Bedding parallel fractures in fine-grained sedimentary rocks:Recognition,formation mechanisms,and prediction using well log

Core,thin section,conventional and image logs are used to provide insights into distribution of fractures in fine grained sedimentary rocks of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag.Bedding parallel fractures are common in fine grained sedimentary rocks which are characterized by layered structures.Core and thin section analysis reveal that fractures in Lucaogou Formation include tectonic inclined fracture,bedding parallel fracture,and abnormal high pressure fracture.Bedding parallel fractures are abundant,but only minor amounts of them remain open,and most of them are partly to fully sealed by carbonate minerals(calcite)and bitumen.Bedding parallel fractures result in a rapid decrease in resistivity,and they are recognized on image logs to extend along bedding planes and have discontinuous surfaces due to partly-fully filled resistive carbonate minerals as well as late stage dissolution.A comprehensive interpretation of distribution of bedding parallel fractures is performed with green line,red line,yellow line and blue line representing bedding planes,induced fractures,resistive fractures,and open(bedding and inclined)fractures,respectively.The strike of bedding parallel fractures is coinciding with bedding planes.Bedding parallel fractures are closely associated with the amounts of bedding planes,and high density of bedding planes favor the formation of bedding parallel fractures.Alternating dark and bright layers have the most abundant bedding parallel fractures on the image logs,and the bedding parallel fractures are always associated with low resistivity zones.The results above may help optimize sweet spots in fine grained sedimentary rocks,and improve future fracturing design and optimize well spacing.

Prediction of multiscale laminae structure and reservoir quality in fine-grained sedimentary rocks:The Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin

Fine-grained sedimentary rocks have become a research focus as important reservoirs and source rocks for tight and shale oil and gas.Laminae development determines the accumulation and production of tight and shale oil and gas in fine-grained rocks.However,due to the resolution limit of conventional logs,it is challenging to recognize the features of centimeter-scale laminae.To close this gap,complementary studies,including core observation,thin section,X-ray diffraction(XRD),conventional log analysis,and slabs of image logs,were conducted to unravel the centimeter-scale laminae.The laminae recognition models were built using well logs.The fine-grained rocks can be divided into laminated rocks(lamina thickness of<0.01 m),layered rocks(0.01-0.1 m),and massive rocks(no layer or layer spacing of>0.1 m)according to the laminae scale from core observations.According to the mineral superposition assemblages from thin-section observations,the laminated rocks can be further divided into binary,ternary,and multiple structures.The typical mineral components,slabs,and T2spectrum distributions of various lamina types are unraveled.The core can identify the centimeter-millimeter-scale laminae,and the thin section can identify the millimeter-micrometer-scale laminae.Furthermore,they can detect mineral types and their superposition sequence.Conventional logs can identify the meter-scale layers,whereas image logs and related slabs can identify the laminae variations at millimeter-centimeter scales.Therefore,the slab of image logs combined with thin sections can identify laminae assemblage characteristics,including the thickness and vertical assemblage.The identification and classification of lamina structure of various scales on a single well can be predicted using conventional logs,image logs,and slabs combined with thin sections.The layered rocks have better reservoir quality and oil-bearing potential than the massive and laminated rocks.The laminated rocks’binary lamina is better than the ternary and multiple layers due to the high content of felsic minerals.The abovementioned results build the prediction model for multiscale laminae structure using well logs,helping sweet spots prediction in the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag and fine-grained sedimentary rocks worldwide.

Lithofacies and Pore Structure of Fine-grained Sedimentary Rocks of Qing-1 Member of Cretaceous in the Southern Songliao Basin

Fine-grained sedimentary rocks often contain hydrocarbon and mineral resources.Compared with coarse-grained sedimentary rocks,fine-grained sedimentary rocks are less studied.To elucidate the lithofacies and pore structure of lacustrine fine-grained rocks,the 340.6 m continuous core of Cretaceous Qing-1 Member from five wells in the southern central depression of the Songliao Basin was analyzed using X-ray diffraction,Rock-Eval pyrolysis,low-temperature nitrogen adsorption,high-pressure mercury injection,argon ion polishing-field emission scanning electron microscopy,and laser scanning confocal microscopy.Based on mineral compositions,organic matter abundance and sedimentary structure,lacustrine fine-grained rocks in the study area were divided into ten lithofacies,with their spatial distributions mainly influenced by tectonic cycle,climate cycle and provenance.Furthermore,pore structure characteristics of different lithofacies are summarized.(1)The siliceous mudstone lithofacies with low TOC content and the laminated/layered claybearing siliceous mudstone lithofacies with medium TOC content have the highest proportion of first-class pores(diameter>100 nm),making it the most favourable lithofacies for the accumulation of shale oil and shale gas.(2)The massive claybearing siliceous mudstone lithofacies with low TOC content has the highest proportion of second-class pores(diameter ranges from 10 to 100 nm),making it a favourable lithofacies for the enrichment of shale gas.(3)The massive clay-bearing siliceous mudstone lithofacies with high TOC content has the highest proportion of third-class pores(diameter<10 nm),making it intermediate in gas storage and flow.Laser confocal oil analysis shows that the heavy component of oil is mainly distributed in the clay lamina,while the light part with higher mobility is mainly concentrated in the silty lamina.

Organic matter enrichment model of fine-grained rocks in volcanic rift lacustrine basin:A case study of lower submember of second member of Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in Lishu rift depression of Songliao Basin,NE China

Based on sedimentary characteristics of the fine-grained rocks of the lower submember of second member of the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation(K_(1)sh_(2)^(L))in the Lishu rift depression,combined with methods of organic petrology,analysis of major and trace elements as well as biological marker compound,the enrichment conditions and enrichment model of organic matter in the fine-grained sedimentary rocks in volcanic rift lacustrine basin are investigated.The change of sedimentary paleoenvironment controls the vertical distribution of different lithofacies types in the K_(1)sh_(2)^(L)and divides it into the upper and lower parts.The lower part contains massive siliceous mudstone with bioclast-bearing siliceous mudstone,whereas the upper part is mostly composed of laminated siliceous shale and laminated fine-grained mixed shale.The kerogen types of organic matter in the lower and upper parts are typesⅡ_(2)–Ⅲand typesⅠ–Ⅱ_(1),respectively.The organic carbon content in the upper part is higher than that in the lower part generally.The enrichment of organic matter in volcanic rift lacustrine basin is subjected to three favorable conditions.First,continuous enhancement of rifting is the direct factor increasing the paleo-water depth,and the rise of base level leads to the expansion of deep-water mudstone/shale deposition range.Second,relatively strong underwater volcanic eruption and rifting are simultaneous,and such event can provide a lot of nutrients for the lake basin,which is conducive to the bloom of algae,resulting in higher productivity of typesⅠ–Ⅱ_(1)kerogen.Third,the relatively dry paleoclimate leads to a decrease in input of fresh water and terrestrial materials,including TypeⅢkerogen from terrestrial higher plants,resulting in a water body with higher salinity and anoxic stratification,which is more favorable for preservation of organic matter.The organic matter enrichment model of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of volcanic rift lacustrine basin is established,which is of reference significance to the understanding of the organic matter enrichment mechanism of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Shahezi Formation in Songliao Basin and even in the northeast China.

Discussion on classification and naming scheme of fine-grained sedimentary rocks

Based on reviews and summaries of the naming schemes of fine-grained sedimentary rocks, and analysis of characteristics of fine-grained sedimentary rocks, the problems existing in the classification and naming of fine-grained sedimentary rocks are discussed. On this basis, following the principle of three-level nomenclature, a new scheme of rock classification and naming for fine-grained sedimentary rocks is determined from two perspectives: First, fine-grained sedimentary rocks are divided into 12 types in two major categories, mudstone and siltstone, according to particle size(sand, silt and mud). Second,fine-grained sedimentary rocks are divided into 18 types in four categories, carbonate rock, fine-grained felsic sedimentary rock,clay rock and mixed fine-grained sedimentary rock according to mineral composition(carbonate minerals, felsic detrital minerals and clay minerals as three end elements). Considering the importance of organic matter in unconventional oil and gas generation and evaluation, organic matter is taken as the fourth element in the scheme. Taking the organic matter contents of 0.5% and 2% as dividing points, fine grained sedimentary rocks are divided into three categories, organic-poor, organic-bearing,and organic-rich ones. The new scheme meets the requirement of unconventional oil and gas exploration and development today and solves the problem of conceptual confusion in fine-grained sedimentary rocks, providing a unified basic term system for the research of fine-grained sedimentology.

Genesis of granular calcite in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks and its indication to volcanichydrothermal events: A case study of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

Granular calcite is an authigenic mineral in fine-grained sedimentary rocks.Core observation,thin section observation,cathodoluminescence analysis,fluid inclusion analysis,scanning electron microscope(SEM),and isotopic composition analysis were combined to clarify the genesis of granular calcite in the lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin.It is found that the granular calcite is distributed with laminated characteristics in fine-grained sedimentary rocks in tuffite zones(or the transitional zone between tuffite and micritic dolomite).Granular calcite has obvious cathodoluminesence band,and it can be divided into three stages.Stage-Ⅰ calcite,with non-luminesence,high content of Sr element,inclusions containing Cos,and homogenization temperature higher than 170℃,was directly formed from the volcanic-hydrothermal deposition.Stage-Ⅱ calcite,with bright yellow luminescence,high contents of Fe,Mn and Mg,enrichment of light rare earth elements(LREEs),and high homogenization temperature,was formed by recrystallization of calcareous edges from exhalative hydrothermal deposition.Stage-IlI calcite,with dark orange luminescence band,high contents of Mg,P,V and other elements,no obvious fractionation among LREEs,and low homogenization temperature,was originated from diagenetic transformation during burial.The granular calcite appears regularly in the vertical direction and its formation temperature decreases from the center to the margin of particles,providing direct evidences for volcanic-hydrothermal events during the deposition of the Lucaogou Formation.The volcanic-hydrothermal event was conducive to the enrichment of organic matters in fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Lucaogrou Formation,and positive to the development of high-quality source rocks.The volcanic-hydrothermal sediments might generate intergranular pores/fractures during the evolution,creating conditions for the self-generation and self-storage of shale oil.

Multi-source genesis of continental carbonate-rich fine-grained sedimentary rocks and hydrocarbon sweet spots

This paper systematically discusses the multiple source characteristics and formation mechanisms of carbonate-rich fine-grained sedimentary rocks through the analysis of material source and rock formation.The hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of carbonate-rich fine-grained sedimentary rocks are also summarized.The results show that the main reason for the enrichment of fine-grained carbonate materials in rift lake basins was the supply of multiple material sources,including terrestrial material input,formation of intrabasinal authigenic carbonate,volcanic-hydrothermal material feeding and mixed source.The development of carbonate bedrock in the provenance area controlled the filling scale of carbonate materials in rift lake basins.The volcanic-hydrothermal activity might provide an alkaline fluid to the lake basins to strengthen the material supply for the formation of carbonate crystals.Authigenic carbonate crystals induced by biological processes were the main source of long-term accumulation of fine-grained carbonate materials in the lake basins.Carbonate-rich fine-grained sedimentary rocks with multiple features were formed through the interaction of physical,biochemical and chemical processes during the deposition and post-deposition stages.The source and sedimentary origin of the fine-grained carbonate rock controlled the hydrocarbon accumulation in it.In the multi-source system,the types of"sweet spots"of continental shale oil and gas include endogenous type,terrigenous type,volcanic-hydrothermal type and mixed source type.

Classification and control factors of pore-throat systems in hybrid sedimentary rocks of Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

Aiming at the complicated problem of the genesis of high-quality hybrid sedimentary rocks,the pore-throat systems,controlling factors and fluid mobility of hybrid sedimentary rocks in the Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag were examined.The results show that the hybrid sedimentary rocks contain 5 types of pore-throat system,intergranular(Type A),mixed intergranular-dissolved-intercrystalline(Type B),dissolved(Type C),mixed dissolved-intercrystalline(Type D)and intercrystalline(Type E)ones.The pore-throat systems are controlled by 3 major factors,the component content and arrangement(CCA)of hybrid sedimentary rocks,sedimentary environment and diagenesis.CCA controls the matrix support mode of hybrid sedimentary rocks,and therefore controls the types and changes of pore-throat system.The sedimentary environment mainly controls the macroscopic distribution of pore-throat system,i.e.,hybrid sedimentary rocks deposited in the near source and high-energy environment are characterized by high content of coarse-grained component,granular/interbedded-support mode,and development of Type A and Type B pore-throat systems.Hybrid sedimentary rocks deposited in the medium-energy environment far from source are characterized by dolomitic/mud support mode and Type C and Type D pore-throat systems.Hybrid sedimentary rocks deposited in low-energy environment far from source have mainly Type E and Type D pore-throat systems.Diagenetic processes such as compaction and calcite cementation make the proportions of Type A and Type C pore-throat systems decrease further.In the hybrid sedimentary process of sandy-mud,pore-throat system types show a change of"A→B→C→D",in that of dolomite-sand,pore-throat system types show a change of"A→C→D→E"or"B→D→E",and in that of dolomite-mud,pore-throat system types show a change of"D→E",which are affected in details by the contents of coarse-grain component,feldspar and dolomite.The reservoir with Type A pore-throats has the best physical properties and fluid mobility,and the reservoirs with Type D and Type E pore-throats have the poorest.The movable fluid distribution is related to the matrix support mode,and the larger pores in hybrid sedimentary rocks of dolomite/mud support mode have no obvious advantage in fluid mobility.The findings of this study provide a geological basis for evaluating and building reasonable interpretation model of hybrid sedimentary rocks sweet spot.

A hybrid memory architecture supporting fine-grained data migration

Hybrid memory systems composed of dynamic random access memory(DRAM)and Non-volatile memory(NVM)often exploit page migration technologies to fully take the advantages of different memory media.Most previous proposals usually migrate data at a granularity of 4 KB pages,and thus waste memory bandwidth and DRAM resource.In this paper,we propose Mocha,a non-hierarchical architecture that organizes DRAM and NVM in a flat address space physically,but manages them in a cache/memory hierarchy.Since the commercial NVM device-Intel Optane DC Persistent Memory Modules(DCPMM)actually access the physical media at a granularity of 256 bytes(an Optane block),we manage the DRAM cache at the 256-byte size to adapt to this feature of Optane.This design not only enables fine-grained data migration and management for the DRAM cache,but also avoids write amplification for Intel Optane DCPMM.We also create an Indirect Address Cache(IAC)in Hybrid Memory Controller(HMC)and propose a reverse address mapping table in the DRAM to speed up address translation and cache replacement.Moreover,we exploit a utility-based caching mechanism to filter cold blocks in the NVM,and further improve the efficiency of the DRAM cache.We implement Mocha in an architectural simulator.Experimental results show that Mocha can improve application performance by 8.2%on average(up to 24.6%),reduce 6.9%energy consumption and 25.9%data migration traffic on average,compared with a typical hybrid memory architecture-HSCC.

Sedimentary environment and petrological features of organic-rich fine sediments in shallow water overlapping deposits: A case study of Cambrian Yuertus Formation in northwestern Tarim Basin, NW China

Taking the Cambrian Yuertus Formation outcrop profiles in the Aksu-Keping-Wushi areas of northwestern Tarim Basin as examples, the depositional environments of organic rich fine sediment were analyzed by examining the outcrop profiles macroscopically and microscopically. The study reveals that:(1) The lower part of the Yuertus Formation consists of organic-rich fine sediment or thin rhythmic interbeds of organic-rich fine sediment and siliceous sediment, the formation transforms to terrigenous diamictic grain shoal and inverse grading carbonate rocks upward.(2) The thin limestone interbedded with dark shale rhythmically has inverse grading.(3) The thin-bedded siliceous rock has metasomatic residual granular texture, stromatolithic structure and cementation fabric in vugs.(4) There are iron crust layers at the top of the shallowing diamictic grain shoal, beneath which exposed karst signs, such as karrens, dissolved fissures, sack-like vugs, near surface karst(plastic) breccia, breccia inside the karst system and terrigenous clastic fillings, can be seen.(5) Both the outcrops and seismic profiles show that organic-rich fine sediments above the unconformities or exposed surfaces are characterized by overlapping. The organic-rich fine sediment of the Cambrian Yuertus Formation was deposited in the anoxic-suboxidized restricted gulf lagoon environment, and its formation was controlled by high paleoproductivity and poor oxygen exchange jointly, then a shallow-water overlapping sedimentary model has been established. The results will help enrich and improve the sedimentary theory of organic-rich fine sediments.

鄂尔多斯盆地清涧-宜川地区上石炭统本溪组混积特征及沉积演化

鄂尔多斯盆地清涧-宜川地区上石炭统本溪组为一套潮坪-障壁岛-陆棚沉积体系,发育陆源碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩的混积层序,为了提高混积储层预测的准确度,在分析沉积演化背景基础上,综合野外露头、岩心、录井、测井等多方面资料,探讨混积发育的特征及沉积相类型,并对混积和混积层系进行沉积演化分析。结果表明:本溪组沉积类型主要为相缘混积,发育在潮间带、潮下带、潟湖和障壁岛的向陆一侧,大型混积层系发育规模较小;本溪组可以划分为SQ1、SQ2共2个三级沉积层序,其中SQ1和SQ2均可识别出低位体系域(LST)、海侵体系域(TST)和高位体系域(HST),SQ2还可以识别出下降期体系域(FSST);相缘混积主要发育在海侵体系域和高位体系域早期的浅水区内,发育规模相对较小,主要发育在潮坪与潟湖、潟湖与障壁坪的过渡区域内,与潮坪砂岩和障壁砂岩相伴生,相缘混积与上覆的砂泥岩地层形成混积层系。研究成果可为混积储层预测提供借鉴。

咸化湖盆混积岩岩相类型、沉积旋回及相模式——以柴达木盆地风西地区新近系为例

针对咸化湖相混积岩岩性复杂、沉积机制不明确等问题,综合岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、测井、碳氧同位素组成等多种资料,采用岩心与测井、岩石学与地球化学交叉结合研究手段,对柴达木盆地风西地区新近系上干柴沟组至下油砂山组(N1—N21)混积岩进行了综合分析。结果表明,风西地区混积岩包括陆源碎屑岩和湖相碳酸盐岩,沉积于远离物源的浅湖环境,偶尔出现半深湖环境,发育5种典型岩相及6种微相类型。稳定碳氧同位素组成揭示,沉积旋回的形成是受气候驱动的补偿-欠补偿循环机制所控制。提出一种干旱咸化背景下的混积岩沉积旋回模式:补偿期湖平面急剧上升,发育泥坪、砂泥坪、滩等微相,沉积机制以物理沉降为主;欠补偿期湖平面缓慢下降,发育灰泥坪、灰云坪、藻丘/席微相,以化学-生物沉积机制为主导。在咸化湖盆混积体系中,湖相碳酸盐岩主要形成于湖退期;相变并非根据传统认为的可容纳空间来解释,而是受控于气候变化导致的湖水化学性质短期波动。研究结果为咸化湖盆混积岩高分辨率层序模式及成因提供了新解释,对指导咸化湖相非常规油气勘探具有重要意义。

Characteristics,preservation mechanisms,and significance of aragonite in lacustrine shale:A case study from the Jiyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin

Aragonite is a metastable mineral,which is easily transformed into calcite,and generally difficult to preserve in the stratum.However,large amounts of aragonites were found in the Paleogene shale of the Jiyang Depression.The characteristics and preservation mechanisms of these aragonites were analyzed through a series of analytical methods,including cathodoluminescence,field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS),microarea carbon and oxygen isotopes,Sr isotopes,and dissolution simulation experiments under high temperature and high pressure.The research results show that:(1)Aragonite in the Paleogene shale of the Jiyang Depression is related to algal microbial fossils,primarily composed of coccoliths and characterized by two emission peaks at 420 nm and 480 nm in cathodoluminescence;(2)The primary factor allowing biological aragonite to be preserved is the immaturity of the organic matter and the deficiency of abundant organic acids necessary for its dissolution or transformation,which is confirmed by the evidence of organic matter maturity and simulation experiments of organic acid dissolution on aragonite under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions.Additional factors that may aid in the preservation of aragonite are the ideal sedimentation conditions,the defense of organic coating,and the enclosed environment with tiny pores,low porosity,and low permeability;(3)These aragonite-rich shales,characterized by coccolithophores,provide a solid evidence for seawater intrusion into terrestrial lake basin,and have a significant implication for the source and storage of shale oil.

Classification of Hydrocarbon-Bearing Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks

Fine-grained sedimentary rocks are defined as rocks which mainly compose of fine grains（〈62.5 μm）. The detailed studies on these rocks have revealed the need of a more unified, comprehensive and inclusive classification. The study focuses on fine-grained rocks has turned from the differences of inorganic mineral components to the significance of organic matter and microorganisms. The proposed classification is based on mineral composition, and it is noted that organic matters have been taken as a very important parameter in this classification scheme. Thus, four parameters, the TOC content, silica（quartz plus feldspars）, clay minerals and carbonate minerals, are considered to divide the fine-grained sedimentary rocks into eight categories, and the further classification within every category is refined depending on subordinate mineral composition. The nomenclature consists of a root name preceded by a primary adjective. The root names reflect mineral constituent of the rock, including low organic（TOC〈2%）, middle organic（2%4%） claystone, siliceous mudstone, limestone, and mixed mudstone. Primary adjectives convey structure and organic content information, including massive or limanited. The lithofacies are closely related to the reservoir storage space, porosity, permeability, hydrocarbon potential and shale oil/gas sweet spot, and are the key factor for the shale oil and gas exploration. The classification helps to systematically and practicably describe variability within fine-grained sedimentary rocks, what＇s more, it helps to guide the hydrocarbon exploration.

济源盆地中侏罗统马凹组上段混合沉积特征及其控制因素

陆源碎屑与碳酸盐混合沉积是一种沉积机理特殊而又有重要意义的沉积现象。目前陆相地层的混合沉积研究相对薄弱。混合沉积在豫西济源盆地中侏罗统马凹组上段较发育,本文综合应用沉积学、沉积地球化学、古生物地层学方法对其特征及控制因素进行了研究。结果表明,研究区马凹组上段发育泥质灰岩、灰质泥岩和含灰泥岩等多种岩性组成的成分混合沉积和由其夹层或互层组成的结构混合沉积,较干燥炎热气候条件及弱氧化-弱还原的半咸水环境有利于混合沉积发育,混合沉积是古构造、古气候和物源供给共同控制的结果。本研究对于充实沉积机理理论有一定的意义,亦为陆相混合沉积研究提供了一个较好的实例。

惠民凹陷孔店组—沙四段“膏盐岩”层沉积机理——以MS1井“膏盐岩”层分析为例

以MS1井现场实钻录井资料为依据,结合研究区构造、沉积发育史分析,引入“沉积分异作用”、“混合沉积作用”及物源区与沉积区“岩石倒序规律”,对惠民凹陷孔一段—沙四段的“膏盐岩”层的物源进行了反序追踪对比。孔一段—沙四段的“膏盐岩”层段并非传统意义上的“石膏”层,而是物理、化学共同作用形成的湖盆化学盐类与砂岩的混合沉积,是邻近凸起下古生界碳酸盐岩风化剥蚀后提供物源及气候干旱导致湖盆收缩共同作用的结果,其准确定名应该为“含膏质粉、细砂岩”。

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷混积岩孔喉系统分类及控制因素

针对混积岩优质储集层成因复杂的难题,进行准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组混积岩孔喉系统、控制因素及流体可动性研究。结果表明,混积型储集层发育粒间孔喉系统(A型)、粒间-溶蚀-晶间混合孔喉系统(B型)、溶蚀孔喉系统(C型)、溶蚀-晶间混合孔喉系统(D型)和晶间孔喉系统(E型)5类。混积岩孔喉系统有3个主要主控因素:混积岩组分含量及排列方式、沉积环境和成岩作用。混积岩组分含量及排列方式控制孔喉系统类型及变化;沉积环境主要控制孔喉系统的宏观分布,近源、高能环境混积岩粗粒组分多,颗粒或互层型支撑,发育A型和B型孔喉;远源、中能环境混积岩过渡为云泥支撑,发育C型和D型孔喉;而远源、低能环境混积岩孔喉主要为E型和D型。压实和方解石胶结等成岩作用进一步破坏粒间、溶蚀孔喉占比。在砂泥混积时,孔喉系统类型为“A→B→C→D”变化,云砂混积时孔喉系统类型为“A→C→D→E”、或“B→D→E”变化,云泥混积时孔喉系统类型为“D→E”的变化,细节受偏砂粒、长石和白云石含量影响。其中,A型孔喉的物性及可动性最好,D型和E型最差;可动流体分布与支撑方式有关,云泥支撑型混积岩大孔可动优势不明显。研究成果为混积型储集层甜点评价及解释模型的合理构建提供了地质依据。图15表1参19。

基于多Agent社会模型在油田储层沉积相研究中的应用

为了建立储层沉积相分析的复杂地质模型,将多Agent技术和面向Agent的软件工程技术引入到储层沉积相分析中,在地质储层沉积相分析的基础上,建立了基于多Agent的储层沉积相分析模型。对面向Agent混合智能的Gaia方法论进行了研究,具体步骤分为收集需求信息、分析阶段、框架设计阶段、详细的设计阶段和实现阶段,逐步完善沉积相分析的模型建立。并在此方法论的基础上设计了沉积相分析的Agent模型、角色模型、技巧模型、知识模型和组织模型、交互模型。最后,构建了一个基于多Agent储层沉积相分析社会模型的原型系统,验证了系统的有效性。

对沉积混杂作用和沉积混杂岩的再认识

回顾了沉积混杂岩的研究历史 ;指出了沉积混杂岩的分布位置和形成机制 ;重新给出了沉积混杂岩的定义 ;依据沉积混杂作用的不同方式划分为四种类型 :重力垮塌和重力流混杂作用、冰筏混杂作用、古喀斯特混杂作用和陨落混杂作用 ;最后探讨了海底混杂岩块的来源和搬运方式。

准噶尔盆地阜康断裂带二叠系芦草沟组页岩油成藏条件

准噶尔盆地阜康断裂带地处盆地前陆冲断带,构造复杂,勘探开发潜力大。通过烃源岩有机地球化学测试、铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析等对准噶尔盆地阜康断裂带二叠系芦草沟组页岩油成藏条件进行了分析。研究结果表明:①阜康断裂带二叠系芦草沟组烃源岩有机质丰度高,TOC质量分数平均为3.65%,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_(1)型,R_(o)值为0.76%~1.41%,多处于成熟—高成熟阶段,为一套好—优质烃源岩。②研究区芦草沟组储层孔隙度平均值为5.12%,渗透率为0.02~2.69 mD,为一套低孔—特低孔、特低渗储层;储层岩石类型复杂,是以泥页岩、粉砂岩、碳酸盐岩为主的一套混积岩,脆性矿物质量分数平均为82.96%;储集空间类型包括粒间孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔、有机质孔和微裂缝。③广覆式烃源岩、大面积连续分布的优势岩相以及有利的源储组合控制了研究区芦草沟组页岩油的富集成藏,形成了“源储紧邻的夹层型”与“源储一体的基质型”共存的页岩油富集模式,大龙口地区、小龙口—奇1井地区可作为下一步勘探开发的重点区域。