Mitigation of Transients in Capacitor Coupled Substations Using Traditional RLC Filter Techniques

This article presents an extensive examination and modeling of Capacitor Coupled Substations (CCS), noting some of their inherent constraints. The underlying implementation of a CCS is to supply electricity directly from high-voltage (HV) transmission lines to low-voltage (LV) consumers through coupling capacitors and is said to be cost-effective as compared to conventional distribution networks. However, the functionality of such substations is susceptible to various transient phenomena, including ferroresonance and overvoltage occurrences. To address these challenges, the study uses simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) filter in mitigating hazardous overvoltage resulting from transients. The proposed methodology entails using standard RLC filter to suppress transients and its associated overvoltage risks. Through a series of MATLAB/Simulink simulations, the research emphasizes the practical effectiveness of this technique. The study examines the impact of transients under varied operational scenarios, including no-load switching conditions, temporary short-circuits, and load on/off events. The primary aim of the article is to assess the viability of using an established technology to manage system instabilities upon the energization of a CCS under no-load circumstances or in case of a short-circuit fault occurring on the primary side of the CCS distribution transformer. The findings underscore the effectiveness of conventional RLC filters in suppressing transients induced by the CCS no-load switching.

AC Line Filter Electrochemical Capacitors:Materials,Morphology,and Configuration

Recently,more and more supercapacitors(SCs)have been developed as AC line filter capacitors,which are generally named AC line filter electrochemical capacitors(FECs).Compared to traditional bulky aluminum electrolytic capacitors(AECs),FECs have higher capacity and lower space occupancy,which makes them a strong competitor.However,different from the common SCs for energy storage,it is necessary to consider the frequency response of the SCs for AC line filtering,where the contradiction between frequency response and specific capacitance is a challenge.The researchers have proposed different solutions from the perspective of materials,morphology,and configuration for this challenge.Based on the above background,in this review,we briefly introduce the principle and parameters of AC line filter electrochemical capacitors.We systematically summarize the state-of-the-art progresses of FECs and discuss their possible application and development in the future.The development of FECs can greatly promote the planarization,integration,and miniaturization of filter capacitors,and provide a new solution for the utilization of green and unstable energy.

HIGH SELECTIVITY SC BANDPASS FILTERS WITH LESS CAPACITOR SPREAD

Two novel switched-capacitor(SC)bandpass filters using a single operational am-plifier(op amp)are presented.Optimal designs for minimizing capacitor spread are also given.Gain-bandwidth product(GB)effects of op amps on the proposed SC circuits are taken intoconsideration.Comparisons with the proposed circuits and the circuits given by the literatureshow that the new circuits require less chip area in monolithic integration and are less sensitiveto the GB effects.

NOVEL LINEAR TRANSFORMATION SWITCHED-CAPACITOR FILTER DESIGN

This paper presents a novel method that is applied to realize the Linear Transformation(LT)Switched-Capacitor Filter(SCF).It adopts the Voltage Control Voltage Source(VCVS)equalized transfor-mation to revise the original LC ladder filter and induce it into 16 basic sections and then extend the princi-ple of the LT in order to fit active and 3 port networks and give out switched-capacitor circuits corre-sponding to the 16 basic sections,which can realize all four kinds of filters——LP,HP,BP,BS filters.De-signed examples are given here.An Nth order filter only requires N amplifiers and the circuit is insensitive toparasitic capacitances.The experimental results of a 3rd order elliptic LP and a 6th order elliptic BP are giv-en and agree with the theory.

Tunable Bandwidth Third Order Switched-Capacitor with Multiple Feedbacks Filter for Different Center Frequencies

This paper proposes third order tunable bandwidth active Switched-Capacitor filter. The circuit consists of only op-amps and switched capacitors. The circuit is designed for circuit merit factor Q = 10. The proposed circuit implements three filter functions low pass, band pass and high pass simultaneously in single circuit. The filter circuit can be used for both narrow as well as for wide bandwidth. For various values of cut-off frequencies the behaviour of circuit is studied. The circuit works properly only for higher central frequencies, when f0 > 10 kHz.

Design of Sixth-Order Lowpass Elliptic Switched-Capacitor Filter

In this paper the design and implementation of sixth-order lowpass elliptic switched-capacitor filter( SCF) for interface circuit of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System( MEMS) sensor are presented. This work aims to lower total harmonic distortion( THD) without deteriorating other performances. After system design in Simulink,the filter is realized in transistor level and finally fabricated in Central Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation( CSMC) 0.5 μm metal-oxide-semiconductor( CMOS) technology. Typical measured results are: it operates with 25: 1 clock-to-corner frequency ratio and a 10 k Hz maximum corner frequency. The maximum passband ripple is about 0.49 d B and the minimum stopband rejection is 40 d B for the temperature from-20 ℃to 80 ℃. For the 250 k Hz clock frequency setting,given the 1 k Hz,- 8 d BVrms input signal,the measured worst case THD is-64 d B. The active area of the chip is 2.8 mm2 with 8 pads. The analog power dissipation is10 m W from a 5 V power supply.

交错并联BUCK电源CE102超标问题及解决措施

针对交错并联BUCK电源在10 kHz~10 MHz频率范围内传导噪声超标严重的问题,分析了交错并联BUCK电源的工作过程、纹波抑制和原始噪声,提出了EMI滤波器的设计方法,通过对差模电容高频特性、抑制原理的分析,结合插入损耗测试,对差模电容的选型进行了优化。实验结果表明,加装EMI滤波器后的交错并联BUCK电源能够达到GJB 151B—2013中CE102的测试标准,证明了设计的有效性。

A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR SINUSIODAL WAVE INVERTER WITH PI REGULATORS AND CAPACITOR CURRENT FEEDBACK

Objective For the inverters used in UPS, it is important to maintain the pure sinusoidal AC output voltage waveform over all loading conditions and transients. Methods A novel sinusoidal output voltage control strategy is pregented in this paper. The output voltage is controlled by introducing filtering eapacitor current feedback. Two simple PI regulators are used for the current and voltage control loops. Results With the new control strategy, the inverter achieves very low output voltage distortion, good output voltage regulation and strong perturbation rejection, fast dynamic response, and good performance under nonlinear loads. The THD under capacitance rectifying load is better than 0.2%, the output voltage regulation within 0 to full load is less than 0.1%. The resting time under load transient is within 200?μ s . Conclusion The merits of the new control strategy include rapid response and good steady state stiffness.

基于泰勒公式的单相桥式整流滤波电路分析

单相桥式整流滤波电路输出电压波形难以用解析式来描述,输出电压波形中,每个周期有一个输出电压下降的时间段。该时间段的长短与滤波电容和负载电阻的数值有关。通过对电路工作过程进行分析,得到相关物理量的数学函数关系式,通过泰勒公式对关系式进行近似简化分析,可以得到电压下降时间段时长与时间参数RC之间的关系式。根据关系式计算得到的数据与电路仿真数据较为接近。关系式可以用于电容值的选取、电压下降时间段时长的计算。

并网逆变器分裂电容型LCL滤波器参数优化设计

现有并网系统中传统LCL滤波器有效解决了电流谐振问题,而分裂电容型LCL滤波器则进一步降低了阻尼电阻的功率损耗。针对分裂电容型LCL滤波器的参数配置繁琐、计算密集、准确性低等问题,提出一种基于NSGAⅢ多目标优化算法来设计滤波器的参数,并给出了滤波器参数寻优的实现流程。仿真结果表明,该方法不仅改善了滤波性能和系统稳定性,还降低了功率损耗,大大降低了设计过程对经验的依赖,滤波器参数设计更加具有普适性。

A Novel Dual-Rate Sampling Switched-Capacitor Configuration and Its Application

In order to realize accurate bilinear transformation from s- to z-domain,a novelswitched-capacitor configuration is proposed in the light of principles of dual-rate sampling and chargeconservation,which has also been used for building a 5th-order elliptic lowpass filter.The filter issimulated and measured in typical 0.34 μm/3.3 V Si CMOS process models,special full differentialoperational amplifiers and CMOS transfer gate switches,which achieves 80 MHz sampling rate,17.8MHz cutoff frequency,0.052 dB maximum passband ripple,42.1 dB minimum stopband attenuation and74 mW quiescent power dissipation.At the same time,the dual-rate sampling topology breaks thetraditional restrictions of filter introduced by unit-gain bandwidth and slew rate of operational amplifiersand also improves effectively their performances in high-frequency applications.It has been applied forthe design of an anti-alias filter in analog front-end of video decoder IC with 15 MHz signal frequencyyet.

A Design of the Elliptic Switched Current Filter

In conformity with a fifth order RLC elliptic filter circuit prototype, it is easy to conceive the corresponding RC active filter circuit. Simple and feasible method presented here can be used to contrive the equivalent switched capacitor filter circuit and switched current filter circuit. Consulting the technique data manual, we can expediently design a specific RLC filter. Therefore, it is of great convenience to design the switched current filter, which has the same performances. Such a kind of technology is useful in the domain of analogue sampled data signal processing.

抑制开关电源特定次谐波的快速响应TLCL滤波器的分析与设计

为有效抑制开关频率及其倍数次的谐波,提出一种TLCL滤波器拓扑结构。该拓扑结构在满足谐波衰减的要求下,可以减小滤波器的总电感值和最大总储能,同时提升系统的动态响应。考虑高频下电感的集肤效应,其高频下等效交流电阻大于直流电阻,对电路进行解耦分析,推导得出一种使得并联谐振支路(Lfn-Cfn)损耗最小的参数计算方法。减小滤波器的总存储能量,是缩小电感电容体积的一种有效方法,通过分析陷波频率处谐振电感电容中的储能增加量和其它支路电感电容储能的减少量,证明了TLCL滤波器可以减小最大总储能量,从而可减小滤波器的体积。最后,以Buck变换器为例,分析基于TLCL滤波器的Buck变换器和传统LC型Buck变换器的工作特性,通过仿真与实验验证TLCL滤波器理论分析和参数设计的合理性。

一种等效微分环节反馈滤波电容电压实现有源阻尼的方法

常规的微分实现方法在直接用于反馈滤波电容电压实现有源阻尼时易放大高频噪声,影响进网电流质量以及阻尼效果。为此,提出采用负带通滤波器串联滞后校正环节来实现等效微分环节。该方法在用于反馈滤波电容电压实现有源阻尼时,不仅能够有效地抑制LCL滤波器的谐振尖峰,还对高频噪声具有抑制作用。所提策略解决了常规微分实现方法反馈LCL滤波器状态量实现有源阻尼放大高频噪声的问题。通过搭建一台实验样机,验证了所提策略的有效性。

油浸电容器元件损耗频率特性计算参数的修正

目前在对滤波电容器额定电流进行选型时,假设电容器在所有谐波下有相同的介质损耗角正切值,以此为基础设计电容器的热稳定性能。但电容器元件的损耗角正切与谐波次数有关,文中先对电容器元件建立了理论模型,根据理论模型的计算发现,电容器元件的损耗角正切随着频率的增加先减小后增加,而采用理论参数的计算结果与实验值有较大差异。考虑到元件制造工艺与以及集肤效应对参数的影响,应用粒子群算法对电容器元件的参数进行了修正,参数修正后,理论模型计算结果与实验数据具有很好的拟合度。

计及等效负载变化的消弧逆变器性能分析与设计

分析了消弧逆变器等效负载的性质,结果表明:等效负载是有源负载,等效源具有较大的幅值和较宽的变化范围;随过渡电阻和故障距离的变化,等效负载阻抗可呈现阻性、阻感性和阻容性。这一结果表明逆变器需要在负载性质改变和等效电源扰动的情况下,仍能稳定跟踪包含多频次的给定电流。对抗扰性和跟踪性要求的提高,增加了设计难度。鉴于此,提出了消弧逆变器输出滤波器和控制器的设计方法。输出滤波器采用滤波电容分流法进行设计,保证了逆变器能输出包含多频次的电流。采用电容串联电阻来抑制阻感负载情况下带来的谐振失稳问题,并给出了串联电阻的计算方法。控制器采用了定带宽设计法,带宽选定在幅频特性重合段。控制器参数设计准则为:保证阻容负载情况下传函幅频特性低频段具有较高增益。采用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证了结论的正确性和所提设计方法的可行性。

中点钳位型三电平逆变器并联系统的零序环流抑制策略

针对中点钳位型(NPC)三电平逆变器并联系统内普遍存在的零序环流问题,该文首先分析模块间环流的通路,建立零序环流的电路和数学模型。根据等效模型阐述零序环流各成分的产生机制,并对零序环流进行定量分析。定义零序环流的三类具体成分:通态零序环流、开关零序环流及混合零序环流。对于不同类别的零序环流,提出共享直流侧中线和改进型LCL滤波器的硬件措施及准比例积分谐振(PIR)控制器的软件措施去抑制对应环流成分的高频、低频分量;另外,针对改进型LCL滤波器中交流滤波电容中点和直流侧电容中点连接电缆上有较大高频电流的缺陷,提出载波移相控制下模块共用滤波电容的优化方案,在保证环流抑制效果的同时将奇数次开关频率的高频纹波转移到共用电容上,实现奇数纹波分量的自动抵消,使连接电缆上的电流减小近50%;最后,仿真与实验结果验证了所提环流抑制策略的可行性。