An Insight Survey on Sensor Errors and Fault Detection Techniques in Smart Spaces

The widespread adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed various sectors globally, making themmore intelligent and connected. However, this advancement comes with challenges related to the effectiveness ofIoT devices. These devices, present in offices, homes, industries, and more, need constant monitoring to ensuretheir proper functionality. The success of smart systems relies on their seamless operation and ability to handlefaults. Sensors, crucial components of these systems, gather data and contribute to their functionality. Therefore,sensor faults can compromise the system’s reliability and undermine the trustworthiness of smart environments.To address these concerns, various techniques and algorithms can be employed to enhance the performance ofIoT devices through effective fault detection. This paper conducted a thorough review of the existing literature andconducted a detailed analysis.This analysis effectively links sensor errors with a prominent fault detection techniquecapable of addressing them. This study is innovative because it paves theway for future researchers to explore errorsthat have not yet been tackled by existing fault detection methods. Significant, the paper, also highlights essentialfactors for selecting and adopting fault detection techniques, as well as the characteristics of datasets and theircorresponding recommended techniques. Additionally, the paper presents amethodical overview of fault detectiontechniques employed in smart devices, including themetrics used for evaluation. Furthermore, the paper examinesthe body of academic work related to sensor faults and fault detection techniques within the domain. This reflectsthe growing inclination and scholarly attention of researchers and academicians toward strategies for fault detectionwithin the realm of the Internet of Things.

Influences of semiconductor laser on fibre-optic distributed disturbance sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer

This paper investigates the influences of a semiconductor laser with narrow linewidth on a fibre-optic distributed disturbance sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer. It establishes an effective numerical model to describe the noises and linewidth of a semiconductor laser, taking into account their correlations. Simulation shows that frequency noise has great influences on location errors and their relationship is numerically investigated. Accordingly, there is need to determine the linewidth of the laser less than a threshold and obtain the least location errors. Furthermore, experiments are performed by a sensor prototype using three semiconductor lasers with different linewidths, respectively, with polarization maintaining optical fibres and couplers to eliminate the polarization induced noises and fading. The agreement of simulation with experimental results means that the proposed numerical model can make a comprehensive description of the noise behaviour of a semiconductor laser. The conclusion is useful for choosing a laser source for fibre-optic distributed disturbance sensor to achieve optimized location accuracy. What is more, the proposed numerical model can be widely used for analysing influences of semiconductor lasers on other sensing, communication and optical signal processing systems.

Study on Temperature Modulation Techniques for Micro Gas Sensors

The sensitivity and selectivity of gas sensors are related with not only sensing material,but also their operating temperatures.Applying this property,temperature modulation technique has been proposed to improve the selectivity of gas sensors.With a newly developed alumina based micro gas sensor,the sensitivity to CO and CH_4 at different operating temperatures was investigated.By modulating the temperature of the sensor at pulse and sine wave modes with different frequencies and amplitudes,the dynamic responses of the sensor were measured and processed.Results show that the modulating waveshape plays an important role in the improvement of selectivity,while the influence of frequency is small at the suitable sampling frequency in the range of 25 mHz～200 mHz.

A novel slot scheduling technique for duty-cycle based data transmission for wireless sensor network

The duty cycling process involves turning a radio into an active and dormant state for conserving energy. It is a promising approach for designing routing protocols for a resource-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In the duty cycle-based WSNs, the network lifetime is improved and the network transmission is increased as compared to conventional routing protocols. In this study, the active period of the duty cycle is divided into slots that can minimize the idle listening problem. The slot scheduling technique helps determine the most efficient node that uses the active period. The proposed routing protocol uses the opportunistic concept to minimize the sender waiting problem. Therefore, the forwarder set will be selected according to the node's residual active time and energy. Further, the optimum routing path is selected to achieve the minimum forwarding delay from the source to the destination. Simulation analysis reveals that the proposed routing scheme outperforms existing schemes in terms of the average transmission delay, energy consumption, and network throughput.

Research on Nanometer Technique and Low-Work-Loss Sensor

The preparation process of the CO gas sensor used at normal temperature is presented.The electric conductance of this type of sensor evolved oscillation from regularly when the sensor is exposed to low level CO gas.The gas sensing mechanism was investigated by its crystalline structure.The mechanism of information sensing,which was the concurrence of the grain boundary barrier control and the crystal surface control,is discussed.

An Efficient Priority Based Routing Technique That Maximizes the Lifetime and Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent development in sensor technologies makes wireless sensor networks (WSN) very popular in the last few years. A limitation of most popular sensors is that sensor nodes have a limited battery capacity that leads to lower the lifetime of WSN. For that, it raises the need to develop energy efficient solutions to keep WSN functioning for the longest period of time. Due to the fact that most of the nodes energy is spent on data transmission, many routing techniques in the literature have been proposed to expand the network lifetime such as the Online Maximum Lifetime heuristics (OML) and capacity maximization (CMAX). In this paper, we introduce an efficient priority based routing power management heuristic in order to increase both coverage and extend lifetime by managing the power at the sensor level. We accomplished that by setting priority metric in addition to dividing the node energy into two ratios;one for the sensor node originated data and the other part is for data relays from other sensors. This heuristic, which is called pERPMT (priority Efficient Routing Power Management Technique), has been applied to two well know routing techniques. Results from running extensive simulation runs revealed the superiority of the new methodology pERPMT over existing heuristics. The pEPRMT increases the lifetime up to 77% and 54% when compared to OML and CMAX respectively.

Hybrid Sensor Selection Technique for Lifetime Extension of Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy conservation is a crucial issue to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks(WSNs)where the battery capacity and energy sources are very restricted.Intelligent energy-saving techniques can help designers overcome this issue by reducing the number of selected sensors that report environmental measurements by eliminating all replicated and unrelated features.This paper suggests a Hybrid Sensor Selection(HSS)technique that combines filter-wrappermethod to acquire a rich-informational subset of sensors in a reasonable time.HSS aims to increase the lifetime of WSNs by using the optimal number of sensors.At the same time,HSS maintains the desired level of accuracy and manages sensor failures with the most suitable number of sensors without compromising the accuracy.The evaluation of the HSS technique has adopted four experiments by using four different datasets.These experiments show that HSS can extend the WSNs lifetime and increase the accuracy using a sufficient number of sensors without affecting theWSNfunctionality.Furthermore,to ensure HSS credibility and reliability,the proposed HSS technique has been compared to other corresponding methodologies and shows its superiority in energy conservation at premium accuracy measures.

3-D Grid-Based Localization Technique in Mobile Sensor Networks

Considering the environmental protection, forest fire becomes a more and more serious problem and requires more concerns. This paper provides an efficient method for fire monitoring and detection in forests using wireless sensor network technology. The proposed technique estimates the location of a sensor node based on the current set of hop-count values, which are collected through the anchor nodes’ broadcast. Our algorithm incorporates two salient features;grid-based output and event-triggering mechanism, to improve the accuracy while reducing the power consumption. Through the computer simulation, the output region obtained from our algorithm can always cover the target node. In addition, the algorithm was implemented and tested with a set of Crossbow sensors. Experimental results demonstrated the high feasibility and worked well in real environment.

Energy Proficient Reliable Rim Routing Technique for Wireless Heterogeneous Sensor Networks Lifespan Fortification

Sensor nodes are mainly shielded in the field with limited power supply. In Wireless Sensor Networks, there must be a requirement of an efficient power management, because sensor nodes are deployed in unman attended area with non-rechargeable batteries. Power management can be done by different methods of routing protocols. The proposed Reliable Rim Routing (3R) technique is based on hybrid routing protocol for homogeneous and heterogeneous system for WSNs to ameliorate the performance of the overall system. In 3R, total node deployment area can be multipart in terms of rim and in each rim, and some of the sensor nodes transmit their sensed data directly to base station, and meanwhile remaining sensor nodes send the data through clustering technique to base station like SEP. Proposed 3R technique implementation proves its enhanced WSNs lifetime of 70% energy consumption and 40% throughput compared with existing protocols. Simulation and evaluation results outperformed in terms of energy consumption with increased throughput and network lifetime.

Structural Surface Crack Monitoring Method Based on Electrical Potential Technique and Modern Surface Technology

Crack monitoring plays a great role in modern structural health monitoring, however, most of the conventional crack inspections have disadvantages in terms of the accuracy, expense, reliability, durability and level of instrumentation required. Thus, development of a simple and reliable crack inspection technique that allows continuous monitoring has been desired. In this paper, electrical potential technique and modern surface technology are employed together to develop a new structural surface crack monitoring method. A special crack monitoring coating sensor based on electrical potential technique was deposited on the hot spot of the structure by modern surface technology. The sensor consists of three layers： the isolated layer, the sensing layer and the protective layer. The isolated layer is prepared by anodic oxidation technology, the sensing layer is made of ion plated copper, and the protective layer is made of silicone. The thickness of each layer is at micrometer magnitude. The electrical conductivity of the sensor is very stable, and the fatigue performance of the specimen with or without coating sensor is nearly unchanged. The crack monitoring experiment result shows that there are two sudden rises of the coating sensor electrical potential values, corresponding to different stages of the crack initiation and propagation. Since the width of the surface coating sensor is only 0.5 mm, this crack monitoring sensor can detect the propagation of cracks less than 0.5 mm long. The method proposed takes the simplicity of electrical potential technique and can monitor surface crack of nearly all kinds of structures precisely. The results of this paper may form the basis of a new crack monitoring system.

Modeling, Simulation and Experimental Studies of Refractometric Fiber Optic Sensor

Refractometric fiber optic sensors have a number of applications in industry due to advantages like remote sensing ability, compact size, easy to fit, etc. A refractometric sensor contains a pair of parallel fibers and a gap between the sensor probe and reflector, wherein the liquid whose refractive index is to be measured is filled. This paper describes the importance of mathematical modeling of this sensor. Ray tracing approach is used to model the sensor mathematically. This mathematical model is generalized for any scenario which is useful to avoid tedious trial and error techniques to design the sensor prototype. Mathematical modelling is a useful tool to optimize the gap distance for a detection of refractive index of liquid. The model is developed and analyzed rigorously considering adulteration of diesel by kerosene where refractive index varies from 1.44 to 1.46. Simulation experiments are carried out to optimize the gap distance which is found to be 6.8 mm using both models. Experiments are carried out where sensor probe is fabricated and results are analyzed. It is observed that for suggested gap distance sensor output varies almost linear over the entire range.

作物茎秆膨胀收缩监测柔性可穿戴传感器研制与试验

作物茎秆膨胀和收缩变化与其水分状态密切相关,实时监测茎秆的膨胀和收缩变化能够及时掌握作物水分状态,对指导灌溉、提高农业水资源利用率具有重要意义。目前,对于作物茎秆膨胀和收缩变化的监测主要采用基于线性微位移测量原理的传感器,通过测量茎秆的膨胀和收缩引起的位移变化来反映水分状态,存在体积大、价格高、安装不便等问题。为此,该研究提出了一种基于压阻效应的柔性可穿戴传感器,采用柔性压力电极作为传感元件,贴附在作物茎秆表面,通过监测茎秆膨胀和收缩引起的压力变化来反映作物的水分状态,压力检测电路和数据采集电路将作物茎秆的压力信号转换成电信号进行输出和存储。首先在实验室环境下对传感器性能进行测试和标定,然后在温室环境下将传感器安装在番茄茎秆上观测番茄茎秆的压力变化,并与线性微位移传感器观测结果进行比较,最后在充分灌溉和水分亏缺2种条件下观测番茄茎秆的膨胀和收缩变化。结果表明,柔性压力传感器稳定性测试的平均相对变化率为0.109%;弯折前后引起的输出变化非常小,可以忽略不计;标定结果的决定系数大于0.99,最合适的工作压力范围为2~100 kPa;实验室环境下,柔性压力传感器与线性微位移传感器输出值之间的决定系数为0.9551;温室环境下,充分灌溉组中柔性压力传感器与线性微位移传感器输出值变化趋势一致,两者之间的决定系数为0.7672,亏缺灌溉组中两类传感器输出值均因水分亏缺而呈现下降趋势,输出值之间的决定系数为0.8519。本文所设计的柔性可穿戴压力传感器不仅能够实时监测番茄茎秆的膨胀和收缩变化,还可以对番茄亏水胁迫进行诊断,为实现高效节水灌溉提供重要的技术支撑。

运动监测柔性传感器中纸基材料的制备与应用

在现代科技飞速发展的背景下,可穿戴电子设备以其轻便、柔软、易于携带的特性,在医疗监测、康复治疗以及环境监控等多个领域展现出了巨大的应用潜力。这一趋势不仅促进了相关技术的进步,还对柔性储能材料与传感技术提出了更高的要求。因此,探索与开发成本低廉、性能卓越且易于集成的柔性充电电池和应变传感器成为研究的重点,这对推动可穿戴电子技术的发展具有深远的理论与实践意义。针对柔性摩擦电传感器在生产过程中存在的成本高、工艺复杂、环保性不佳等问题,提出了一种采用纸基导电银浆的柔性摩擦电传感器新方案。该传感器在监测人体运动状态方面表现出了优异的性能,能准确识别肘部和腕部的弯曲角度,区分不同的运动类型(如行走、快走、跑步)及健身动作(如踮脚、深蹲、抱腹跳),并能有效计算行走频率及健身次数。这些特性使其在人体运动监测领域展现出广阔的应用前景。

32×32 Si盖革模式激光焦平面探测器

为了满足350 nm~1100 nm波长范围内远距离及微弱激光3维成像探测的需求,提出了一种规模为32×32的盖革模式硅激光焦平面阵列探测器,它主要由硅雪崩光电二极管阵列、读出电路芯片、微透镜阵列、半导体制冷器、引脚网格阵列壳体等元件组成。硅雪崩光电二极管焦平面阵列采用拉通型N^(+)-Π_(1)-P^(-)-Π_(2)-P^(+)结构,工作在盖革模式下,通过Si片背面抛磨减薄及盲孔刻蚀技术,实现了纤薄光敏区的加工;读出电路采用主动模式淬灭设计,使电路单元的死时间控制在50 ns以内,并利用一种带相移技术的时间数字转换电路优化方案,在满足时间分辨率不大于2 ns的同时,降低了读出电路芯片的功耗。结果表明,在反向过偏电压14 V、工作温度-40℃的条件下,该探测器在850 nm的目标波长可实现20.7%的平均光子探测效率与0.59 kHz的平均暗计数率,时间分辨率为1 ns,有效像元率优于97%。该研究为纤薄型背进光Si基激光焦平面探测器的研制提供了参考。

电磁脉冲电场测量技术研究综述

宽频带大动态范围的脉冲电场测量是电磁脉冲效应、防护以及电磁兼容等相关领域的一项共性基础技术,在过去50年以来受到研究人员的广泛关注,并发展出不同手段的测量技术。无源微分(D-dot)测量传感器带宽相对较高,但尺寸较大、集成度低;有源光纤测量系统最大测量带宽约为1 GHz,尺寸相对较小、集成度高、实用性强。集成光学传感器作为一种带宽宽、体积小的无源传感器,各国均有研究。本文主要回顾上述几种脉冲电场测量技术近期研究进展,并结合发展现状分析脉冲电场测量技术存在的挑战和未来可能的研究方向,为相关领域研究人员提供参考。

工程领域裂纹检测实验方法的进展

裂纹故障是影响生产生活和设备安全运行的一大因素,裂纹检测实验对于检测技术应用和裂纹故障信息获取具有重要意义,但领域内缺乏对检测实验的系统性归纳与剖析。该文对当前代表性的裂纹检测实验方法进行了分类比较,针对裂纹信息介绍了定位、形貌和深度的检测实验,从先进传感器、数据处理与机器学习应用等3个方面探究了裂纹检测实验方法进展。最后根据国内外裂纹检测实验的研究现状,提出了在裂纹扩展方向检测、误报漏报及实验与实际工况贴近程度方面所面临的挑战,并从实时动态、远程无线和多故障耦合检测等方面进行了展望,为今后裂纹检测实验方法的研究与发展提供了参考。

基于4H-SiC APD单光子探测的主动淬灭电路研究

为了对比不同类型淬灭电路对4H-SiC雪崩光电二极管(APD)探测性能的影响,采用被动淬灭电路(PQC)和主动淬灭电路(AQC),对两种类型SiC紫外APD进行了单光子探测实验,发现在PQC较长死区时间内,会频发后脉冲现象,导致APD的暗计数率(DCR)较高,从而降低器件的信噪比;对APD后脉冲概率的时间分布进行了研究,并进一步对AQC在更高器件过偏压下单光子探测中出现的问题进行了分析,提出了电路改进方案。结果表明,通过将AQC死区时间调整至45 ns,在相同单光子探测效率下,可将器件DCR减少至原先水平的1/4;通过有效抑制后脉冲和加快APD恢复速度,AQC可使器件展现出更加优越的探测性能。此研究为SiC APD在单光子探测中的应用提供了一定的参考。

石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维高灵敏度测温性能

以碳纳米管(CNT)为填料、氧化石墨烯(GO)溶液为主体,通过化学限域水热法制备了含有不同质量碳纳米管的石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维。发现石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维热电性能随着氧化石墨烯与碳纳米管质量比的增加有提升趋势。利用瞬态电热(TET)技术研究了石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维的测温性能,并分析了其导电机理。结果表明,石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维的测温性能表现良好,且随着温度的降低,测温性能进一步提升。在30 K时,电阻温度系数(TCR)为0.05 K^(-1),特征响应时间为0.56 s;电流热退火后结构尺寸增大了0.5倍。导电机理由热激活传导(150~292 K)转变为最近邻跳跃(NNH)传导(70~150 K)和可变范围跳跃(VRH)传导(30~70 K)。为石墨烯-碳纳米管复合纤维在高灵敏度温度传感器上的应用提供了理论支撑。

口腔可穿戴设备的研究进展

综述了防护牙托、牙齿传感器、可穿戴式肌电图设备、奶嘴式可穿戴设备、舌设备等口腔可穿戴设备的研究进展,分析了口腔可穿戴设备的优缺点,提出了目前口腔可穿戴设备发展面临的挑战,指出了建立统一有效的标准诊断数据系统、提高设备的舒适感和隐蔽性、发展材料及工艺、实现集-诊-疗的智能统一是未来口腔可穿戴设备的发展趋势。

基于光纤复合测量技术的涡轮叶片气膜孔检测

为了解决航空发动机涡轮叶片气膜孔几何特征参数有效检测手段缺乏、测量结果一致性差的问题,设计并搭建了基于光纤复合测量技术的涡轮叶片气膜孔检测系统,提出了利用该系统对涡轮叶片气膜孔进行测量的方法,通过试验进行了方法验证。搭建的系统为多传感器测量系统,具备叶片接触与非接触测量、空间姿态定位及3D投影能力,实现了涡轮叶片全范围气模孔的测量。在试验中,选取高压涡轮叶片作为被测物体,应用该测量系统对叶片上的气膜孔进行了测量,计算得到了气膜孔直径、轴线角度及位置度的准确信息。结果表明:通过测量不确定度的分析评定可知,该系统对气膜孔直径、位置度的测量不确定度均小于0.01 mm,完全满足设计公差对测量仪器的精度要求,可以用于涡轮叶片气膜孔工程化测量。