Malus’ Law Derived from Deterministic Particle Behavior

A polarized beam of energy is usually interpreted as a set of particles, all having the same polarization state. Difference in behavior between the one and the other particle is then explained by a number of counter-intuitive quantum mechanical concepts like probability distribution, superposition, entanglement and quantized spin. Alternatively, I propose that a polarized beam is composed of a set of particles with a cosine distribution of polarization angles within a polarization area. I show that Malus’ law for the intensity of a beam of polarized light can be derived in a straightforward manner from this distribution. I then show that none of the above-mentioned counter-intuitive concepts are necessary to explain particle behavior and that the ontology of particles, passing through a polarizer, can be easily and intuitively understood. I conclude by formulating some questions for follow-up research.

STRONG LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS AND SHANNON-MCMILLAN THEOREM FOR MARKOV CHAINS FIELD ON CAYLEY TREE

This paper studies the strong law of large numbers and the Shannom-McMillan theorem for Markov chains field on Cayley tree. The authors first prove the strong law of large number on the frequencies of states and orderd couples of states for Markov chains field on Cayley tree. Then they prove the Shannon-McMillan theorem with a.e. convergence for Markov chains field on Cayley tree. In the proof, a new technique in the study the strong limit theorem in probability theory is applied.

STRONG LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS AND ASYMPTOTIC EQUIPARTITION PROPERTY FOR NONSYMMETRIC MARKOV CHAIN FIELDS ON CAYLEY TREES

Some strong laws of large numbers for the frequencies of occurrence of states and ordered couples of states for nonsymmetric Markov chain fields （NSMC） on Cayley trees are studied. In the proof, a new technique for the study of strong limit theorems of Markov chains is extended to the case of Markov chain fields, The asymptotic equipartition properties with almost everywhere （a,e.） convergence for NSMC on Cayley trees are obtained,

CONVERGENCE RATES IN THE STRONG LAWS OF NONSTATIONARYρ~*-MIXING RANDOM FIELDS

By using a Rosenthal type inequality established in this paper, the complete convergence and almost sure summability on the convergence rates with respect to the strong law of large numbers are discussed for *-mixing random fields.

The Basic Concepts and Basic Laws Relating to Matter and Gravitational Fields in Physics

In this work, the author applied the universal gauge field theory and Noether theorem to prove that universality exists for the Lorentz and Levi-Civita law of conservation of energy momentum tensor density. We also found that this conservation law has profound implications in physics. For example, based on this law, one can explore the origin of the matter field, and propose a new view about what is “dark energy” and what is “dark matter”.

The Natural Law of Transition of a Charged Particle into a Compound State under the Action of an Electroscalar Field

This article is the continuation of article [1] where the experimental facts of observation of the electroscalar radiation in the spectrum of the Sun have been presented [2]. This radiation comes into the world having a long wavelength, being longitudinal and extraordinarily penetrating. In accordance with the principle of least action, the Lagrangian of the electroscalar field and the tensor of energy-moment are determined using the variation the potential and coordinates. The equation of motion the charged particle in electroscalar field is determined and the energy of particle has the negative sign with respect to the mechanical energy of particle and the energy of electromagnetic field. So, this is decreasing the electrical potential of particle during the propagation. The electroscalar energy of charged particle and field’s force acting on the particle during their motion change the particle’s electrical status which, in its turn, may trigger the transition of the particle into a compound state during interaction with any object. Due to the continuity this process can lead the particle to the state which enters into a compound state with a negative energy for a different particle’s velocity. This state is the physical vacuum’s state. Analysis of the solar spectrum demonstrates that scattering and absorption of electroscalar wave go on the cavities of solids. The spreading out of electroscalar field obeys to the law of plane wave and the transfer the energy and information can occur in vacuum and any medium.

中国信用法学自主知识体系的构建

在我国社会信用体系建设过程中,社会信用似乎成为核心概念。从概念产生的角度观察,“社会信用”与“信用”为同一含义,“社会”只是强调信用应用领域的广泛性,宜采用“信用”之称。目前,信用的外延已经从传统的经济信用扩展至公共信用,展现出浓厚的本土色彩。信用领域的扩展导致信用法学研究对象的非单一性,信用法学应纳入领域法学而非部门法学的范畴。据此,问题导向的视角、实用主义的立场和兼容并蓄的路径构成了信用法学自主知识体系建构的方法论。以之为指导,立足中国信用实践,关切遏制公权和维护私益的信用立法价值取向,阐明本土化的概念系统,以信用法律关系和信用信息处理规则为双重主线叙事,才能实现信用法学自主性和体系化。

New approach for obtaining the time-evolution law of a chaotic light field in a damping gaining-process

A new approach for studying the time-evolution law of a chaotic light field in a damping-gaining coexisting process is presented. The new differential equation for determining the parameter of the density operator p（t） is derived and the solution of f for the damping and gaining processes are studied separately. Our approach is direct and the result is concise since it is not necessary for us to know the Kraus operators in advance.

A Unified Definition of Electrostatic and Magnetic Fields

This article originates from the observation that field lines are drawn using distinctive rules in magnetic field and electrostatic fields. It aims at reconciliating the definitions of these fields and thus reaching a consensus on the interpretation of field lines. Our unified field definition combines three orthogonal vectors and a unique scalar value. Field lines are then defined as isovalue lines of the scalar value, rendering it simpler to interpret in both field types. Specific to our field definition is the use of square root of vector’s cross product so that all vectors have the same physical unit. This enhanced field definition also enables a more efficient calculation of Biot-Savart law. This article is the first of a series allowing the drawing of isovalue contour lines.

四川盆地三叠系气田型深层富钾锂卤水勘探历程、进展与展望

四川盆地三叠系嘉陵江组和雷口坡组不仅是常规天然气的主要赋存层位,同时也形成和储存了富含钾锂等关键元素的卤水资源。本文梳理总结了四川盆地三叠系气田型深层卤水勘探进程、成因机理、富集规律方面的进展和认识,并对潜在的研究重点进行了展望。四川盆地三叠系气田型深层卤水中钾、锂等关键金属元素均达到了工业品位,随着全球对锂资源需求的增大,由起初的“气钾兼探”逐渐向“气钾锂综合勘探”过渡。四川盆地三叠系深层富钾锂卤水的成因机制大体上相同,其中干旱气候条件下古海水的蒸发浓缩致使卤水中的钾锂富集;高温高压下含钾/锂元素的杂卤石/绿豆岩与埋藏卤水发生水岩反应,进一步促进了钾锂的富集;淋滤作用也是卤水中钾元素富集的重要成因。深层卤水主要储集于各类白云岩中,其富集主要受断裂、裂缝发育带和背斜等构造控制,富集规律可归纳为“孔隙裂缝储卤、断裂运卤、背斜核部富卤”。基于目前四川盆地气田型深层卤水的勘探现状和不足,未来应该加强地球物理勘探集成新技术的研发、资源评价方法与体系的优化、含高品位伴生元素新层系的勘探以及气田型卤水有效开发利用技术的研究。未来有望在四川盆地气田型深层卤水继续取得新的找矿突破。

洗钱罪不法的规范判断

洗钱罪不法的规范判断及其法理研究,应在借鉴吸纳传统的立法事实论和法教义学方法论的基础上转向金融领域刑法论范式路径。通过金融领域刑法论及累积犯论、集体法益论,可证立洗钱罪的不法实质是侵犯了金融安全和司法秩序双重保护法益。以“金融领域掩隐行为定型论”及其限定论的新法理塑造,能够有效解释洗钱罪不法的规范类型,合理确定洗钱罪与我国《刑法》第312条、第349条的不法竞合关系及其处断原则。

基于地磁场重复观测资料分析玛多M_(W)7.3地震前地磁场变化

基于玛多地震周边的地磁场重复观测资料,使用泰勒多项式空间参考场方法和自然正交分量方法分别对观测资料进行日变通化和长期变化改正,获得了玛多地震前后地磁场变化特征。通过对观测和数据处理的分析,获得了各期计算结果的误差,并基于误差对地磁场变化进行了部分修正。结果表明,玛多地震1~2年岩石圈磁场年变化会出现明显的趋势转折,变化量为5~10nT。根据速度—状态依赖的摩擦定律的地震周期分析发现,震前断层滑动量较小,因此岩石圈磁场年变化并非由地震前断层滑动引起的应力扰动产生。玛多地震前地下流体的变化产生的电磁效应更可能是产生岩石圈磁场变化的原因。

法律博士“涉外法治”专业领域设置的必要性

加快涉外法治工作战略布局,创新涉外法治人才培养模式,是贯彻落实习近平法治思想的重要举措,也是推动法治国家建设的重大课题。为满足推进中国式法治现代化、构筑国际合作竞争优势、服务国家涉外法治建设、培养高质量法律研究生的需要,设置法律博士专业学位涉外法治专业领域势在必行。该举措符合设置法律专业领域的基本要求,法律专业硕博学位体系的初步建成、涉外法治人才培养模式的先期探索也可为设置涉外法治专业领域奠定基础。

基于心理学理论的多策略生活选择算法

生活选择算法(Life Choice-Based Optimizer,LCBO)是根据人们在日常生活中做出不同的决策而设计的一种智能优化算法。但LCBO在解决高维函数优化问题时容易陷入局部最优,且收敛速度慢。因此,本文基于心理学理论提出一种多策略生活选择算法(Multi-Strategy Life Choice-Based Optimizer,MSLCBO)。首先,基于“贝勃规律”提出有策略的向优秀组学习,提高算法的局部搜索能力;其次,在算法迭代后期受“关系场”理论启发,提出精英交流机制对质量较好的解进行搜索,进一步增强算法局部开发能力,提高算法的优化速度;最后,为避免“投射效应”的心理学效应影响,引入基于折射反向学习策略,从而提升算法的全局搜索能力。对改进后的算法进行2次对比实验:将MSLCBO与其他7种智能优化算法在16个基准测试函数上进行了对比,结果表明MSLCBO性能优势显著;并采用工程实际应用问题中的三杆桁架设计问题进行测试,同样验证了MSLCBO的有效性。

事物本质、领域区分与领域法的特性透视

集合性只是领域法学研究范式的一个面向,探求特定领域的独特功能及背后的事物本质,才是验证领域独立性、防止领域概念泛化的关键。作为特定社会事务的集合,领域是社会功能分化的结果。这些独特的社会功能衍生出千姿百态的领域范畴。把握领域内的事物本质是领域规范基础的客观要求,取得领域内共同体的普遍承认是领域独立性验证的主观要件。在领域与法律交互作用过程中,法律制定应尊重领域内事物本质和固有规律,同时法治理念可以注入领域实践,确保领域内事物运作的一致性和规范性。实施层面,领域法学回应社会重大需求的实践品格与依循事物本质的规范基础,可有效涵摄我国法治实践中“科学立法-严格执法-公正司法”的全流程。

未成年人司法体系的中国领域法模式

我国未成年人司法改革依附型体例的局部完善及其被动适应成人司法的整体格局,已然难以满足新时代最有利于未成年人的诉讼要求。以领域法重新定位未成年人司法,有利于塑造其综合属性和开放思维,更好吸纳涉未成年人部门法规范的知识,全面涵摄未成年人权利保护的司法诉求,提升未成年人特别诉讼措施的实效,接纳专业知识融入诉讼等。因此,需要以领域法思维对不同部门法框架下涉未成年人司法职能进行重组,从线索发现、证据收集使用、办案流程等方面强化诉讼程序衔接和司法职能整合,推动形成更符合未成年人主体地位的一体化诉讼体系、建立健全功能主义的统一性未成年人司法模式,走出一条中国式现代化的未成年人司法自主发展之路。

川藏过渡区不同气温和风速下沥青混合料降温与压实特性

川藏过渡区气温和风速复杂多变,在进行沥青混合料摊铺碾压时难以有效控制其压实质量.为此,以川藏过渡区德昌至会理高速公路LM3标段为依托开展现场铺筑试验.首先基于理论分析和现场实测对SMA-13、 AC-20C及AC-20共3种不同沥青混合料在铺筑过程中的降温规律进行分析.然后对气温、风速及混合料类型共3个因素开展SPSS正交分析,从而获得其对有效碾压时间的影响性排序.进一步根据降温规律建立沥青混合料的碾压温度估算模型,同时开展室内变温击实试验对其最佳击实温度进行估算.结果表明:当风速小于6 m/s且气温大于5℃时,AC-20C与AC-20的碾压质量较好;当风速大于3 m/s且气温为5~15℃时,SMA-13的碾压质量欠佳;对有效碾压时间的双因素影响性排序为气温&风速>气温&混合料类型>风速&混合料类型;SMA-13、 AC-20C及AC-20的最佳击实温度分别为169℃,166℃,152℃.最后基于分数阶理论,给出了不同气温、风速下不同类型沥青混合料的现场摊铺和碾压温度建议值.

视场角限制下的攻击时间和角度三维矢量制导律设计

为了提高导弹精确打击目标的能力,控制攻击时间和攻击角度三维制导问题在实际应用中具有重要的意义。针对这一问题,本文基于三维矢量制导模型提出了一种视场角约束下的攻击时间和攻击角度控制律。首先,通过将平面矢量制导律扩展至三维空间,提出了一种三维矢量攻击角度约束制导律;其次,在上述制导指令的拦截分量中引入剩余时间偏置项,设计了一种在视场角约束下的三维矢量制导律,并进行了稳定性分析。保证导弹能在视场角约束的条件下,以期望的攻击时间和角度击中目标,并且误差均小于0.01;最后,通过数值模拟验证了所设计制导律的正确性和有效性。

被动标量湍流混合的实验研究方法与进展

湍流混合与日常生活和工程应用息息相关,研究湍流混合对湍流理论及湍流燃烧、化学工程等重要领域具有重要意义。在湍流混合的实验研究方面,传感器技术和非接触式(光学)测量技术的发展促进了人们对湍流混合多尺度、非线性过程的深入研究和机理认知。本文介绍了标量场湍流混合实验中较为常用的瑞利散射技术和激光诱导荧光技术,着重讨论了提高后者空间测量分辨率的方法,可为湍流混合的二维高分辨率精细化测量提供思路。另外,从实验测量角度对小尺度混合的标度律(黏性−对流区)、标量场的概率密度函数和标量场混合界面的分形维数等方面进行了介绍,旨在结合被动标量湍流混合基础理论简要介绍相关实验研究方法与进展。

速度矢量场二阶滑模无人艇引导律

针对航速和航道未知扰动等因素,提出一种速度矢量场二阶滑模无人水面艇(USV)引导律。首先,建立无人艇运动学和航向角动力学模型;其次构造路径误差(y_(e))模型,设计基于航速(V_(g))的路径误差矢量场,速度越大,航向角变化越小;再结合二阶滑模面设计一种速度矢量场二阶滑模无人艇引导律,并考虑未知扰动因素Δ分析速度矢量场二阶滑模无人艇引导律的稳定性。仿真结果表明:相比于经典矢量场,速度矢量场有效实现航速V_(g)越快,航向角变化率越小,矢量场越平缓,提高了USV航行安全性和稳定性;基于速度矢量场二阶滑模无人艇引导律的路径跟踪控制系统鲁棒性更强,路径跟踪准确度更高,能够较好地完成路径跟踪。