host structure. Good agreements were observed in comparison with the experimental results and theoretical predictions.

Highly sensitive optical fiber temperature sensor based on resonance in sidewall of liquid-filled silica capillary tube

A highly sensitive optical fiber temperature sensor based on a section of liquid-filled silica capillary tube(SCT)between single mode fibers is proposed. Two micro-holes are drilled on two sides of SCT directly by using femtosecond laser micromachining, and liquid polymer is filled into the SCT through the micro-holes without any air bubbles and then sealed by using ultra-violet(UV) cure adhesive. The sidewall of the SCT forms a Fabry–Perot resonator, and loss peaks are achieved in the transmission spectrum of the SCT at the resonant wavelength. The resonance condition can be influenced by the refractive index variation of the liquid polymer filled in SCT, which is sensitive to temperature due to its high thermooptical coefficient(-2.98 × 10^-4℃^-1). The experimental result shows that the temperature sensitivity of the proposed fiber structure reaches 5.09 nm/℃ with a perfect linearity of 99.8%. In addition, it exhibits good repeatability and reliability in temperature sensing application.

A Dnal-Mode Bow Tie Optical Fiber Sensor for Measurement of Axial Strain

An optical fiber strain sensor utilizing the mode-mode interference of LP01x,andLR11x,modes in bow tie optical fibers is described.The heterodyne interference caused byfrequency modulation of laser diode（LD） with ramp injection current is used torealize the detection of linear phase.Experimental results show a resolution of about 2%of one fringe corresponding to a strain of 2.9με.m.

All-Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor

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DETERMINATION OF INTERNAL STRAIN IN 3-D BRAIDED COMPOSITES USING OPTIC FIBER STRAIN SENSORS

A reliable understanding of the properties of 3-D braided composites is of primary importance for proper utilization of these materials. A new method is introduced to study the mechanical performance of braided composite materials using embedded optic fiber sensors. Experimental research is performed to devise a method of incorporating optic fibers into a 3-D braided composite structure. The efficacy of this new testing method is evaluated on two counts. First, the optical performance of optic fibers is studied before and after incorporated into 3-D braided composites, as well as after completion of the manufacturing process for 3-D braided composites, to validate the ability of the optic fiber to survive the manufacturing process. On the other hand, the influence of incorporated optic fiber on the original braided composite is also researched by tension and compression experiments. Second, two kinds of optic fiber sensors are co-embedded into 3-D braided composites to evaluate their respective ability to measure the internal strain. Experimental results show that multiple optic fiber sensors can be co-braided into 3-D braided composites to determine their internal strain which is difficult to be fulfilled by other current existing methods.

Complete Phase-strain Model for Interferometric Optical Fiber Sensor

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Application of Fiber Optic Sensor Technology in Intelligent Steel Strand

A twisted fiber optic sensor based on intensity modulation is described. The principle and structure of the sensor and the choice of steel strand modules are introduced. The sensor is used to determine the tensile strain and distribution. The experimental results show that the change of the transferring light power has an approximate linear relation with the outer force. The intelligent steel strands with this kind of sensor will have a good application in monitoring the concrete crack and deformation distribution in huge structures such as dams and bridges.

Novel Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor with Full Compensation Based on Optical Absorption

A novel system configuration of fiber optic sensor based on optical abso rption is proposed. Several compensation measures are discussed. A simulated exp eriment is designed and the output curve of system is given. The experiment al result shows that these compensation measures are effective on dynamic distu rbances which are caused by background light and optical fiber bend. In addition , the drifts in the light source intensity, fiber losses, and photodetector effi ciency are also compensated.

Network Integration of Distributed Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor

The integration of distributed optical fiber temperature sensor with supervisory control and data acquisition （SCADA） system is proposed and implemented. In the implementation of the integration, both the compatibility with traditional system and the characteristics of distributed optical fiber temperature sensor is considered before Modbus TCP/IP protocol is chosen. The protocol is implemented with open source component Indy. The Modbus TCP/IP protocol used in the system is proved to be fast and robust.

FIBER OPTIC TEMPERATURE MEASURING SYSTEM

提出了一种可用于多种场合的光纤温度检测系统。该系统具有反射式结构，由热双金属片、连杆－活塞机构、光栅及光纤探头组成。温度变化引起热双金属片变形，通过连杆－活塞机构，使得光栅在竖直方向移动。光纤探头用来检测由于温度变化引起光栅移动产生的条纹数。通过光纤光缆可以将检测信号传输１ｋｍ以上，系统的温度测量范围达到１００℃，精度达±０．２℃。

Novel Apodized Fiber Bragg GratingApplied for Medical Sensors:Performance Investigation

Sensors play an important role in shaping and monitoring human health.Exploration of methods to use Fiber Bragg Grating(FBG)with enhanced sensitivity has attracted great interest in the field of medical research.In this paper,a novel apodization function is proposed and performance evaluation and optimization of the same have been made.A comparison was conducted between various existing apodization functions and the proposed one based on optical characteristics and sensor parameters.The results evince the implementation of the proposed apodization function for vital sign measurement.The optical characteristics considered for evaluation are Peak Resonance Reflectivity level,Side Lobes Reflectivity level and FullWidth HalfMaximum(FWHM).The proposed novel apodization novel function has better FWHM,which is narrower than the FWHM of uniform FBG.Sensor characteristics like a quality parameter,detection accuracy and sensitivity also show improvement.The proposed novel apodization function is demonstrated to have a better shift in wavelength in terms of temperature and pulse measurement than the existing functions.The sensitivity of the proposed apodized function is enhanced with a Poly-dimethylsiloxane coating of varying thickness,which is 6 times and 5.14 times greater than uniform Fiber Bragg grating and FBG with the proposed novel apodization function,respectively,enhancing its utilization in the field of medicine.

Distributed Fiber Optic Monitoring and Stability Analysis of a Model Slope under Surcharge Loading

In the discipline of geotechnical engineering, fiber optic sensor based distributed monitoring has played an increasingly important role over the past few decades. Compared with conventional sensors, fiber optic sensors have a variety of exclusive advantages, such as smaller size,higher precision, and better corrosion resistance.These innovative monitoring technologies have been successfully applied for performance monitoring of geo-structures and early warning of potential geohazards around the world. In order to investigate their ability to monitor slope stability problems, a medium-sized model of soil nailed slope has been constructed in laboratory. The fully distributed Brillouin optical time-domain analysis(BOTDA)sensing technology was employed to measure the horizontal strain distributions inside the model slope.During model construction, a specially designed strain sensing fiber was buried in the soil mass.Afterward, the surcharge loading was applied on the slope crest in stages using hydraulic jacks and a reaction frame. During testing, an NBX-6050 BOTDA sensing interrogator was used to collect the fiber optic sensing data. The test results have been analyzed in detail, which shows that the fiber optic sensors can capture the progressive deformation and failure pattern of the model slope. The limit equilibrium analyses were also conducted to obtain the factors of safety of the slope under different surface loadings. It is found that the characteristic maximum strains can reflect the stability of the model slope and an empirical relationship was obtained. This study verified the effectiveness of the distributed BOTDA sensing technology in performance monitoring of slope.

Temperature dependence of the refractive index of optical fibers

Many experimental investigations on the temperature dependence of the refractive index of optical fibers have been reported previously, however a satisfying theoretical explanation for it is still absent. In this paper, a theoretical model about the temperature dependence of the refractive index of optical fibers is presented and it is in agreement with the previous experimental results. This work is a significant reference for the research and development of temperature sensors based on optical fiber delay lines.

Fibre optic distributed scattering sensing system:perspectives and challenges for high performance applications

As fiber optic distributed scattering sensing systems are providing innovative solutions for the monitoring of large structures,the comparison of different techniques and solutions is difficult because of the lack of standardized specifications and the difficulty associated to the characterization of such systems.The article presents a tentative definition of performance specifications and qualification procedures applicable to fiber optic distributed sensing systems aiming at providing clear guidelines for their design,specifications,qualification,application and selection.

Fabry-Perot Temperature Sensor for Quasi-Distributed Measurement Utilizing OTDR

A quasi-distributed Fabry-Perot fiber optic temperature sensor array using optical time domain reflectometry （OTDR） technique is presented. The F-P sensor is made by two face to face single-mode optical fibers and their surfaces have been polished. Due to the low reflectivity of the fiber surfaces, the sensor is described as low Fresnel Fabry-Perot interferometer （FPI）. The working principle is analyzed using twobeam optical interference approximation. To measure the temperature, a certain temperature sensitive material is filled in the cavity. The slight changes of the reflective intensity which is induced by the refractive index of the material was caught by OTDR. The length of the cavity is obtained by monitoring the interference spectrum which is used for the setting of the sensor static characteristics within the quasi-linear range. Based on our design, a three point sensor array are fabricated and characterized. The experimental results show that with the temperature increasing from -30℃ to 80℃, the reflectivity increase in a good linear manner. The sensitivity was approximate 0.074 dB℃. For the low transmission loss, more sensors can be integrated.

Strain and Temperature Discrimination Based on a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer With Cascaded Single Mode Fibers

An in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed for the discrimination of strain and temperature.The sensor is based on two cascaded standard single mode fibers using three peanut tapers fabricated by simple splicing.The cascaded structure excites more frequency components,which induce four sets of interference dips in the transmission spectrum.One set of the spectrum dips have different sensitivities to temperature and strain from those of the other three.The sensor can discriminate strain and temperature by monitoring the wavelength shifts of two spectrum dips.Repeated experiments are taken both for strain and temperature increasing and decreasing scenarios.Experimental results show that Dip 1 has an average strain sensitivity of-0.911 pm/με and an average temperature sensitivity of 49.98pm/℃.The strain sensitivity for Dip 2 is negligible and its average temperature sensitivity is 60.52pm/℃.The strain and temperature resolutions are±3.82με and±0.33℃.