A Mass Transfer Model Based on Individual Bubbles and an Unsteady State Film Mechanism

A gas-liquid mass transfer model based on an unsteady state film mechanism applied to a single bubble is presented. The mathematical model was solved using Laplace transform to obtain an analytical solution of concentration profile in terms of the radial position r and time t. The dynamic mass transfer flux was deduced and the influence of the bubble size was also determined. A mathematical method for deducing the average mass transfer flux directly from the Laplace transformed concentration is presented. Its accuracy is verified by comparing the numerical results with those from the indirect method. The influences of the model parameters, namely, the bubble size R, liquid film thickness δ, and the surface renewal constant s on the average mass transfer flux were investigated. The proposed model is useful for a better understanding of the mass transfer mechanism and an optimum design of gas-liquid contact equipment.

Studying thin film damping in a micro-beam resonator based on non-classical theories

In this paper, a mathematical model is presented for studying thin film damping of the surrounding fluid in an in-plane oscillating micro-beam resonator. The proposed model for this study is made up of a clamped-clamped micro-beam bound between two fixed layers. The microgap between the micro-beam and fixed layers is filled with air. As classical theories are not properly capable of predicting the size dependence behaviors of the micro-beam,and also behavior of micro-scale fluid media, hence in the presented model, equation of motion governing longitudinal displacement of the micro-beam has been extracted based on non-local elasticity theory. Furthermore, the fluid field has been modeled based on micro-polar theory. These coupled equations have been simplified using Newton-Laplace and continuity equations. After transforming to non-dimensional form and linearizing, the equations have been discretized and solved simultaneously using a Galerkin-based reduced order model. Considering slip boundary conditions and applying a complex frequency approach, the equivalent damping ratio and quality factor of the micro-beam resonator have been obtained. The obtained values for the quality factor have been compared to those based on classical theories. We have shown that applying non-classical theories underestimate the values of the quality factor obtained based on classical theo-ries. The effects of geometrical parameters of the micro-beam and micro-scale fluid field on the quality factor of the resonator have also been investigated.

Emission of Biophotons Is a Cosmic Effect

Relation between emission of biophotons and the “space-time” of the universe has been conceptualized and the concerned calculation is verified with the experimental results. The theoretical result derived is at par with the experimental results on biophotons. Some concepts like “Film Theory of the Universe”, K-Suryon, “Super Theory of Relativity” and “Siva’s constant ‘K’’’ have been utilized in the calculations. These calculations emphasized that the experimental results on biophotons are an effect of cosmic interactions. It is a new dimension of research on biophotons and may lead to new path for experimental verification in the areas of consciousness and neurosciences.

Mechanism of Quantum Consciousness that Synchronizes Quantum Mechanics with Relativity—Perspective of a New Model of Consciousness

Synchronization of quantum mechanics with relativity has been considered differently from the present quantum gravity models. It is originated from the roots of philosophy of physics and the basic concepts of relativity & quantum mechanics. It emphasizes the fact that two conscious observers are necessary to experience one conscious moment. Various concepts of consciousness have been discussed and emphasized the necessity for the introduction of a new model of quantum consciousness. A quantum coordinate system has been introduced to explain the present understanding of the phenomena “observation” and “reality”. It has been elaborated that the observation defined by physics is confined to Lorentz space time coordinate system, Minkowski coordinate system and general relativity. But phenomena of observation cannot be completed without considering one more hidden transformation explaining quantum coordinate system which transforms the quantum states into relativistic coordinate system as an interaction between two conscious observers explained by an interactive mechanism of quantum states. A flow chart has been illustrated by a mechanism giving rise to conscious moment and proposed a new model of consciousness. It emphasizes on the fact that “reality” is different from “observation” defined by physics. It affects the relativistic factor of special relativity and suggests a modification for it. If this modified relativistic factor is proved experimentally, the results establish consciousness’s mechanism and a remarkable breakthrough in physics of consciousness studies.

Thermoacoustic theory of graphene films considering heat transfer of substrate materials

Based on thermoacoustic theory, a coupled thermal-mechanical model for graphene films is established, and the analytical solutions for thermal-acoustic radiation from a graphene thin film are obtained. The sound pressure of the graphene film generator on different substrates is measured, and the measurement data is compared with the theoretical results. The frequency response from the experimental results is consistent with the theoretical ones, while the measured values are slightly lower than the theoretical ones. Therefore, the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model is verified. It is shown that thermal-acoustic radiation from a graphene thin film reveals a wide frequency response. The sound pressure level increases with the frequency in the low frequency range, while the sound pressure varies smoothly with frequency in the high frequency range. Thus it can be used as excellent thermal generator. When the thermal effusivity of the substrate is smaller, then the sound pressure of grapheme films will be higher. Furthermore, the sound pressure decreases with the increase of heat capacity per unit area of grapheme films. Results will contribute to the mechanism of graphene films generator and its applications in the design of loudspeaker and other related areas.

Study of Contact Melting Inside Isothermally Heated Vertical Cylindrical Capsules

Close-contact melting processes of phase change material (PCM) inside vertical cylindrical capsule are studied. PCM are heated by the capsule isothermally at the bottom and side. The theoretical formulas of the melting rate and thickness of liquid layer during the heat transfer process are obtained by analysis, which are convenient for engineering predictions. Finally, the factors that affect melting are discussed, and conclusions are drawn.