Reconstructed Light Extinction Coefficients Using Chemical Compositions of PM_(2.5) in Winter in Urban Guangzhou, China

The objective of this study was to reconstruct light extinction coefficients （b ext ） according to chemical composition components of particulate matter up to 2.5 μm in size （PM 2.5 ）. PM 2.5 samples were collected at the monitoring station of the South China of Institute of Environmental Science （SCIES, Guangzhou, China） during January 2010, and the online absorbing and scattering coefficients were obtained using an aethalometer and a nephelometer. The measured values of light absorption coefficient by particle （b ap ） and light scattering coefficient by particle （b sp ） significantly correlated （R 2 0.95） with values of b ap and b sp that were reconstructed using the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments （IMPROVE） formula when RH was 70%. The measured b ext had a good correlation （R 2 0.83） with the calculated b ext under ambient RH conditions. The result of source apportionment of b ext showed that ammonium sulfate [（NH 4 ） 2 SO 4 ] was the largest contributor （35.0%） to b ext , followed by ammonium nitrate （NH 4 NO 3 , 22.9%）, organic matter （16.1%）, elemental carbon （11.8%）, sea salt （4.7%）, and nitrogen dioxide （NO 2 , 9.6%）. To improve visibility in Guangzhou, the effective control of secondary particles like sulfates, nitrates, and ammonia should be given more attention in urban environmental management.

Determination of aerosol extinction coefficient and mass extinction efficiency by DOAS with a flashlight source

With the method of differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS）, average concentrations of aerosol particles along light path were measured with a flashlight source in Chiba area during the period of one month. The optical thickness at 550 nm is compared with the concentration of ground-measured suspended particulate matter （SPM）. Good correlations are found between the DOAS and SPM data, leading to the determination of the aerosol mass extinction efficiency （MEE） to be possible in the lower troposphere. The average MEE value is about 7.6m^2.g^-1 , and the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the particle size as determined from the wavelength dependence of the DOAS signal intensity.

Refractive Index and Extinction Coefficient of Hg_(1-x)Cd_(x)Te at 77 and 300K

We measured refractive index and extinction coefficient of n type Hg1-xCdxTe with the null ellipsometric spectrum method over the visible light region at 77 and 300K,and the dispersion relation at different temperature is discussed.The value of refractive index at 77K is smaller than that at 300K,and the changes of the extinction coefficient curve at 77K is also smaller than that at 300K.

An Empirical Method for Estimating Background Stratospheric Aerosol Extinction Profiles over China

The current paper introduces an empirical method for estimating the vertical distribution of background stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles covering the latitude bands of 50±5°N,40±5°N,30±5°N,and 20±5°N and the longitude range of 75 135°E based on Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II aerosol extinction measurements at wavelengths of 1020 nm,525 nm,452 nm,and 386 nm for the volcanically calm years between 1998 2004.With this method,the vertical distribution of stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficients can be estimated according to latitude and wavelength.Comparisons of the empirically calculated aerosol extinction profiles and the SAGE II aerosol measurements show that the empirically calculated aerosol extinction coefficients are consistent with SAGE II values,with relative differences within 10% from 2 km above the tropopause to 33 km,and within 22% from 33 km to 35 km.The empirically calculated aerosol stratospheric optical depths (vertically integrated aerosol extinction coefficient) at the four wavelengths are also consistent with the corresponding SAGE II optical depth measurements,with differences within 2.2% in the altitude range from 2 km above the tropopause to 35 km.

An Empirical Model for Estimating the Zonal Mean Aerosol Extinction Profiles from SAGE II Measurements

This paper presents an empirical model for estimating the zonal mean aerosol extinction profiles in the stratosphere over 10°-wide latitude bands between 60°S and 60°N, on the basis of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment(SAGE) II aerosol extinction measurements at 1.02, 0.525, and 0.452 μm during the volcanically quiescent period between 1998–2004. First, an empirical model is developed for calculating the stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles at 1.02 μm. Then, starting from the 1.02 μm extinction profile and an exponential spectral dependence, an empirical algorithm is developed that allows the aerosol extinction profiles at other wavelengths to be calculated. Comparisons of the model-calculated aerosol extinction profiles at the wavelengths of 1.02, 0.525, and 0.452 μm and the SAGE II measurements show that the model-calculated aerosol extinction coefficients conform well with the SAGE II values, with the relative differences generally being within 15% from 2 km above the tropopause to 40 km. The model-calculated stratospheric aerosol optical depths at the three wavelengths are also in good agreement with the corresponding optical depths derived from the SAGE II measurements, with the relative differences being within 0.9% for all latitude bands. This paper provides a useful tool in simulating zonal mean aerosol extinction profiles, which can be used as representative background stratospheric aerosols in view of atmospheric modeling and remote sensing retrievals.

改进和优化黑果枸杞及其制品中花青素测定的pH示差法

建立一种基于美国官方分析化学师协会(Association of Official Analytical Chemists,AOAC)方法检测黑果枸杞及其制品中花青素含量的改进pH示差法。考察了黑果枸杞及其制品中花青素的最佳提取和检测条件,通过液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法鉴别出黑果枸杞中花青素的具体化学结构,并计算出混合花青素的平均摩尔质量。通过分光光度法测得混合花青素的平均摩尔消光系数,对改进后的pH示差法进行方法学验证和花青素的含量测定。结果显示,最佳提取和检测条件如下:黑果枸杞花青素提取溶剂为盐酸-80%(体积分数)乙醇(3∶97,体积比),料液比为1∶100(g∶mL),提取温度为50℃,提取时间为30 min,缓冲溶液稀释5倍后静置平衡20 min。液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法鉴别黑果枸杞中主要以矮牵牛素类花青素为主(占97.96%),黑果枸杞特有的混合花青素平均摩尔质量为912.7 g/mol,平均摩尔消光系数为29591 L/(mol·cm)。pH示差法改进后能够满足方法学验证要求,固体样品和液体样品最低检出限分别为28.2 mg/100 g、0.282 mg/100 mL。方法改进后花青素提取增长率均大于20%,静置平衡20 min后单次检测结果精密度小于0.3%。以矮牵牛素类花青素代替矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷计算花青素含量平均提高了2.41倍,能真实地反映黑果枸杞及其制品中花青素的含量。

红外通信特性实验中用解析解计算材料的光学常数

在红外通信特性实验中测量材料的光学常数,可以通过测量反射率和透射率来获得,但现有的近似求解方法存在误差,并因此导致实验只能测量衰减很小或者很大的材料。针对此问题,通过求解关于待测量的方程组得到其解析解,由解析解可直接计算材料的消光系数、衰减系数和折射率,改进的计算方法具有更大的普适性。

利用颗粒物激光雷达水平扫描污染源分布-实例分析

利用激光雷达对丽江市区出现的一次颗粒物轻度污染过程进行观测,反演数据得到颗粒物消光系数和退偏比,对颗粒物在水平方向上的分布特征进行分析,确定污染源相关信息。结果表明,监测点东面1 km附近农田秸秆燃烧和东南面1.7 km处云南XX物流园颗粒物排放两个污染源对本次污染贡献较大。通过激光雷达水平扫描溯源定位污染源,能及时为环境管理部门精准治理提供技术支撑,从而实现源头管理。

灌溉和干旱及氮素水平对孕穗期冬小麦冠层光分布影响

探讨灌溉和干旱以及氮素对多穗型和大穗型小麦的冠层光分布的影响,为作物生长模型提供参数。通过试验,以氮素3个主处理,灌溉和干旱2个副处理,采用多穗型‘济麦22’和大穗型‘鲁麦21’为试材,使用美国CI-110型冠层分析仪测定孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期的冠层光分布数据。结果显示,不同类型冬小麦,随着生育期推进,MLA呈现先下降,再上升,同一氮素水平,灌溉增加MLA;孕穗期的TCRP值‘鲁麦21’大于‘济麦22’,随着天顶角增加,两个品种不同氮素,灌溉或干旱的TCRP均下降;TCDP在两个品种不同氮素、灌溉或干旱,都呈现先下降,再上升;K值随着天顶角增加都呈上升趋势。施氮和灌溉对冬小麦孕穗期的冠层光分布产生促进作用。灌溉和增加氮肥,可提高孕穗期叶面积指数LAI,增加叶面倾角MLA,在7.5°和22.5°天顶角时,TCRP值小穗型品种呈增加趋势;TCDP在高N、中N和低N时,无论是灌溉还是干旱,TCDP都呈现先下降,再上升趋势;K值随着天顶角的增加,呈现上升趋势。研究表明,大穗型冬小麦品种在生育前期要减少氮肥使用和适度干旱,多穗型冬小麦的氮肥和水分供给应早于大穗型冬小麦品种,这样才有利于冬小麦孕穗期合理的冠层光分布。本研究结论对于黄淮海冬麦区不同类型冬小麦品种肥水科学管理有一定的指导意义。

基于光学工程应用的全国陆地主要地区水平消光系数情况初步分析

从光学工程应用的角度对全国陆地主要地区水平消光系数情况进行了研究。首先从总体平均情况、冷暖半年、昼夜变化等三个方面对相关历史数据进行了分析。分析结果表明:总体上水平消光系数的呈现北低南高的分布;冷暖半年水平消光系数分布略有差别,暖半年水平消光系数低于冷半年的站点区域占较大面积;昼夜变化中白天水平消光系数要比夜间的消光系数偏小。在基于总体平均情况、冷暖半年、昼夜变化讨论基础上进而讨论了全国陆地主要地区水平消光系数的区域分级情况,发现适合光学工程应用的1级区主要分布在我国北方及西部地区。研究结果有助于了解全国适于开展光学工程应用的区域,并可为进一步研究水平消光系数对光学工程应用产生的定量影响提供参考。

Extinction coefficient per CdE （E = Se or S） unit for zinc- blende CdE nanocrystals

The extinction coefficient of semiconductor nanocrystals is a key parameter for understanding both the quantum confinement and applications of the nanocrystals. The existing extinction coefficients of CdE （E = Se, S） nanocrystals were found to have an unacceptable deviation for the zinc-blende CdE quantum dots （QDs）. The analysis reveals that, in addition to the interference of impurities, the commonly applied extinction coefficient per CdE nanocrystal is sensitive to the size, shape, and density of the surface ligands of nanocrystals. The extinction coefficient per CdE unit does not depend on accurate information of the size, shape, and number of surface ligands of the nanocrystals. A new three-step purification scheme was developed to investigate three classes of possible impurities for accurate determination of the extinction coefficient per CdE unit, including CdE clusters not considered previously. Given that the sole ligands of zinc-blende CdE nanocrystals are cadmium fatty acid salts （CdFa2）, a universal formula for the nanocrystals can be written as （CdE）,（CdFa2）,. The n：rn ratio was accurately determined for purified nanocrystals. The resulting extinction coefficients per unit for both CdSe and CdS QDs were found to decrease exponentially as the size of the QDs increases, with the corresponding bulk value as the large-size limit.

A meta-analysis of the canopy light extinction coefficient in terrestrial ecosystems

The canopy light extinction coefficient （K） is a key factor in affecting ecosystem carbon, water, and energy processes. However, K is assumed as a constant in most biogeochemical models owing to lack of in-site measurements at diverse terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, by compiling data of K measured at 88 terrestrial ecosystems, we investigated the spatiotemporal variations of this index across main ecosystem types, including grassland, cropland, shrubland, broadleaf forest, and needleleaf forest. Our results indicated that the average K of all biome types during whole growing season was 0.56. However, this value in the peak growing season was 0.49, indicating a certain degree of seasonal variation. In addition, large variations in K exist within and among the plant functional types. Cropland had the highest value of K （0.62）, followed by broadleaf forest （0.59）, shrubland （0.56）, grassland （0.50）, and needleleaf forest （0.45）. No significant spatial correlation was found between K and the major environmental factors, i.e., mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, and leaf area index （LAI）. Intra-annually, significant negative correlations between K and seasonal changes in LAI were found in the natural {K=2/π[cosαcosθsina^-1（tanθtanα）＋（1＋cos^2a-cos^2θ^1/2）],a＋θ〉π/2 K=cosαcosθ,α＋θ≤π/2 k K is usually calculated with the Beer Lambert Law （Monsi and Sakei, 1953）：K = - In （Ii/Io） cosθ/（LAIΩ）,（2）ecosystems. In cropland, however, the temporal relation- ship was site-specific. The ecosystem type specific values of K and its temporal relationship with LAI observed in this study may contribute to improved modeling of global biogeochemical cycles.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORIZONTAL EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT AND PM_(10) CONCENTRATION IN XI'AN,CHINA,DURING 1980-2002

Based on daily visibility data obtained from 1980-2002 and air pollution index data from 2001-2004 in Xi＇an, long-term variations and relationships for daily horizontal extinction coefficient and mass concentration of PM10 have been evaluated. A decreasing trend was found in horizontal extinction coefficient during the past 23 years, with higher values observed in 1980s relative to 1990s, and the highest and lowest values in winter and summer, respectively. Significant correlation and similar seasonal variations existed between horizontal extinction coefficient and PM10 concentration, suggesting the high influence of PM10 to the visibility drop at a site in the Guanzhong Plain of central China during the past two decades.

Extinction coefficients of surface atmospheric aerosol above LHAASO

We investigate the extinction coefficients of the surface atmospheric aerosol over the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), located at the Haizi Mountain, Daocheng County, China. To this end, we utilize the Longtin model, Mie scattering theory, and experimental data obtained by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO). Our theoretical calculations show that the total extinction coefficients of the atmospheric aerosol at the wavelength of 200–500 nm are inversely proportional to the laser wavelength, and influenced by the wind speed. From July 2015 to October 2016, the extinction coefficient of the surface atmospheric aerosols at 532 nm wavelength reached 0.04 km^-1 with no wind, while it increased to 0.1 km^-1 with gusts. In this period, the extinction coefficients of the surface atmospheric aerosol at 532 nm wavelength, obtained by the CALIPSO, change from 0.01 to 0.07 km^-1, which is less than the values obtained the theoretical calculation and larger than the average of Tibetan Plateau in 2006-2016. These calculations and experimental evidence provide important arguments to the model of atmospheric aerosol to be applied in the calibration of LHAASO. Our results suggest that the extinction coefficients over LHAASO require further study, including research on the size distribution, shape, concentration of aerosols particles, wind dependence, relative humidity dependence, etc.

基于多项式求根的双厚度透射率模型确定光学常数

为解决光谱反演法确定物质光学常数的一些问题,基于传统的双厚度透射率模型,建立厚度分别为L和2L的光谱透射率方程,通过代数运算获得与衰减系数有关的八次多项式方程,求解并选择其大于0小于1的实数根来计算衰减系数和消光系数;再求解关于界面反射率的一元二次方程,选择其大于0小于1的根来计算折射率。在确定光学常数的过程中,新方法没有反演误差和迭代计算耗时问题。利用已知文献中庚烷的光学常数验证新方法的可靠性,并分析了双厚度不满足2倍关系时对计算结果的影响,结论是第二厚度2L的相对误差不超过1%时,消光系数的计算误差不超过2.03%,不考虑3个强吸收点时,折射率的计算误差不超过1%。

基于相干激光雷达气象多要素探测

相干激光测风雷达具有体积小、探测效率高、信噪比强等特点,在气象、航空保障以及风电等行业得到了广泛的应用,但是目前雷达数据产品大多是利用回波多普勒频移信息反演的风场数据产品,未对雷达回波信号强度信息进行数据挖掘。针对当前相干激光测风雷达数据产品开发不足的问题,介绍了一种新型基于相干探测的激光雷达数据产品生成技术,该技术在探测风场的同时,实现云高、消光系数及能见度等多种气象要素数据产品的生成。首先,通过分析回波信号特性,推导出雷达回波信号功率的计算方法,获取探测范围内各距离位置的回波信号强度信息。在此基础上,利用阈值法和微分零叉法反演出云底高度,同时采用改进型Klett算法实现大气消光系数的反演,继而实现能见度的测量。最后,与气象站能见度仪、激光云高仪以及532 nm气溶胶激光雷达进行数据对比验证试验,试验数据结果显示:云高对比精度可达5.0%,能见度对比精度可达12.2%,消光系数对比有较好的一致性,并可长期在多种气象环境下连续测量。

基于多项式求根的双厚度透射率模型确定透明固体光学常数

为解决光谱反演法确定透明固体光学常数的一些问题,如存在反演误差、计算耗时等。本文基于传统的双厚度透射率模型,建立了厚度满足整数比的两个光谱透射率方程。通过代数运算获得了与消光系数有关的多项式方程,求解并选择大于0小于1的实数根来计算消光系数;然后求解关于界面反射率的一元二次方程,选择大于0小于1的根来计算折射率。在确定光学常数的过程中,新方法没有反演误差、迭代计算耗时及多值问题。作为应用示例,利用已知文献中的双厚度透射率实验数据计算了CaF_(2)和Si的光学常数,并和文献的结果进行了比较。结果表明,新方法优于传统的光谱反演法,新方法为透明固体光学常数的高精度确定提供了新选择。

基于CALIPSO卫星数据的斜程能见度反演

基于CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation)卫星气溶胶产品,采用平面平行辐射传输模型SBDART(Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer)研究天津地区的斜程能见度。首先,使用CALIPSO卫星2015—2019年气溶胶产品对气溶胶消光系数廓线等垂直方向气溶胶光学特性进行统计分析。然后,针对具有“衰减型”气溶胶消光系数廓线的天气,采用SBDART模型求解大气辐射传输方程,得到天空背景辐射亮度,最后依据斜程能见度定义反演得到准确的斜程能见度。进一步,对使用Koschmieder定律和经验公式计算获得的斜程能见度准确性进行评估。结果表明,与经验公式法相比,在低能见度天气条件下,使用Koschmieder定律反演得到的斜程能见度更为准确,其平均误差小于15.0%,均方根相对偏差小于17.6%。此外,还对气溶胶消光系数廓线进行了拟合,并在斜程能见度反演中使用拟合的消光系数。结果表明,在低能见度天气条件下,拟合参数与近地面消光系数具有较好的相关性。而使用拟合的气溶胶消光系数获得的斜程能见度准确度也较高,其平均误差小于7%,表明在特定天气条件下,可以利用近地面消光系数来估计消光系数廓线,用于斜程能见度反演。

基于PMF的武汉市大气细颗粒物消光来源解析

利用武汉2020年7月(夏季)和10月(秋季)的在线观测数据,同时将颗粒物的光学参数和化学组分数据输入正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)源解析模型,对PM2.5消光系数的源贡献进行定量解析.研究发现,对吸收系数贡献较大的源为机动车(66.3%)和工业源(14.2%),对散射系数贡献较大的源为以硝酸盐为主的二次无机盐Ⅰ(38.4%)和机动车(27.0%),光散射的源贡献率呈现出明显的季节变化,二次无机盐Ⅰ在夏季(14.6%)的贡献较秋季(47.4%)显著降低.消光系数源贡献方面,夏季机动车(37.2%)和以硫酸盐为主的二次无机盐Ⅱ(21.2%)对消光的贡献较大,而秋季主要的消光源为二次无机盐Ⅰ(44.7%)和机动车(26.7%).最后,还获取了几个重要源的波长吸收指数(AAE)值:机动车(0.96)、工业源(1.04)、扬尘(1.39)、生物质燃烧(2.24).

探测气溶胶-水汽的拉曼-米散射激光雷达系统

设计和构建了发射波长为355 nm和532 nm的户外型全天时激光雷达系统,用于探测大气气溶胶和水汽。运用355 nm和532 nm的米散射、532 nm的偏振、氮气和水汽分子的拉曼激光雷达技术,用于对边界层结构、对流层气溶胶和云光学特性及其形态、水汽混合比进行连续探测研究。该系统结构紧凑,运输方便,具备远程操作、数据传输、一键式启动等功能。利用该系统对大气气溶胶和水汽进行探测,探测结果表明:在大气气溶胶的探测过程中,在重污染条件下混合层高度较干净天低,在0.5 km以下,而干净天在1 km左右;通过对消光系数、Angstrom指数和退偏振比分析可知,重污染条件下,底层大气气溶胶以球形粗粒子污染物为主,干净天底层大气气溶胶以球形细粒子污染物为主;在云层中,Angstrom指数明显减小,且出现负值,说明云粒子半径较大。在水汽探测过程中,采用自标定方法获得系统的标定常数为121,与已标定的激光雷达系统对比,误差在±0.3 g/kg以内;连续探测结果表明可对夜晚5 km及白天混合层以内进行探测。该系统满足产品化的需求,可广泛运用于大气环境的监测领域中。