Fast Rate Fault Detection Filter for Multirate Sampled-data Systems

This paper focuses on the fast rate fault detection filter (FDF) problem for a class of multirate sampled-data (MSD) systems. A lifting technique is used to convert such an MSD system into a linear time-invariant discrete-time one and an unknown input observer (UIO) is considered as FDF to generate residual. The design of FDF is formulated as an H∞ optimization problem and a solvable condition as well as an optimal solution are derived. The causality of the residual generator can be guaranteed so that the fast rate residual can be implemented via inverse lifting. A numerical example is included to demonstrate the feasibility of the obtained results.

A NEW DESIGN METHOD OF CDMA SPREADING CODES BASED ON MULTI-RATE UNITARY FILTER BANK

It is well-known that the multi-valued CDMA spreading codes can be designed by means of a pair of mirror multi-rate filter banks based on some optimizing criterion. This paper indicates that there exists a theoretical bound in the performance of its circulating correlation property, which is given by an explicit expression. Based on this analysis, a criterion of maximizing entropy is proposed to design such codes. Computer simulation result suggests that the resulted codes outperform the conventional binary balanced Gold codes for an asynchronous CDMA system.

Assessment of Monitor Units and Gamma Pass Rate for 6 MV and Flattening Filter Free (FFF) Beams in Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT)

Background: In linear accelerators, the treatment field’s uniform intensity is achieved by including a flattening filter in the beam. However, to produce more conformal dose distributions, contemporary radiotherapy practice now frequently uses fluence and aperture modifying techniques, such as volumetric modulated arc therapy. In these circumstances, the flattening filter in the beam manufacturing process is no longer required. It is therefore necessary to compare the monitor units of 6 MV and flattening filter free plans and how it influences the gamma pass rates to determine which is best for treating cervical cancer with pelvic lymph node metastasis. Methods: VMAT plans for fifteen patients with cervical cancer with pathological pelvic lymph node metastasis were included in this study. Each patient had two VMAT plans using conventional 6 MV beam with flattening filter and one with flattening filter free beam (FFF). The VMAT plans were made using two arcs, and then recalculated to give the planned dose distribution to the detectors in a Delta4 phantom. The VMAT plans were irradiated on the Delta4 phantom using an Elekta linear accelerator (6 MV). Results: The mean monitor unit for the 6 MV plans was 506.3 MU and a standard deviation of 48.6 while that of the FFF plans had a mean MU of 701.5 with a standard deviation of 87.6. The total monitor units (MUs) for the FFF plans were significantly greater than the 6 MV plans (p = 6.1 × 10-5). Conclusion: Flattening filter free (FFF) plans require more numbers of monitor units in comparison to conventional 6 MV filtered beams for external radiation of cervical cancer with pelvic lymph nodes involvement.

Bloom Filter及其在网络中的应用综述

Bloom filter是用来表示集合的数据结构,并以较小的误判率为代价,实现较少的存储空间开销和常数的查找时间。对Bloom filter及其改进结构作了分析研究,并着重介绍最近几年在网络中包括在流量测量和网络安全方面出现的新应用。在一定误判率存在的情况下,Bloom filter为大规模数据集合元素表示、成员查询及多重集和动态集的元素频率查询等提供了解决方案。

基于分数阶Fourier变换的chirp-rate调制解调方法研究

本文提出了一种基于分数阶Fourier变换的chirp-rate调制(CRM)非相干解调方法,并导出了其解调器的输出峰值;其次,从多普勒频移和码同步误差两个方面,将本文方法与匹配滤波相干解调方法进行了对比分析,得到了相应的对解调性能影响的解析表达,可以发现chirp-rate调制具有很强的抗多普勒频移能力,但是对码同步误差较为敏感.最后,通过仿真分析,验证了上述理论推导的正确性,并对比了本文方法和匹配滤波相干解调的误码性能.由于本文方法是一种非相干解调,所以相较匹配滤波相干解调差了约3dB.

Improved Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Based on Classification and User Trust

When dealing with the ratings from users,traditional collaborative filtering algorithms do not consider the credibility of rating data,which affects the accuracy of similarity.To address this issue,the paper proposes an improved algorithm based on classification and user trust.It firstly classifies all the ratings by the categories of items.And then,for each category,it evaluates the trustworthy degree of each user on the category and imposes the degree on the ratings of the user.Finally,the algorithm explores the similarities between users,finds the nearest neighbors,and makes recommendations within each category.Simulations show that the improved algorithm outperforms the traditional collaborative filtering algorithms and enhances the accuracy of recommendation.

Removal of Low Concentration Toluene Vapor in a Biotrickling Filter

A laboratory-scale biotrickling filter packed with ceramic lasing rings is built to remove artificial toluene vapor. The performance of biotrickling filter under different superficial gas velocities and inlet toluene concentrations is evaluated. The start-up period is 6 days by using the novel "gas-liquid phase synchronic inoculation" method and adding the optimal components nutrient liquid. The experiments lasts 3 months, and different sets of continuous tests are conducted at an inlet toluene concentration ranging from 30 mg/m3 to 1 223 mg/m3 and at superficial gas velocities ranging from 123 m/h to 370 m/h (corresponding to residence time 9.75-29.3 s). The effect of nutrient liquid recycling rate on biotrickling filter performance is also evaluated. The result shows that the maximum elimination capacity is 152.1 g/(m3*h) at the inlet toluene concentration of 1 223 mg/m3 and the superficial gas velocity of 205 m/h(corresponding to a residence time of 17.6 s). The average toluene removal efficiency reaches 80% in the experiments period, and high water content has a negative effect on biotrickling filter performance. The microscope observation of the micro-organism in the biofilm shows that the Pseudomonas is the dominant group of the mixing microbial culture in the biofilm.

Voltage Mode Universal Filter Using Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier as an Active Device

Integrated filter circuit design resulted in desire for replacement of Inductors by active elements like Operational Amplifiers which led to the introduction of active filters. Active filter design has evolved over a period of time. Starting with OP AMPs, we have witnessed phenomenal growth of active component usage in filter design and development catering to varying requirements. This has contributed greatly in emergence of circuits with minimal limitations and advantages in terms of wide Bandwidth and High slew rates. Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier (CDBA) based active filter design has resulted in introduction of many novel circuits .This paper proposes a new Voltage-mode three input and Single output (TISO) multifunction filter based on single CDBA, four resistors and two capacitors. This second order filter circuit is capable of realizing various filter functions by choosing values of the three inputs variably. The natural frequency (ω0) can be tuned with passive components and the Q of the circuit is independent of (ω0) .The higher cascading capability of the circuit is ensured because of its low - output impedance. Further PSPICE-simulated results are in conformity with theoretical values.

Overflow Controlled Declining Rate Filtration: A Conceptual Design for Increased Flexibility and Dynamism

A declining rate filter operating through over flow control mode is proposed in this paper with a view to improving the overall performance of declining rate filters. Traditional declining rate filters have in-built self-adjustment of flow rates among the filters assisted with downstream orifice for flow control with limited flexibility for further adjustment. The proposed design allows the control of flow level and flow rates in individual filters, the water level in the over flow distributor tank and offers increased flexibility in responding to changes in filtration variables and optimising the overall performance of the filters. The design set up can also operate as constant rate filter through setting the water level in the distributor tank to the maximum.

Prediction control of active power filters

A prediction method to obtain harmonic reference for active power filter is presented. It is a new use ofthe adaptive predictive filter based on FIR. The delay inherent in digital controller is successfully compensated by u-sing the proposed method, and the computing load is not very large compared with the conventional method. Moreo-ver, no additional hardware is needed. Its DSP-based realization is also presented, which is characterized by time-va-riant rate sampling, quasi synchronous sampling, and synchronous operation among the line frequency, PWM gener-ating and sampling in A/D unit. Synchronous operation releases the limitation on PWM modulation ratio and guar-antees that the electrical noises resulting from the switching operation of IGBTs do not interfere with the sampledcurrent. The simulation and experimental results verify the satisfactory performance of the proposed method.

Improved pruning algorithm for Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density filter

With the increment of the number of Gaussian components, the computation cost increases in the Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density(GM-PHD) filter. Based on the theory of Chen et al, we propose an improved pruning algorithm for the GM-PHD filter, which utilizes not only the Gaussian components’ means and covariance, but their weights as a new criterion to improve the estimate accuracy of the conventional pruning algorithm for tracking very closely proximity targets. Moreover, it solves the end-less while-loop problem without the need of a second merging step. Simulation results show that this improved algorithm is easier to implement and more robust than the formal ones.

Elaboration of Ceramic Pot Filter from Kaolinite (Cameroon Clay) for the Elimination of Suspended Particles from Domestic Drinking Water

The objective of this work was to elaborate ceramic water filters from Kaolinite (Cameroon) clay for the elimination of suspended particles from domestic drinking water. In Sub-Sahara Africa and in Cameroon in particular health issues have been linked to the consummation of domestic tap water of high turbidity values both in the rural and urban areas. In order to remedy these problems, ceramic water pot filters have been elaborated in a pilot scale unit with aim of putting in place a unit production. The chemical composition, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses of the raw materials (clay and rice husks) was determined. The crystal phases and scanning electron microscope of Wack clay was also determined. The ceramic pot filter membranes were fabricated from the formulations 70/20/10 of clay/porogen/chamotte respectively with the particle size of the raw material less than or equal to 500 μm. The formulated ceramic pot filters were then sintered at 900˚C in a furnace. These ceramic pot filters were characterized by determining their porosity, withdrawal percentages, water permeability, mechanical and chemical resistance. The study of the efficiency consisted in evaluating the retention rate and permeate flux with respect to time (days) with synthetic water suspensions of turbidity 100 NTU and particle size of 2 μm. The ceramic pot filters were made aiming at studying the efficiency after physical defouling of filters. Physical defouling consisted in brushing the inner surface of the ceramic pot filters with water and drying them at ambient temperature after being used for 11 days and reusing them under the same initial conditions. The produced ceramic pot filter had a volume of 4 L, an average porosity of 36.15%, shrinkage in mass or withdrawal percentage of 18.23%, a water permeability of 59.6 × 103 L∙h−2∙m−2, mechanical resistance of 6.8 MPa and corrosion resistance of 1.6% in acidic medium and 0.8% in alkaline medium. The evaluation of the retention efficiency reveals that the retention rate of 99.9% was obtained from the 9th day of filtration reducing the turbidity value from 100 NTU to less than 0.1 NTU. From the filtration test carried out during the 11 consecutive days, the flow rate varied between 1.46 L∙h−1 to 2.63 L∙h−1. Similar results of retention and flow rate were obtained after physical defouling of the ceramic pot filter membranes and re-using for 11 consecutive days, showing the efficiency of the ceramic pot filter membranes in eliminating suspended particles from drinking water. Cost evaluation for the production unit reveals a total cost of production for 50 ceramic pot filters of 1593.6 USD consisting of fixed assets and variable assets. An estimated selling price of 3.3 USD was obtained which is affordable for both the urban and rural population in Cameroon and in sub-Saharan Africa.

基于核相关滤波和卡尔曼滤波预测的混合跟踪方法

针对核相关滤波(KCF)跟踪算法在遮挡场景中出现跟踪性能降低甚至跟踪失败的问题,提出了一种核相关滤波和卡尔曼滤波(KF)预测相结合的模型自适应抗遮挡图像目标跟踪算法KCF-KF。首先,考虑到传统KCF目标跟踪算法中缺少遮挡评估的问题,通过引入响应图的峰值旁瓣比来对图像目标的遮挡情况进行判断,并将遮挡类型划分为部分遮挡和严重遮挡。其次,根据遮挡程度采取不同的模型更新策略,当目标无遮挡或者部分遮挡时,替代传统KCF跟踪算法中采用固定学习率更新模型的方法,通过自适应地调整模型学习率来更新目标外观模型,避免跟踪漂移;当目标被严重遮挡时,停止KCF模型更新。最后,应用严重遮挡之前的运动信息构建卡尔曼滤波器状态空间和位置输出模型,设计卡尔曼滤波算法预测运动目标轨迹来估计遮挡情景下的目标位置,从而解决在遮挡场景中目标跟踪失败的问题。采用OTB-2013标准数据集进行大量实验,结果表明:所提的混合跟踪算法KCF-KF的距离精度为0.796,重叠成功率为0.692。与其他传统跟踪算法相比,该混合算法的跟踪精度和跟踪成功率均优于其他算法,并且在遇到目标遮挡挑战时具有更好的跟踪性能,有效地解决了跟踪过程中的遮挡干扰问题。

72 MHz/54 MHz SAMPLING RATE CONVERSION SYSTEM OF HDTV STUDIO SIGNAL

Sampling rate conversion finds great use in the area of multirate signal processing, communications system, speech processing system, etc. In this paper, we describe a structure of 72 MHz/54 MHz sampling rate conversion system which is applied to HDTV system. First, we discuss the theoretical model of a 4/3 conversion scheme and then design the hardware structure implemented in parallel and illustrate the subsystem structure in detail. Finally, the phase diagrams are presented to show the relations between the clocks.

Elaboration of Ceramic Pot Filter from Kaolinite (Cameroon Clay) for the Elimination of Suspended Particles from Domestic Drinking Water

The objective of this work was to elaborate ceramic water filters from Kaolinite (Cameroon) clay for the elimination of suspended particles from domestic drinking water. In Sub-Sahara Africa and in Cameroon in particular health issues have been linked to the consummation of domestic tap water of high turbidity values both in the rural and urban areas. In order to remedy these problems, ceramic water pot filters have been elaborated in a pilot scale unit with aim of putting in place a unit production. The chemical composition, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses of the raw materials (clay and rice husks) was determined. The crystal phases and scanning electron microscope of Wack clay was also determined. The ceramic pot filter membranes were fabricated from the formulations 70/20/10 of clay/porogen/chamotte respectively with the particle size of the raw material less than or equal to 500 μm. The formulated ceramic pot filters were then sintered at 900˚C in a furnace. These ceramic pot filters were characterized by determining their porosity, withdrawal percentages, water permeability, mechanical and chemical resistance. The study of the efficiency consisted in evaluating the retention rate and permeate flux with respect to time (days) with synthetic water suspensions of turbidity 100 NTU and particle size of 2 μm. The ceramic pot filters were made aiming at studying the efficiency after physical defouling of filters. Physical defouling consisted in brushing the inner surface of the ceramic pot filters with water and drying them at ambient temperature after being used for 11 days and reusing them under the same initial conditions. The produced ceramic pot filter had a volume of 4 L, an average porosity of 36.15%, shrinkage in mass or withdrawal percentage of 18.23%, a water permeability of 59.6 × 103 L∙h−2∙m−2, mechanical resistance of 6.8 MPa and corrosion resistance of 1.6% in acidic medium and 0.8% in alkaline medium. The evaluation of the retention efficiency reveals that the retention rate of 99.9% was obtained from the 9th day of filtration reducing the turbidity value from 100 NTU to less than 0.1 NTU. From the filtration test carried out during the 11 consecutive days, the flow rate varied between 1.46 L∙h−1 to 2.63 L∙h−1. Similar results of retention and flow rate were obtained after physical defouling of the ceramic pot filter membranes and re-using for 11 consecutive days, showing the efficiency of the ceramic pot filter membranes in eliminating suspended particles from drinking water. Cost evaluation for the production unit reveals a total cost of production for 50 ceramic pot filters of 1593.6 USD consisting of fixed assets and variable assets. An estimated selling price of 3.3 USD was obtained which is affordable for both the urban and rural population in Cameroon and in sub-Saharan Africa.

Adaptive Kalman filter based state of charge estimation algorithm for lithium-ion battery

In order to improve the accuracy of the battery state of charge（SOC） estimation, in this paper we take a lithiumion battery as an example to study the adaptive Kalman filter based SOC estimation algorithm. Firstly, the second-order battery system model is introduced. Meanwhile, the temperature and charge rate are introduced into the model. Then, the temperature and the charge rate are adopted to estimate the battery SOC, with the help of the parameters of an adaptive Kalman filter based estimation algorithm model. Afterwards, it is verified by the numerical simulation that in the ideal case, the accuracy of SOC estimation can be enhanced by adding two elements, namely, the temperature and charge rate.Finally, the actual road conditions are simulated with ADVISOR, and the simulation results show that the proposed method improves the accuracy of battery SOC estimation under actual road conditions. Thus, its application scope in engineering is greatly expanded.

恒压过滤实验中测定值偏离理论值的原因探讨

恒压过滤实验是化工原理实验的重要组成部分,很长时间以来,河北科技大学学生在化工原理恒压过滤实验中测得的洗涤速率和最终过滤速率的比值,与理论值相差悬殊。通过对该实验过程的观察和数据处理结果的分析,指出了三个产生此问题的可能原因,并通过实验进行了验证,最终确定了主要的原因为搅拌速度、螺杆压紧程度和过滤终点,最后提出了该实验操作过程中的注意事项和实验设备改进方案。

空气过滤棉荷尘阻力特性的实验研究

为研究复合式空气过滤棉的阻力特性,选择3层复合空气过滤棉作为主要研究对象,通过实验系统地研究荷尘速率对其阻力变化的影响,并与过滤纸进行对比。研究结果表明:在相同过滤风速下,荷尘质量浓度越低,过滤棉阻力上升速度越快;过滤棉等级越低,荷尘质量浓度对其阻力增长影响越大,归一化阻力随单位面积荷尘质量的增长越快;过滤风速对过滤棉归一化阻力的增长有影响,过滤风速越大,归一化阻力增长越缓慢,但对效率较高的过滤棉影响不大。相同荷尘条件下,相较于过滤纸,过滤棉的归一化阻力上升更慢;基于实验归纳得到3层复合空气过滤棉的阻力增长特性方程。研究结果可为其使用寿命预测提供参考。