Data-driven optimization for fine water injection in a mature oil field

Based on the traditional numerical simulation and optimization algorithms,in combination with the layered injection and production"hard data"monitored at real time by automatic control technology,a systematic approach for detailed water injection design using data-driven algorithms is proposed.First the data assimilation technology is used to match geological model parameters under the constraint of observed well dynamics;the flow relationships between injectors and producers in the block are calculated based on automatic identification method for layered injection-production flow relationship;multi-layer and multi-direction production splitting technique is used to calculate the liquid and oil production of producers in different layers and directions and obtain quantified indexes of water injection effect.Then,machine learning algorithms are applied to evaluate the effectiveness of water injection in different layers of wells and to perform the water injection direction adjustment.Finally,the particle swarm algorithm is used to optimize the detailed water injection plan and to make production predictions.This method and procedure make full use of the automation and intelligence of data-driven and machine learning algorithms.This method was used to match the data of a complex faulted reservoir in eastern China,achieving a fitting level of 85%.The cumulative oil production in the example block for 12 months after optimization is 8.2%higher than before.This method can help design detailed water injection program for mature oilfields.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided intraportal injection of autologous bone marrow in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis:A case series

BACKGROUND Recently,stem cell therapy has been extensively studied as a promising treatment for decompensated liver cirrhosis(DLC).Technological advances in endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)have facilitated EUS-guided portal vein(PV)access,through which stem cells can be precisely infused.AIM To investigate the feasibility and safety of fresh autologous bone marrow injection into the PV under EUS guidance in patients with DLC.METHODS Five patients with DLC were enrolled in this study after they provided written informed consent.EUS-guided intraportal bone marrow injection with a 22G FNA needle was performed using a transgastric,transhepatic approach.Several parameters were assessed before and after the procedure for a follow-up period of 12 mo.RESULTS Four males and one female with a mean age of 51 years old participated in this study.All patients had hepatitis B virus-related DLC.EUS-guided intraportal bone marrow injection was performed in all patients successfully without any complications such as hemorrhage.The clinical outcomes of the patients revealed improvements in clinical symptoms,serum albumin,ascites,and Child-Pugh scores throughout the 12-mo follow-up.CONCLUSION The use of EUS-guided fine needle injection for intraportal delivery of bone marrow was feasible and safe and appeared effective in patients with DLC.This treatment may thus be a safe,effective,non-radioactive,and minimally invasive treatment for DLC.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided treatments: Are we getting evidence based- a systematic review

The continued need to develop less invasive alternatives to surgical and radiologic interventions has driven the development of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided treatments.These include EUS-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections,EUS-guided necrosectomy,EUS-guided cholangiography and biliary drainage,EUSguided pancreatography and pancreatic duct drainage,EUS-guided gallbladder drainage,EUS-guided drainage of abdominal and pelvic fluid collections,EUS-guided celiac plexus block and celiac plexus neurolysis,EUSguided pancreatic cyst ablation,EUS-guided vascular interventions,EUS-guided delivery of antitumoral agents and EUS-guided fiducial placement and brachytherapy.However these procedures are technically challenging and require expertise in both EUS and interventional endoscopy,such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and gastrointestinal stenting.We undertook a systematic review to record the entire body of literature accumulated over the past 2decades on EUS-guided interventions with the objective of performing a critical appraisal of published articles,based on the classification of studies according to levels of evidence,in order to assess the scientific progress made in this field.

Role of endoscopic ultrasound in anticancer therapy:Current evidence and future perspectives

The digestive system is one of the most common sites of malignancies in humans.Since gastrointestinal tumors represent a massive global health burden both in terms of morbidity and health care expenditures,scientists continuously develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods to ameliorate the detrimental effects of this group of diseases.Apart from the well-established role of the endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)in the diagnostic course of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary malignancies,we have recently become acquainted with a vast array of its therapeutic possibilities.A multitude of previously established,evidence-based methods that might now be guided by the EUS emerged:Radiofrequency ablation,brachytherapy,fine needle injection,celiac plexus neurolysis,and endoscopic submucosal dissection.In this review we endeavored to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of these methods in different malignancies of the digestive system,primarily in the treatment and symptom control in pancreatic cancer,and additionally in the management of hepatic,gastrointestinal tumors,and pancreatic cysts.