Dynamic Behavior Analysis of Finger Seal Based on Equivalent Dynamic Model

Finger seal is a new technology developed for gas path sealing in gas turbine engine.It has been paid attention to its good sealing performance and lower manufacture cost.The vibration behavior of finger seal is not be considered in performance analysis for the contact finger seal with compliant geometric configuration,then this will influence the reliability of the performance analysis and the parametric design of a finger seal.According to the dynamic character of finger seal,the harmonic vibration and free vibration models of a repetitive section of a two-layer finger seal that contains one high and one low finger seal are established separately.The dynamic behavior of finger seal in different working conditions is obtained based on the dynamic response analysis of finger＇s vibrations.The dynamic low hysteresis and low wear terms based on the equivalent dynamic model of finger seal are put forward,which can be used to predict the dynamic behavior of finger seal.As an example,the dynamic behaviors of an 8-layer finger seal and a 10-layer finger seal were predicted,and the validity of the prediction was demonstrated by the leakage test results of these two finger seals.The work presented here not only could make the dynamic analysis of finger seal with complicated structure simple and easy especially for multi-layer finger seal system,but also suggest a useful method for designing the finger seal with good dynamic behavior by means of different seal layers assembly.

Dynamic analysis of C/C composite finger seal

A seal device as an important component of aeroengines has decisive influence on per- formance, reliability, and working life of aeroengines. With the development of aeroengines, demands on the performance characteristics of seal devices are made strictly. Finger seal as a novel kind of sealing device, recently attracts more and more attentions in academic circles and engineer- ing fields at home and abroad. Research on finger seals has been extensively developed, especially on leakage and wear performances under dynamic conditions. However, it is a pity that the work on finger seals has been limited with a single approach that is improving the performance by structural optimization; in addition, the technology of dynamic analysis on finger seals is weak. Aiming at the problems mentioned above, a distributed mass equivalent dynamic model of finger seals considering the coupling effect of overlaid laminates is established in the present paper, the dynamic perfor- mance of 2.5 dimension C/C composite finger seal is analyzed with the model, and then the effects of fiber bundle density and fiber bundle preparation direction on finger seal＇s dynamic performance are discussed, as well as compared with those of Co-based alloy finger seal. The current work is about dynamic analysis of finger seals and application of C/C composite in this paper may have much academic significance and many engineering values for improving research level of finger seal dynamics and exploring feasibility of C/C composite being used for finger seals.

Dynamic performance of a C/C composite finger seal in a tilting mode

The complex operating state of aeroengines has an impact on the performance of finger seals. However, little work has been focused on the issue and the dynamic performance of finger seals is also rarely studied. Therefore, a distributed mass equivalent model considering working conditions is proposed in this paper for solving the existing problems. The effects of the fiber bundle density and the preparation direction of the fiber bundle of a C/C composite on the dynamic performance of a finger seal are investigated in rotor tilt based on the proposed model. The difference between the C/C composite finger seal performances under the rotor precession and nutation tilt cases is also investigated. The results show that the fiber bundle density and the preparation direction of the fiber bundle have an influence on the dynamic performance of the finger seal as rotor tilt is considered, and the dynamic performance of the finger seal is different in the two kinds of tilting modes. In addition, a novel method for design of finger seals is presented based on the contact pressure between finger boots and the rotor. Finger seals with good leakage rates and low wear can be acquired in this method.

Numerical analysis of a double interlocking padded finger seal performance based on thermo-fluid-structure coupling method

Non-contacting finger seals represent an advanced non-contacting and compliant seal in gas turbine sealing technology.This paper proposes a new structure of noncontacting finger seals with double interlocking pads.The numerical analysis model based on the thermo-fluid-structure coupling method for the new type finger seal was established.The influence of working conditions on leakage of the seal was studied and compared with the single padded non-contacting finger seal.The results show that the interface between the bottom of the finger pad and rotor surface is the main leakage path that forms the gas film with obvious variations of pressure and flow velocity.Under high temperature and high pressure operating conditions,the hydrodynamic effect of the gas film is enhanced,and lifting force is significantly improved.The deformation of fingers is composed of elastic deformation and thermal deformation.At room temperature,the deformation of fingers is mainly elastic deformation and points to the center of the rotor,which reduces the gas film clearance.The deformation of fingers at high temperature and high pressure creates a circumferentially convergent gap between the bottom of the pad and the rotor,which is beneficial to improve the loading capacity and to reduce leakage of the seal.Compared with the typical single padded noncontacting finger seal,the double interlocking padded finger seal proposed in this paper reduces the leakage factor by about 37%,which provides an advanced seal concept with the potential to improve sealing performance under high temperature and high pressure working conditions.

指尖密封各向异性流动传热及热变形研究

航空发动机中指尖密封通常工作在高压差、高温及高转速的环境中,为研究其内部复杂的流动传热及热变形问题,建立指尖密封各向异性流动与传热的三维流场模型和用于热变形分析的固体模型,基于流场模型,得到不同工况下指尖密封的压力场和温度场,并将其作为边界条件加载到固体模型进行热变形分析。结果表明:在流动与传热方面,泄漏率随压差的增大而增大,随转速的增大而略有下降,随过盈量的增大而减小;各向异性与各向同性传热相比,由于考虑了轴向接触热阻,所以其轴向温度梯度变化量更大;最高温度随转速的增大而增大,且随压差的增大而减小。在热变形方面,径向最大变形量随转速及过盈量的增大而增大,转速与压差对轴向变形量影响较小;相同过盈量下,径向最大变形量约为安装过盈量的21.6%,轴向最大变形量约为安装过盈量的4.68%;在相同压差下,过盈量每增加0.1 mm,径向最大变形量约增加89.89%,而泄漏率相应减小4.86%。研究可为接触式指尖密封结构参数优化及密封失效分析提供一定参考。

圆弧型指尖密封径向极限变形量的计算方法研究

指尖密封是一种允许产生径向变形的接触式密封技术,径向极限变形制约着其使用工况要求。为揭示圆弧型指尖密封结构对径向极限变形的影响规律,构建了指尖密封径向极限变形量的数学计算模型,并与有限元分析结果进行了对比,研究了结构参数的影响。研究表明:数学计算模型计算结果与有限元分析结果误差为4.88%;指尖密封径向极限变形量随指梁间隙、指梁根圆直径、指梁型线圆弧半径等结构参数的增加而增加;随周向角、指梁顶圆直径、指梁基圆半径等结构参数的增加而减小;结构参数影响程度由大到小依次为:指梁间隙、周向角、指梁根圆和指梁顶圆、指梁基圆、指梁型线圆;其中,指梁根圆和指梁顶圆的影响需要根据具体结构尺寸来确定;指梁间隙影响程度最大,指梁间隙每增加1 mm,小尺寸指尖密封径向极限变形量就会增加10.005 mm,大尺寸的就会增加9.03 mm。

指尖密封径向临界工作能力快速评估方法研究

指尖密封具有一定的径向变形能力,从而适应转子的偏心、跳动、离心膨胀和热膨胀,但当转子的径向位移量超过指尖密封正常工作所允许的径向临界工作能力时,将导致密封发生严重的磨损并伴有大量摩擦生热,最终失效。本文建立了一套能够快速评估指尖密封径向临界工作能力的方法。首先针对圆弧型指尖密封,通过理论分析的方法建立了径向临界工作能力的计算模型;其次,开展了实验研究并利用试验数据修正和验证了计算模型;最后,分析了结构参数对径向临界工作能力影响的敏感度。研究结果表明:快速评估方法具有较高的计算精度,验证算例的最大误差约2.55%;指梁之间间隙宽度和指梁根圆直径两个结构参数对指尖密封径向临界工作能力的影响最为显著。

指尖密封的迟滞特性分析

分析了三种不同型线的指尖密封结构在不同压差条件下的迟滞特性,发现了采用径向刚度较高的结构可以降低指尖密封迟滞作用,以及选择合适的指尖型线可以获得低径向刚度和低迟滞作用的指尖密封结构的现象。作为低迟滞指尖密封进一步研究的基础,对数螺线I型指尖密封是一个较理想的原始型指尖密封结构的选择。

对数螺线指尖密封的装配变形分析

采用有限元法对两片叠置的对数螺线指尖密封在装配状态下由于指尖数目的不同对装配变形所产生的影响进行了数值分析 ,重点研究了由于装配变形可能造成的密封片接触表面间出现间隙的问题 ,以及由于指尖周向变形错位可能导致的指尖缝隙密封失效问题。

基于有限元仿真的指尖密封准动态性能分析方法

指尖密封性能的量化表达和计算效率一直是设计人员关心的问题。针对指尖密封的工作特点,对其泄漏机理和磨损特性进行了分析。基于有限元分析构建了指尖密封性能量化表达的准动态性能模型,解决了理论设计中磨损和泄漏特性难以计算和计算工作量较大的问题。采用该方法的研究结果表明环境温度升高到300℃时,泄漏率较之27oC条件下降低了65%,磨损率升高了约4%;指尖片厚度从0.1mm增加到0.5mm时,泄漏率降低了70%,磨损率升高了28%;同时指尖曲梁个数、转子转速和压差对指尖密封性能同样具有重要影响。分析初步表明,提出的计算方法能够较好地反映指尖密封实际动态特性,为指尖密封性能设计提供了快捷高效计算方法。

指尖密封性能优化的一种新方法

指尖密封优化设计中存在着泄漏与磨损改善相互矛盾的问题,利用一般多目标优化方法解决这一特殊矛盾,存在着对优化结果的决策问题,迄今为止,这一问题还没有得到很好解决,成为制约指尖密封工程应用的一个重要原因。为此,将Nash平衡博弈理论应用到指尖密封的优化过程中,提出基于Nash平衡理论的指尖密封性能多目标优化新方法,采用BP神经网络模型获得指尖密封性能优化目标与优化设计变量之间的映射关系,利用遗传算法对基于Nash平衡博弈理论的优化算法进行求解,将计算结果与利用加权平均优化方法获得的结果进行对比分析,并进行试验研究。计算和试验分析结果表明:基于Nash平衡博弈理论的指尖密封性能优化方法具有较好的自适应决策能力,与加权平均优化方法相比,降低了决策难度;依此优化方法获得的指尖密封结构,与其他指尖密封结构相比较,其泄漏与磨损性能都得到改善,具有较好的综合性能。对于指尖密封多目标优化设计而言,基于Nash平衡博弈理论的优化方法是一种有价值的新方法。

指尖密封轴向布局的变尺度结构研究

采用有限元技术研究了在不同压差条件下,指尖密封轴向布局中密封件轴向尺度配置对指尖密封装置的迟滞特性、密封靴与转子接触封严区接触压力的影响。研究结果表明:不同工况条件和轴向布局结构对迟滞率和接触压力的影响较为复杂,而夹心状指尖密封轴向布局结构能够具有相对较优良的迟滞特性和接触特性的匹配关系。研究工作同时表明有必要进行指尖密封轴向布局结构及尺寸的优化研究。

指尖密封结构参数与泄漏量和磨损性能的灰关联分析

采用二次旋转正交试验获得指尖密封结构特征参数对指尖密封泄漏和磨损性能影响的仿真试验组合方案,并通过ANSYS软件对与每个试验方案对应的指尖密封结构进行有限元分析,从而得到每个试验方案中与指尖密封结构特征参数对应的泄漏量和磨损性能,在此基础上应用灰色关联技术分析各结构特征参数对指尖密封泄漏量和磨损性能影响的主次关系和影响程度。结果表明,渐开线指尖梁型线的基圆半径对磨损性能影响最大,其次是指尖靴周向宽度角。而指尖靴周向宽度角对指尖密封泄漏量的影响最大,基圆半径次之,前后指尖片厚度对磨损性能和泄漏量的影响相对较小。最后通过和有限元计算结果的对比分析验证了灰色关联分析结果的合理性,从而为指尖密封优化技术研究提供了参考。

考虑装配条件的C/C复合材料指尖密封动态性能

针对航空发动机装配条件影响指尖密封性能的问题,构建考虑装配条件的C/C复合材料指尖密封动态性能分析方法.根据指尖密封与转子间的力学行为构建多层叠置指尖密封的分布质量等效动力学模型;确定模型中等效质量、等效结构刚度系数、接触刚度系数、摩擦阻力以及转子激励等参数;借助等效动力学模型计算泄漏率和指尖梁/转子接触压力等指尖密封的动态性能.计算结果表明:依间隙配合、无间隙配合和过盈配合条件的顺序,指尖梁位移响应和指尖梁与转子之间的泄漏间隙均会随之降低,但其接触压力会随之增大,体现出指尖密封泄漏和磨损的"矛盾"性.在确定的装配条件下,可以通过结构设计改变指尖梁的结构刚度,以使指尖密封泄漏和磨损性能均达到最优.

“定制”与“广义”概念下的指尖密封结构优化

为了获得高性能的指尖密封结构型式,根据指尖密封的结构组成特点,提出了"定制"型线和"广义"型线概念下的指尖密封结构优化策略,以及反映指尖密封基本组成特征和具有"单元叠加"功能的最小优化单元。通过采用统一优化法和分步优化法对两类指尖密封结构的多目标优化问题进行了优化分析,研究结果表明,"定制"型线指尖密封结构优化和"广义"型线指尖密封结构优化的策略和方法,可以达到同步降低指尖密封迟滞率和综合刚度的多目标优化目标,是获得具有良好综合性能的指尖密封结构的有效途径。从工程意义上讲,"广义"型线指尖密封结构优化技术更具选择指尖密封性能优化取向和程度的优势。

考虑热效应影响的指尖密封接触强度分析

指尖密封作为柔性高速动态密封装置,其在航空发动机、燃气轮机等重大设备的高速密封部位具有良好的应用前景。但高速高温条件下,摩擦生热和环境温度对指尖密封配副接触强度具有重要影响,进而影响其密封性能,探索其影响机理成为指尖密封性能设计中的关键。为此,研究针对指尖密封实际工况条件,将摩擦生热转化为热流密度边界条件,同时计入密封介质温度的影响,构建了指尖密封系统的热结构耦合分析模型,研究了热效应对指尖密封/转子配副接触强度的影响规律,并进行了物理试验验证。研究结果表明,高速条件下摩擦生热对密封配副接触强度具有重要影响,转速为15 000 r/min时,室温条件下,摩擦效应导致指尖密封局部温度升高超过370℃,指尖靴/转子摩擦配副间接触压力增大近10%;高温条件下,考虑热效应影响后,导致局部接触压力相对于不考虑热效应影响时减小了90%;性能试验结果表明考虑热效应后,密封上下游压力差为0.4 MPa时,指尖密封泄漏试验结果的最大误差仅为16.5%,而不考虑热效应影响时,最大误差达到了72.8%,验证了考虑热效应的必要性和热分析方法的合理性,为高温、高速条件下的指尖密封性能设计提供了重要参考。

基于粗糙接触的指尖密封热分析

提出了基于粗糙表面接触热阻的修正计算方法和考虑粗糙峰高度正态分布截断影响的修正系数拟合计算公式。根据等效的概念,将指尖密封系统中各接触副的接触热阻通过"圆柱桥"模型加以描述,在此基础上建立了指尖密封系统的有限元热分析模型。通过有限元计算,获得了指尖密封系统的温度场分布,以及系统最高温度随接触副表面粗糙度、转子过盈量和系统上下游气体压差等结构工况参数的变化规律。这一工作对于指尖密封的深入研究和设计具有较高的参考价值。

低迟滞渐开线型指尖密封的结构参数优化

以渐开线型指尖密封为例 ,建立了以低迟滞率为目标的优化模型 ;并基于ANSYS软件平台 ,进行了指尖密封结构参数优化分析 ,获得了某工况条件下具有低迟滞率的指尖密封结构参数。

考虑磨损效应的指尖密封瞬态泄漏特性分析

接触式指尖密封在工作过程中不可避免地会发生磨损,而磨损又会改变其泄漏特性进而影响旋转机械的效率。为了揭示磨损对指尖密封泄漏特性的影响规律,在指尖密封多孔介质流动分析模型的基础之上,建立了考虑转子离心膨胀和磨损效应的指尖密封瞬态泄漏特性数值分析模型,数值研究了转速和安装过盈量对指尖密封磨损及其对应的泄漏特性的影响规律。结果表明:考虑磨损效应时,指尖密封泄漏量随磨损时间的增加呈现出先减小后增大的趋势;转子转速越低,泄漏量降低至最小值所需的磨损时间越长,但最小泄漏量及其所对应的瞬态配合过盈量始终一致;安装过盈量越小,泄漏量降低至最小值所需的磨损时间越短,但最小泄漏量所对应的瞬态配合过盈量始终一致;此外,在任意磨损时刻,密封上下游压差越大泄漏量也越大。

基于等效模型的流体动压指尖密封动力学及泄漏量分析

流体动压指尖密封系统因其结构和工况条件的复杂,无法完整描述其动力学特性和泄漏性能。针对这一情况,通过有限元仿真试验,分析流体动压指尖密封系统动力学参数与指尖密封结构工况参数之间的关系,在此基础上建立等效流体动压指尖密封系统弹簧-质量-阻尼的双自由度动力学模型,实现流体动压指尖密封的动力学和泄漏性能分析。研究结果表明,只要合理选择结构和工况参数,就可以获得具有良好动力学和泄漏性能的流体动压指尖密封系统。所提出的等效动力学模型为以后进一步研究流体动压指尖密封这一复杂系统提供了有价值的思路和条件。通过与国外数据的对比,证明该等效动力学模型的可靠性和提出该模型的必要性。