The Impact of Climate Change on Ground Water Supplies Affecting Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries

Climate change is becoming a serious issue nowadays.There are profound environmental,economic and political implications of global warming. Ecosystems,from mountains to oceans and from the poles to the tropics,are undergoing rapid change.The cost will be borne by all,but especially by the

Financing Sustainable Agriculture Under Climate Change

Agriculture is facing great challenge in meeting global food security and is expected to face even greater challenge under climate change. The overall goal of this paper is to examine how finance can be used to achieve the joint objectives of development, mitigation of and adaptation to climate change in agriculture in developing world based on literature review. The results show that agriculture is much under invested and foreign aid also has not increased appropriately to assist developing countries to maintain sustainable agriculture under climate change. There are a wide range of areas in mitigation of and adaptation to climate change that need substantial investment. Major areas and successful cases mitigation of and adaptation to climate change in agriculture that have worked in developing countries are examined. A list of areas that have worked, could work and be scaled up or transferred is identified and discussed. This study concludes that mainstreaming agricultural mitigation and adaptation into agricultural development programs, enhancing local capacity, and considering different stakeholders＇ needs are major experiences for successfully financing sustainable agriculture under climate change.

An Analysis of Liberia’s Vulnerability to Climate Change in the Context of Least Developed Countries (LDCs): A Review

Climate change is an alarming global challenge, particularly affecting the least developed countries (LDCs) including Liberia. These countries, located in regions prone to unpredictable temperature and precipitation changes, are facing significant challenges, particularly in climate-sensitive sectors such as mining and agriculture. LDCs need more resilience to adverse climate shocks but have limited capacity for adaptation compared to other developed and developing nations. This paper examines Liberia’s susceptibility to climate change as a least developed country, focusing on its exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. It provides an overview of LDCs and outlines the global distribution of carbon dioxide emissions. The paper also evaluates specific challenges that amplify Liberia’s vulnerability and constrain sustainable adaptation, providing insight into climate change’s existing and potential effects. The paper emphasizes the urgency of addressing climate impacts on Liberia and calls for concerted local and international efforts for effective and sustainable mitigation efforts. It provides recommendations for policy decisions and calls for further research on climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Managing Climate Change Risk in China's Agricultural Sector: The Potential for an Integrated Risk Management Framework

Climate change poses a serious threat to the future food security of China, which is among the most disaster-prone countries in the world. This paper discusses the implications of climate change for China＇s agricultural sector. Its main objectives are to identify the agricultural risks associated with climate change, to introduce a conceptual framework for agricultural climate risk management and to enumerate key adaptation strategies, challenges, and recommendations.

Food Security in Developing Countries: Factors and Mitigation

Since 1976, eradicating hunger has become one of the priority objectives of the United Nations, which is included in the Charter of Human Rights;the right to get adequate food. The qualification of food security in time and space must analyze not only the three components it covers but also the relationships that these three components maintain. Climate change contributes to food insecurity, but it is not the only factor. To address food insecurity in various forms, greater food security must be combined with improved sustainable agricultural practices with minimal strain on the environment. This review of literature insists on the principles of food security, which in particular allows a better understanding of food insecurity in developing countries and favors a greater contribution of agriculture and food systems in general to nutritional progress.

Vulnerability of inland and coastal aquaculture to climate change: Evidence from a developing country

Developing countries,which contribute 90%of global aquaculture production,are considered global climate risk hotspots.However,no study focuses on measuring district-or sub-national-level aquaculture vulnerability to climatic hazards or disasters.This study has measured the level of aquaculture vulnerability to climate variability and change in all 64 districts of Bangladesh using a composite vulnerability index approach(using 19 climatic,environmental and socio-economic indicators)and geographical information system(GIS).The results reveal that aquaculture in 12 districts namely Satkhira,Mymensingh,Panchagarh,Lalmonirhat,Nilphamari,Thakurgaon,Sunamganj,Dinajpur,Kurigram,Noakhali,Lakshmipur,and Cox's Bazar have very high vulnerability(in order of highest to lowest vulnerability),which are explained by their higher level of exposure,moderate level of sensitivity,and lower to moderate level of adaptive capacity.Among these,8 districts belong to inland and 4 districts to coastal regions of the country.Three districts,namely Dhaka,Chittagong,and Bandarban,have the lowest level of aquaculture vulnerability(in order of lowest to highest vulnerability)mainly because of very high adaptive capacity and moderate or low level of sensitivity and exposure.This study will punctuate the vulnerability of inland aquaculture and develop and prioritize actions to reduce the climatic impacts.

Relationships between climate change, agricultural development and social stability in the Hexi Corridor over the last 2000 years

This case study of the Hexi Corridor, Northwestern China, utilizes statistical methods to estimate quantitatively the interaction at a regional level between climate change, ancient social developments, and political coping strategies over the past 2000 years. The data is sourced from high-resolution reconstructions of climate series(temperature and precipitation), and historical records of cultivated land, war, population, and changes in regional administrative systems. The results show that moisture conditions played a more significant role than temperature in driving land reclamation in the Hexi Corridor. Analysis also showed a negative correlation between war frequency and the area of cultivated land in the Corridor over 20-year time intervals. Population growth was found to have a significant positive correlation with the cultivated land area during the study period. The results indicate that a climate-induced decline in agricultural production and the subsequent fluctuations in population could act as a trigger for social unrest, which is especially true at the mutual decadal time-scales. However, the interaction with administrative reform also suggests that, in the face of social and economic turmoil, a reasonable administrative hierarchy could strengthen the social governance of regional government, and promote social stability and economic development at a regional level. The study substantiates this notion with empirical quantitative evidence.

绿色金融体系如何推动经济绿色转型

绿色金融体系可以从根本上支持绿色经济的发展,是建设金融强国的必然选择。当前,我国绿色金融体系在顶层设计、产品和服务设计、风险管理和信息披露、地方绿色金融改革创新试验区以及国际合作等多个方面均呈现良好的发展态势,但仍面临发展方式转型和社会问题改善等新挑战新要求。未来,要通过发展转型金融,加强气候风险管理,连接绿色金融与科技金融,促进绿色金融与普惠金融结合,利用数字金融赋能绿色金融等有效途径,推动绿色金融更好助力我国经济高质量发展。

气候变化背景下农业低碳发展:国际经验与中国策略

在全球共同应对气候变化的时代背景下,探索国际视野下农业温室气体减排的先进经验,对于中国践行气候变化国际合作倡议、推动自身农业可持续发展实现具有重要现实意义。以美国、欧盟和日本等国家为对象,分别梳理其农业低碳发展的主要做法、最新行动和取得成效,据此,结合中国特色农业发展的基本理念,提出农业低碳发展的中国策略。研究表明:1)较之于同为新兴经济体的印度,2020年中国在农业温室气体排放总量和人均排放量上与其相近,但中国的单位GDP排放量[44.52 t∙(106$)^(−1)]远低于印度[278.11 t∙(106$)^(−1)];较之于同作为人口大国的美国,中国在排放总量方面较高,但中国的人均排放量(0.46 t∙cap.−1)明显低于美国(1.15 t∙cap.^(−1))。中国必须充分考虑自身作为人口大国和发展中国家的现实,科学合理地展开农业温室气体减排目标规划。2)美国主要在法律法规完善、财政税收和减排补贴、清洁能源开发及推广、碳排放权和碳汇市场交易等方面做出积极探索,其2020年人均农业温室气体排放量较1990年下降19.58%;欧盟的先进做法主要体现在法律法规完善、财税支持和生态保护补偿、管理创新和技术创新等方面,其2020年人均排放量同比1990年下降29.03%;日本主要在可再生能源推广、管理创新和技术创新、粮食生产保障和气候适应等方面展开行动,其2020年人均排放量同比1990年下降29.17%。3)农业低碳发展的中国策略旨在保障粮食供给、减少温室效应和实现生态价值。据此,提出持续完善相关法律法规体系、加大财税扶持和绿色金融支持、加强管理创新和科技创新、加快能源结构调整和转型升级以及逐步完善碳交易市场机制5个方面的政策启示。

气候变化背景下农业绿色发展能力提升研究

气候变化是全人类面临的共同挑战,关乎子孙后代的福祉。农业是温室气体的重要排放源,在改变全球气候方面发挥着重要作用;同时,农业也是受气候变化影响最直接的脆弱产业。气候变化不仅影响农业产能水平,增加农业生产成本,而且会对农业生产环境造成一定影响。在气候变化背景下,提升农业绿色发展能力面临着农业气候风险管理机制不完善、农业气象灾害防御能力较弱、农业气象灾害监测预警系统缺乏以及应急管理能力不足等气候风险,亟须破解生态资源禀赋不足、绿色生产效率低下、技术创新能力不足以及质量监管机制不健全等现实困境。新时代农业绿色发展的根本目标是为14亿国人提供安全优质的农产品,同时推动农业生产环境的改善,助力“双碳”目标的实现。提升农业绿色发展能力必须明确其三大核心,即耕地土壤质量的保护、灌溉用水水质的保护以及农作物种质资源的保护。基于农业绿色发展应适应气候变化趋势的思考,全面提升农业绿色发展能力需要从农业基础设施、农业种植结构、农技推广服务、农业气象灾害防控体系等领域着手改善。

Scenario-Based Assessment of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Kuwait: Insights for Effective Resource Management

The interdependency among water, food, and energy (WEF) in the GCC countries is strongly and closely interlinked, and is intensifying as demand for resources increases with population growth and changing consumption patterns, and are expected to be further compounded by the impacts of climate change. Therefore, integrated management of the three sectors is crucial to reduce trade-offs and build synergies among them. This paper presents a comprehensive framework to assess the WEF nexus in Kuwait as a representative case for the GCC countries. The framework consists of three main steps: 1) evaluating the influence of socio-economic development and climate change on water, energy, and food resources;2) generating scenario-based projections;and 3) conducting an extensive quantitative nexus analysis. The WEF interlinkages in Kuwait are modelled quantitatively using the Q-Nexus model, and current critical interdependencies are evaluated. Then, various WEF-Nexus scenarios were conducted for the year 2035 to explore the effects of management interventions in one sector on the other two sectors. The main findings are that per capita municipal water consumption is a major influencer on the WEF-nexus due to the heavy reliance on thermal desalination in municipal water supply in Kuwait, which is attributed to its energy intensity, financial cost, GHGs emissions, and environmental impacts on the marine and air environments. To reduce WEF trade-offs, mitigate risks, and build synergies among the three sectors, it is important to shift the current policy focus on supply-side management approach to the demand-side management and efficiency approaches.

Sustainable intensification of agriculture is key to feeding Africa in the 21st century

Africa in facing numerous challenges in the 21st century in feeding its rapidly increasing population.Land resources have become limited due to urbanization and industrialization.The existing agricultural land has been degraded and soil fertility has declined due to unsustainable farming practices.Despite of progress made in the past several decades,hunger and malnutrition in Africa still hinder health,human development and economic growth,which will become even worse in the future if proper measures are not taken.Sustainable intensification is the only solution to tackling both environmental sustainability including climate change and malnutrition,i.e.,to produce more foods in terms of nutrients human body needs with less natural resources and carbon emissions.To achieve this vision,innovations in technologies,policies and institutions are essential.The Chinese experience in Agricultural Green Development(AGD)can be shared with Africans when the region is pursuing its sustainable intensification strategy.

我国农业防灾减灾体系建设:成效、问题与建议

在百年未有之大变局加速演进、全球气候变化加剧、自然灾害和病虫害多发频发的背景下,建立健全农业防灾减灾体系,对于守好“三农”战略后院、稳住农业基本盘具有重要意义。经过多年的农业防灾减灾建设,我国在农业基础设施建设、防灾抗灾技术、应急管理体系、制度救灾保障等方面取得明显成效,但也应清醒地认识到,我国农业防灾减灾体系建设仍存在民众防灾减灾观念不够强、农田水利设施管护不到位、灾害应急协调不及时、损失补偿水平不够高等问题。加快补齐短板,织牢织密农业防灾减灾网,应着重从四个层面发力:一是要积极引导,筑牢防灾减灾社会基础;二是要强基固本,优化农业设施管理与运行;三是要统筹协调,促进防灾减灾工作提质增效;四是要提高保障,加大补贴力度和科技投入。

农业碳排放效率与绿色金融发展水平的耦合协调分析

农业碳排放效率的提升和绿色金融的发展都与环境息息相关。基于2012-2020年省级面板数据,测算、分析我国农业碳排放效率和绿色金融发展水平,并对二者耦合协调状况进行了时空分析和类型划分。研究发现:我国农业碳排放效率和绿色金融发展水平耦合协调度呈现从“失调”向“优质协调”发展的趋势,空间上呈现“东强西弱,南高北低”的分布格局,且具有明显的极化—涓滴效应;依据耦合协调数值将全国划分为和谐区、磨合区、拮抗区和低发展区。不同类型地区应采取不同措施,促进全国农业碳排放效率和绿色金融发展水平均衡优质协调,实现经济社会可持续发展。

气候变化背景下部分东盟国家的发展转型及我国与之相关领域的合作前景分析

2015年在《联合国气候框架公约》框架下通过的《巴黎协定》,将公约所有缔约国包括发展中国家纳入了承担减缓全球气候危机行动之列。东盟国家大都处于热带季风性气候区并拥有漫长的海岸线,生态环境受气候变化影响明显,同时大多数东盟国家都开始步入工业化转型阶段,伴随着大量国际投资的进入和经济的高速发展,能源需求增长明显。对于东盟国家而言,应对气候变化的发展转型有降低自身气候变化风险及履行国际温室气体减排义务的双重意义。本文通过研究相关资料,梳理了气候变化对东盟国家的主要影响,理清了部分与我国发展水平、地理环境可比性强的东盟国家在现阶段适应气候变化发展转型的主要特点,并对我国未来与东盟国家在相关领域可开展的合作前景做了初步分析。

吉尔吉斯斯坦农业应对气候变化的发展研究

【目的】进一步了解吉尔吉斯斯坦的自然环境、气候变化、农业生产等发展现状。【方法】对吉尔吉斯斯坦的气候、土地、土壤、农业等状况进行全面的实地调研和各州农业大学的考察学习,并与吉尔吉斯斯坦气候、土壤、土地利用、农业等方面的专家进行深入交流。【结果】对吉尔吉斯斯坦在气候变化趋势下,农业发展过程中遇到问题提出指导意见。【结论】为吉尔吉斯斯坦需重点开展的农业合作领域和发展提出建议。

发展中国家气候变化技术需求及技术转移障碍

为促进我国气候变化适用技术向其他发展中国家转移,通过文献分析、问卷调查和专家咨询等方式,对联合国发展中国家气候变化技术需求评估报告进行了分析,确定了发展中国家气候变化技术需求的重点领域和技术、需求特点和技术转移障碍等。研究发现:1在减缓领域,发展中国家技术需求的优先领域为能源和农业,次优先领域为废弃物处理和工业节能,能源领域的优先方向为能源工业、交通和家用节能,农业领域的优先技术为改进作物管理、养殖废弃物管理、家畜饮食配方改良;2在适应领域,优先领域为农业和水资源,次优先领域为海岸带管理、卫生健康,农业领域的优先技术为作物管理、土地管理、农田水利和节水灌溉、高效牧场和牲畜管理,水资源领域的优先技术为雨水收集利用、供水渗漏控制、城市污水处理与回用、气候监测与预警系统、水井技术;3利用科技应对气候变化已成为广大发展中国家的共识,不同类型国家因国情和自然条件不同,其气候变化技术需求也各有侧重,但普遍以成熟适用技术为主,且与本国的优先发展事项紧密关联,同时发展中国家对于能力建设的需求十分强烈;4在技术转移的障碍方面,技术受方的障碍包括资金和市场障碍、能力条件障碍、信息障碍、法律政策障碍、知识产权和技术障碍、传统文化和公众意识障碍,技术供方的障碍(以我国为例)包括资金不足,存在多头管理,信息不对称,机构缺乏走出去的意愿等。最后,提出了我国加强气候变化南南科技合作的政策建议。

发达国家应对气候变化科技援外策略研究及启示

发达国家由政府主导气候变化科技援外,普遍设立了专门机构指导和管理科技援外工作,将气候变化作为科技援外的优先领域,制定了援外规划或方案,设立了专项行动,投入了大量资金,并鼓励私营部门参与气候变化科技援外。发达国家主要通过双边合作开展气候变化科技援外,针对不同国家采取差别化的合作策略。发达国家还积极利用多边力量开展气候变化科技援助,充分利用全球科技资源。

“双碳”战略背景下农业与农村减排技术路径分析

实现碳达峰、碳中和是一场广泛而深刻的经济社会系统性变革。这不仅是人类应对气候变化的客观需求,也是国内产业转型升级的现实需求。必须从高耗能、高污染向高质量的发展模式转变,向绿色低碳经济转型,实现经济社会可持续发展。随着现代农业的发展和农业现代化的推进,农业与农村领域蕴含着巨大的减排潜力和减排需求。本文梳理了农业与农村领域主要温室气体排放源,包括农田系统、畜牧业系统、垃圾废物以及日常生活。非二氧化碳温室气体是这个领域的排放重点,并且排放量相对稳定。着重分析了农业与农村温室气体源汇关系和减排潜力。汇总了农业与农村领域温室气体的主要减排路径,包括农田系统减排、畜牧系统减排、二次资源减排及绿色生活减排,其中稻田甲烷减排、旱地氧化亚氮减排以及反刍动物甲烷减排是关键。讨论了农业与农村领域减排的特殊性和科学性,提倡遵循农业与农村温室气体减排的内在潜力和客观规律,开展科技创新、技术推广,避免盲目减排、过度减排,反对单纯追求农业与农村系统内部的碳中和。明确了农业与农村领域的固碳减排必须保障食物安全不受影响,必须与农业减污降碳、绿色发展同步推进,与适应气候变化协同进行,建立完善的创新和保障体系,实现生产、生活、生态的协调发展,为生态文明建设提供支持,为乡村振兴提供助力。

气候变化与农业可持续发展对策研究

基于IPCC第四次评估报告和气象学家对我国气候变化的研究成果,从温度、降水、海平面上升等几方面分析了气候变化对我国农业生产的影响,提出了应对气候变化的具体措施,并根据气候变化趋势,制定出了防御对策,增强农业对气候变化的应对能力,趋利避害,实现可持续发展。