Does Financial Globalization Discipline Macroeconomic Policies

Using the unbalanced panel data of 160 countries from 1970 to 2007,we employ inflation and the budget deficit as proxies for monetary policy and fiscal policy,respectively,and study whether financial globalization has discipline effects on these macroeconomic policies.The empirical results in our study suggest a significant discipline effect of financial globalization on monetary policy during the entire sample period,which is robust both to de jure and to de facto measures of financial openness.Our sub-sample investigations demonstrate that financial globalization reduces inflation only in higher-middle-income and high-income countries,and when financial globalization is scaled by the proportion of a country’s foreign assets and liabilities to its GDP,the discipline is evident only after 1988.Nevertheless,we do not demonstrate any evidence of financial globalization’s discipline effect on fiscal policy.The empirical results indicate that financial globalization even increases the budget deficit in certain countries and periods.

Assessing the palliative aspects of green innovations in the non-linear tendencies of environmental sustainability-financial globalization nexus among West African states

A reconciliation of the disagreement on whether financial globalization(FG)affects ecological footprint through the scale,technique and composition effects cannot be achieved without an explicit understanding of the direct and indirect interactions of FG with environmental sustainability.Hence,the novel perspective of this study lies in the investigation of how green innovations moderate the non-linear tendencies in the FG-environmental sustainability link among western African states given the abundance of natural resources and the prevailing pace of economic growth.The core findings are obtained from robust analysis based on cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag(CS-ARDL)technique,the augmented mean group(AMG)technique,and the common correlated effects mean group(CCEMG)advanced estimators.Firstly,the beneficial ecological impacts of green innovations were observed.As per direct impact,enhanced financial globalization(FG)exhibits non-linear detrimental ecological effects.However,green innovations cushion the observed adverse ecological effects of FG.Furthermore,resource rents reduce ecological footprint within the moderating framework of green innovation as the environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)is validated among the states.Additionally,a bidirectional causal link between financial globalization,green innovations,economic growth,natural resources,and ecological footprint was observed.Thus,the significant policy implication is for the West African states to decisively increase their investments in green innovations while strategically encouraging the share of ecologically friendly resources in total resource utilization to guarantee a more sustainable environment.

The aggregate and sectoral time‑varying market efficiency during crisis periods in Turkey:a comparative analysis with COVID‑19 outbreak and the global financial crisis

This study aims to examine the time-varying efficiency of the Turkish stock market’s major stock index and eight sectoral indices,including the industrial,financial,service,information technology,basic metals,tourism,real estate investment,and chemical petrol plastic,during the COVID-19 outbreak and the global financial crisis(GFC)within the framework of the adaptive market hypothesis.This study employs multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis to illustrate these sectors’multifractality and short-and long-term dependence.The results show that all sectoral returns have greater persis-tence during the COVID-19 outbreak than during the GFC.Second,the real estate and information technology industries had the lowest levels of efficiency during the GFC and the COVID-19 outbreak.Lastly,the fat-tailed distribution has a greater effect on multifractality in these industries.Our results validate the conclusions of the adaptive market hypothesis,according to which arbitrage opportunities vary over time,and contribute to policy formulation for future outbreak-induced economic crises.

How Chinese Financial Centers Integrate into Global Financial Center Networks:An Empirical Study Based on Overseas Expansion of Chinese Financial Service Firms

The increasing globalization of the Chinese economy has been enabled by both Chinese financial institutions operating globally as well as international firms operating within China. In geographical terms, this has been organized through a number of strategic cities serving as gateways for the exchange of financial functions, products and practices between China and the global economy. Drawing on location data of financial service firms in China listed on stock exchanges in Shenzhen, Shanghai and Hong Kong, this paper shows that Chinese financial firms are expanding globally and how Chinese financial centers are positioned and connected in the urban networks shaped by these financial service firms. It is found that Hong Kong, China, holds strategic positions in the integration of Chinese cities into global financial center networks, and that establishing a foothold in global financial centers such as New York and London has been a priority for Chinese financial institutions. The increasing capital flows directed by Chinese financial institutionssuggests a shifting global financial geography, with numerous Chinese cities playing increasingly important roles within global financial center networks.

Global Financial Crisis and Accounting Rules： The Implications of the New Exposure Draft （ED） Financial Instruments： Expected Credit Losses on the Evaluation of Banking Company Loans

During the financial crisis, the delayed recognition of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments was identified as a weakness in existing incurred loss model of impairment stated by International Accounting Standards （IAS） 39, because it is believed that this delay might generate pro-cyclical effects. In response to the recommendations of G20, Financial Crisis Advisory Group （FCAG）, and other international bodies, the International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） has undertaken, since 2009, as a part of the project to replace IAS 39, a project （partially shared with Financial Accounting Standards Board （FASB）） aimed at introducing an expected loss model of impairment. Within the scope of this subset project, the IASB has previously issued two exposure documents proposing models to account for expected credit losses： an exposure draft （ED） Financial Instrument： Amortized Cost and Impairment, published in November 2009, and a supplementary document （SD） Financial Instrument： Impairment, published jointly with the FASB in January 2011. However, neither of the two proposals received strong support from interested parties. Recently, the IASB, after the FASB＇s decision to withdraw from the joint project and to develop a separate expected credit loss model based on a single measurement approach consisting in the sole recognition of lifetime expected credit losses, published a third proposal--Ahe so-called expected credit losses model （ED/2013/3 Financial Instruments： Expected Credit Losses）.

Roles of Financial Innovation and Information Technology:Lessons from US Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis and Its Implications for China

The mortgage loan has evolved from a local lending instrument into a major global security and its role is unparallel to other financial instruments in the process of financial globalization. This paper explains how technology and financial innovation transformed the mortgage loan from a local security into a premier global security traded worldwide. It examines the fundamental flaws of this process and why it does not work in regards to mortgage lending and the re-securitization products that were created through financial innovation. The findings show that regulation was unable to keep pace with financial innovation, which created an environment where actors in the financial service sector were able to behave geographically irresponsibly by using information asymmetries to their advantage by par- ticipating in moral hazard activities and engaging in other immoral and unethical business practices that were centered around localized geography, which ultimately contributed to the global financial crisis. It also examines the roll of financial innovation in regard to the Lehman Brothers Mini-Bond in Hung and its role as a driving force behind China＇s newly emerging shadow banking sector. It concludes with a policy recommendation and its implication for China＇s continued economic development.

Impact of global financial crunch on financially innovative microfinance institutions in South Asia

The wave of global financial crises(2008-2009)caused a surge in the capital flows of developed countries particularly,between developed and developing countries.The crunch hit all financial sectors with unanticipated severity.The study evaluates the role of a country’s political practices in moderating the impact of global financial crunch on microfinance performance.Using the fixed effect panel regression method on the dataset comprising of 95 MFIs operating in South Asia from 2003 to 2012,we determine that microfinance operational capability shares a positive relationship with the institutional attributes of a country and our output reveals that impact of country’s political practices is pervasive on the financial output of MFIs,liable to different levels of implementation.The findings further reveals that MFIs situated in countries having vigorous political practices are less severely affected by the economic crunch.

Predicting Corporate Failure and Global Financial Crisis： Theory and Implications

The purpose of this paper is to discuss corporate failure issues in the context of the global financial crisis. After considering some key issues, the paper shows how relevant these issues are relevant in the present financial fiasco. It is clear that corporate failure brings untold hardships to all stakeholders. Again the problem of predicting corporate failure in the midst of the financial contagion could be overcome with sound risk management structure in place. The discussion mainly focuses on corporate failure within the context of the global financial distress. To the best of our knowledge this study is the first of its kind, which provides conceptual insights on predicting corporate failure and the global financial distress.

Chinese Trade Unions Strive to Protect Workers' Rights and Interests in Dealing with the Global Financial Crisis

Protecting the rights and interests of workers and staff members constitutes an important aspect of China＇s human rights protection. At the time when the country is dealing with impacts of the global financial crisis, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions has been working fruitfully and effectively to accelerate economic and social development and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of workers, therefore making contributions to the protection of the rights and interests of Chinese workers. Now I would like to make a brief introduction on this subject.

Handling the Global Financial Crisis:China's Policy Response and Its Assessment

Though a star economy during the past few decades,China has proven not to be crisis-proof and is suffering in the American-made global financial crisis.In response,the Chinese government has adjusted its macroeconomic policy swiftly and implemented a counter-cycle policy,including a proactive fiscal policy,a moderately easy monetary policy and an active international cooperation policy.The Chinese government's policy is a comprehensive one,effectively combining investment,domestic consumption and foreign trade,short-term and long-term needs,economic growth and social development,and self-development and international cooperation.The Chinese government's policy has produced generally good results so far and will be continued.

The Dimensions and Management of China-US Financial Competition

During a period of profound adjustments to the international power structure,China-US financial competition may intensify and lead to a crisis for the international financial system and even the international power system.The China-US financial relationship is structured in mainly four dimensions:the international monetary system,bilateral financial exchanges,the international financial system and the construction of international financial and/or economic concepts.Management of this competition relationship is thereby four-pronged:managing the relationship between the RMB and the US dollar in the international monetary system,the China-US bilateral creditor-debtor relationship,the indirect China-US relationship in global financial governance organizations and normative frameworks,and the divergence of both countries in regard to their economic ideologies.In particular,to stabilize the international monetary system,China should postpone the strategic confrontation between the RMB and the US dollar,strengthening their complementarity and cooperation based on market choice and their monetary function.Meanwhile,China should be prudent as a creditor to the United States,neither coerced by its over-reliance on American financial markets,nor tempted to weaponize the US debt by dumping US bonds.Also,before aiming for systematic reforms,China should first aim to become a stakeholder in the current global financial governance system by comprehensively accepting and becoming deeply integrated into it.Finally,China should avoid the economic competition model between China and the United States,and should instead apply the“Chinese Approach”to better facilitate solutions to international problems.These approaches to crisis management aim to help China endure this turbulent period of the international power system with more prudent strategies and policies,and to maintain a relatively stable international financial and economic environment for the sustained rise of its economy and for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Financial Integration Among the ASEAN 5 ＋ 3 Stock Markets： A Preliminary Look at the First 10 Years of the New Millenium

The purpose of this study is to investigate the financial integration of the stock markets of the ASEAN 5 ＋ 3 countries. These countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, China, Japan, and South Korea. The research determined the stock return volatility for each country＇s index during the first decade of the new millennium. The findings showed that there is the presence of integration and co-integration with Philippine index＇s return with the index＇s returns of the following countries： Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand. Furthermore, there is evidence of volatility clustering in these stock markets. The study concluded with the policy implications of greater integration in light of the planned cross trading among four ASEAN bourses, namely, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia by 2012.

Promote Global Financial Market Integration

The B20 finance-driven growth taskforce provided four policy recommendations,including the optimization of global financial supervision,supporting stable growth of the world economy,the promotion of the development of green finance,and the pro-

Stand Still in Global Financial Storm?

The number of small and medium- sized enterprises(SMEs)in China has exceeded 40 million, accounting for 99 percent of the country's total enterprises.Chinese and foreign experts estimate that SMEs are now responsible for about 60 percent of China's industrial output and employ about 75 percent of the workforce in Chi-

The Impact of Global Financial Crisis on China Chemical Fiber Industry and Response Strategies (Part Ⅱ)

Prospects of Global Financial Crisis and Economic Crisis The widely spreading global financial crisis has halted the fast growth of world economy in five consecutive years,and heavily stricken the financial and economic sectors worldwide.It’s second only to the "Great Depression" in the 1930’s.Governments

全球金融治理:赤字膨胀和必要改革

In recent years,due to the complex interplay of cyclical,structural,geopolitical,geoeconomic,and public health factors,the demand for global financial governance(GFG)has risen to new heights.The global foreign exchange market is undergoing disruptive adjustments;low-income countries are rapidly approaching a debt crisis;the gap in international development finance is widening;and the ongoing Ukraine crisis threatens to fragment and fracture the global economic and financial system.However,the current GFG system cannot address the above issues responsibly and effectively.This is largely because the system is a loose cooperation web based on soft laws instead of a closely integrated mechanism guided by hard rules.Reform on multiple fronts is required to improve the quality and relevance of GFG.This includes refocusing on key issues and ensuring that the system functions as a whole,prioritizing development,modernizing the international debt resolution framework,advancing the reform of international financial institutions,and thinking outside the box.Despite China’s late entry into the GFG system,it is an ardent advocator of international development cooperation,an active promoter of green finance,and a responsible participant in international efforts to address the debt crisis.With its Belt and Road Initiative,Global Security Initiative,Global Development Initiative,and unique path to modernization,China has offered the world an alternative development path while breathing new life into the old GFG system.

Agricultural development and food security： The way out of crisis

The purpose of this study is to elicit how investments in agricultural development and food security would safeguard the Virgin Islands （BVI） and the Caribbean, by extension, from future global crisis. History shows that agriculture played a significant role in the rise of civilization globally and was the main contributor to the Caribbean economy before the 1950＇s. Overall, it was determined that the BVI population, in general, is desirous of more investment opportunities within the agricultural sector, to assist with the alleviation of poverty at the national level, to advance economic development and trade across the region and to make sustainable development more attainable for the Caribbean, as a whole. To do this, agricultural development and food security must become the focal point of the BVI and other Caribbean economies. Accordingly, the paper recommends that investment within the agricultural sector be undertaken more aggressively across the region. The mixed research approach method was used to validate these claims.

New ideas on China＇s Foreign Trade Development Strategy

China has been a leader in export strategy since the reform and opening-up for trade. This has played a positive role in economic development, however, since stepping into a large country economy, entering the.WTO and the current development of economic globalization at a rapid rate, the leading export strategy has already been very difficult to adapt to the daily challenges in export because of the constant changes in domestic and international economic environment. In view of this, China should turn its strategy into one of dynamic comparative advantages with a global competitive strategy, in conformity with big country＇s economy in the economic background of globalization.

China's New International Financial Strategy amid the Global Financial Crisis

The Chinese Government has stepped up its drive to reconstruct its international ftnancial strategy after the sub-prime crisis developed into a global financial crisis in 2008. The main aim of the strategy is to reduce the country＇s dependence on the US dollar in foreign trade, cross-border capital flows and foreign exchange reserve management. The strategy can be divided into three tiers： renminbi internationalization, regional monetary cooperation and reconstruction of the international monetary regime. So far, the Chinese Government has fared well in the application of all three tiers. We hoM that the Chinese Government should continue in the same direction in a coordinated manner despite various challenges it faces.