Many studies have shown that fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5(FDNC5) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) play vital roles in plasticity after brain injury. An enriched environment refers to an ...Many studies have shown that fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5(FDNC5) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) play vital roles in plasticity after brain injury. An enriched environment refers to an environment that provides animals with multi-sensory stimulation and movement opportunities. An enriched environment has been shown to promote the regeneration of nerve cells, synapses, and blood vessels in the animal brain after cerebral ischemia;however, the exact mechanisms have not been clarified. This study aimed to determine whether an enriched environment could improve neurobehavioral functions after the experimental inducement of cerebral ischemia and whether neurobehavioral outcomes were associated with the expression of FDNC5 and BDNF. This study established ischemic mouse models using permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion(pMCAO) on the left side. On postoperative day 1, the mice were randomly assigned to either enriched environment or standard housing condition groups. Mice in the standard housing condition group were housed and fed under standard conditions. Mice in the enriched environment group were housed in a large cage, containing various toys, and fed with a standard diet. Sham-operated mice received the same procedure, but without artery occlusion, and were housed and fed under standard conditions. On postoperative days 7 and 14, a beam-walking test was used to assess coordination, balance, and spatial learning. On postoperative days 16–20, a Morris water maze test was used to assess spatial learning and memory. On postoperative day 15, the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF proteins in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex were analyzed by western blot assay. The results showed that compared with the standard housing condition group, the motor balance and coordination functions(based on beam-walking test scores 7 and 14 days after operation), spatial learning abilities(based on the spatial learning scores from the Morris water maze test 16–19 days after operation), and memory abilities(based on the memory scores of the Morris water maze test 20 days after operation) of the enriched environment group improved significantly. In addition, the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF proteins in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex increased in the enriched environment group compared with those in the standard housing condition group. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that neurobehavioral functions were positively associated with the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF(r = 0.587 and r = 0.840, respectively). These findings suggest that an enriched environment upregulates FDNC5 protein expression in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex after cerebral ischemia, which then activates BDNF protein expression, improving neurological function. BDNF protein expression was positively correlated with improved neurological function. The experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fudan University, China(approval Nos. 20160858 A232, 20160860 A234) on February 24, 2016.展开更多
目的对病原菌Ⅲ型分泌系统(TTSS)效应蛋白在非致病菌中进行直系同源基因预测,以获得病原菌Ⅲ型分泌系统特有效应蛋白,并进一步对特有效应蛋白模体构成进行分析,旨在更深入地认识TTSS效应蛋白,为理论研究和生物学实验提供参考。方法利用...目的对病原菌Ⅲ型分泌系统(TTSS)效应蛋白在非致病菌中进行直系同源基因预测,以获得病原菌Ⅲ型分泌系统特有效应蛋白,并进一步对特有效应蛋白模体构成进行分析,旨在更深入地认识TTSS效应蛋白,为理论研究和生物学实验提供参考。方法利用彼此最佳blast方法对效应蛋白在构建的非致病性细菌蛋白质数据库中进行直系同源基因预测,并利用Inter Pro Scan对预测获得的特有效应蛋白序列进行模体搜索分析。结果在49个收集整理的致病菌Ⅲ型分泌系统效应蛋白序列中,有18个效应蛋白在非致病菌中存在直系同源基因,31个效应蛋白(即TTSS特有效应蛋白)在非致病菌中没有直系同源基因;对31个Ⅲ型分泌系统特有效应蛋白序列进行模体分析,获得了12个效应蛋白特有模体。结论 31个致病菌Ⅲ型分泌系统特有效应蛋白序列的获得,为更精确地在致病性细菌基因组内预测获得新的效应蛋白序列奠定了基础;12个效应蛋白特有模体的获得及其基因本体注释分析进一步理解了效应蛋白的作用机制。展开更多
Irisin is a myokine that is generated by cleavage of the membrane protein fibronectin type Ⅲ domain-containing protein 5(FNDC5) in response to physical exercise. Studies reveal that irisin/FNDC5 has neuroprotective f...Irisin is a myokine that is generated by cleavage of the membrane protein fibronectin type Ⅲ domain-containing protein 5(FNDC5) in response to physical exercise. Studies reveal that irisin/FNDC5 has neuroprotective functions against Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia in the elderly, by improving cognitive function and reducing amyloid-β and tau pathologies as well as neuroinflammation in cell culture or animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Although current and ongoing studies on irisin/FNDC5 show promising results, further mechanistic studies are required to clarify its potential as a meaningful therapeutic target for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. We recently found that irisin treatment reduces amyloid-β pathology by increasing the activity/levels of amyloid-β-degrading enzyme neprilysin secreted from astrocytes. Herein, we present an overview of irisin/FNDC5's protective roles and mechanisms against Alzheimer's disease.展开更多
Let R_Ⅲ(n) be the classical domain of type Ⅲ with n≥2. This article is devoted to a deep study of the Schwarz lemma on R_Ⅲ(n) via not only exploring the smooth boundary points of R_Ⅲ(n) but also proving the Schwa...Let R_Ⅲ(n) be the classical domain of type Ⅲ with n≥2. This article is devoted to a deep study of the Schwarz lemma on R_Ⅲ(n) via not only exploring the smooth boundary points of R_Ⅲ(n) but also proving the Schwarz lemma at the smooth boundary point for holomorphic self-mappings of R_Ⅲ(n).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81601961(to KWY),81672242(to YW)the Key Construction Projects of Shanghai Health and Family Planning on Weak Discipline,China,No.2015ZB0401(to YW)
文摘Many studies have shown that fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5(FDNC5) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) play vital roles in plasticity after brain injury. An enriched environment refers to an environment that provides animals with multi-sensory stimulation and movement opportunities. An enriched environment has been shown to promote the regeneration of nerve cells, synapses, and blood vessels in the animal brain after cerebral ischemia;however, the exact mechanisms have not been clarified. This study aimed to determine whether an enriched environment could improve neurobehavioral functions after the experimental inducement of cerebral ischemia and whether neurobehavioral outcomes were associated with the expression of FDNC5 and BDNF. This study established ischemic mouse models using permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion(pMCAO) on the left side. On postoperative day 1, the mice were randomly assigned to either enriched environment or standard housing condition groups. Mice in the standard housing condition group were housed and fed under standard conditions. Mice in the enriched environment group were housed in a large cage, containing various toys, and fed with a standard diet. Sham-operated mice received the same procedure, but without artery occlusion, and were housed and fed under standard conditions. On postoperative days 7 and 14, a beam-walking test was used to assess coordination, balance, and spatial learning. On postoperative days 16–20, a Morris water maze test was used to assess spatial learning and memory. On postoperative day 15, the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF proteins in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex were analyzed by western blot assay. The results showed that compared with the standard housing condition group, the motor balance and coordination functions(based on beam-walking test scores 7 and 14 days after operation), spatial learning abilities(based on the spatial learning scores from the Morris water maze test 16–19 days after operation), and memory abilities(based on the memory scores of the Morris water maze test 20 days after operation) of the enriched environment group improved significantly. In addition, the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF proteins in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex increased in the enriched environment group compared with those in the standard housing condition group. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that neurobehavioral functions were positively associated with the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF(r = 0.587 and r = 0.840, respectively). These findings suggest that an enriched environment upregulates FDNC5 protein expression in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex after cerebral ischemia, which then activates BDNF protein expression, improving neurological function. BDNF protein expression was positively correlated with improved neurological function. The experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fudan University, China(approval Nos. 20160858 A232, 20160860 A234) on February 24, 2016.
文摘目的对病原菌Ⅲ型分泌系统(TTSS)效应蛋白在非致病菌中进行直系同源基因预测,以获得病原菌Ⅲ型分泌系统特有效应蛋白,并进一步对特有效应蛋白模体构成进行分析,旨在更深入地认识TTSS效应蛋白,为理论研究和生物学实验提供参考。方法利用彼此最佳blast方法对效应蛋白在构建的非致病性细菌蛋白质数据库中进行直系同源基因预测,并利用Inter Pro Scan对预测获得的特有效应蛋白序列进行模体搜索分析。结果在49个收集整理的致病菌Ⅲ型分泌系统效应蛋白序列中,有18个效应蛋白在非致病菌中存在直系同源基因,31个效应蛋白(即TTSS特有效应蛋白)在非致病菌中没有直系同源基因;对31个Ⅲ型分泌系统特有效应蛋白序列进行模体分析,获得了12个效应蛋白特有模体。结论 31个致病菌Ⅲ型分泌系统特有效应蛋白序列的获得,为更精确地在致病性细菌基因组内预测获得新的效应蛋白序列奠定了基础;12个效应蛋白特有模体的获得及其基因本体注释分析进一步理解了效应蛋白的作用机制。
基金supported by Cure Alzheimer’s Fund (to RET and SHC)JPB Foundation (to RET),and R56AG072054 (to SHC)。
文摘Irisin is a myokine that is generated by cleavage of the membrane protein fibronectin type Ⅲ domain-containing protein 5(FNDC5) in response to physical exercise. Studies reveal that irisin/FNDC5 has neuroprotective functions against Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia in the elderly, by improving cognitive function and reducing amyloid-β and tau pathologies as well as neuroinflammation in cell culture or animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Although current and ongoing studies on irisin/FNDC5 show promising results, further mechanistic studies are required to clarify its potential as a meaningful therapeutic target for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. We recently found that irisin treatment reduces amyloid-β pathology by increasing the activity/levels of amyloid-β-degrading enzyme neprilysin secreted from astrocytes. Herein, we present an overview of irisin/FNDC5's protective roles and mechanisms against Alzheimer's disease.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11571105,11771139)。
文摘Let R_Ⅲ(n) be the classical domain of type Ⅲ with n≥2. This article is devoted to a deep study of the Schwarz lemma on R_Ⅲ(n) via not only exploring the smooth boundary points of R_Ⅲ(n) but also proving the Schwarz lemma at the smooth boundary point for holomorphic self-mappings of R_Ⅲ(n).
