Analysis of Si/GaAs Bonding Stresses with the Finite Element Method

In conjunction with ANSYS,we use the finite element method to analyze the bonding stresses of Si/ GaAs. We also apply a numerical model to investigate a contour map and the distribution of normal stress,shearing stress, and peeling stress, taking into full consideration the thermal expansion coefficient as a function of temperature. Novel bonding structures are proposed for reducing the effect of thermal stress as compared with conventional structures. Calculations show the validity of this new structure.

Finite element analysis of stress distribution and burst failure of SiC_f/Ti-6Al-4V composite ring

A three-dimensional cyclic symmetry finite element model of titanium-matrix composites（TMCs） ring was developed to investigate the stress distribution and burst failure. The effects of fiber volume fractions, reinforced areas, thermal residual stresses and two different temperatures on stress distribution were studied. The burst speed was obtained through analyzing the hoop tensile stresses under a series of rotating speeds. The results indicate that at the two different temperatures, the influences of fiber volume fractions and reinforced areas on stress level and distribution are different. Some proposals are provided for the structure design of the TMCs ring. With regard to thermal residual stresses, a larger reinforced area is an advisable choice for design of the ring at higher temperature.

Contact Stress Reliability Analysis Model for Cylindrical Gear with Circular Arc Tooth Trace Based on an Improved Metamodel

Although there is currently no unified standard theoretical formula for calculating the contact stress of cylindrical gears with a circular arc tooth trace(referred to as CATT gear),a mathematical model for determining the contact stress of CATT gear is essential for studying how parameters affect its contact stress and building the contact stress limit state equation for contact stress reliability analysis.In this study,a mathematical relationship between design parameters and contact stress is formulated using the KrigingMetamodel.To enhance the model’s accuracy,we propose a new hybrid algorithm that merges the genetic algorithm with the Quantum Particle Swarm optimization algorithm,leveraging the strengths of each.Additionally,the“parental inheritance+self-learning”optimization model is used to fine-tune the KrigingMetamodel’s parameters.Following this,amathematicalmodel for calculating the contact stress of Variable Hyperbolic Circular-Arc-Tooth-Trace(VH-CATT)gears using the optimized Kriging model was developed.We then examined how different gear parameters affect the VH-CATT gears’contact stress.Our simulation results show:(1)Improvements in R2,RMSE,and RMAE.R2 rose from0.9852 to 0.9974(a 1.22%increase),nearing 1,suggesting the optimized Kriging Metamodel’s global error is minimized.Meanwhile,RMSE dropped from3.9210 to 1.6492,a decline of 57.94%.The global error of the GA-IQPSO-Kriging algorithm was also reduced,with RMAE decreasing by 58.69%from 0.1823 to 0.0753,showing the algorithm’s enhanced precision.In a comparison of ten experimental groups selected randomly,the GA-IQPSO-Kriging and FEM-based contact analysis methods were used to measure contact stress.Results revealed a maximum error of 12.11667 MPA,which represents 2.85%of the real value.(2)Several factors,including the pressure angle,tooth width,modulus,and tooth line radius,are inversely related to contact stress.The descending order of their impact on the contact stress is:tooth line radius>modulus>pressure angle>tooth width.(3)Complex interactions are noted among various parameters.Specifically,when the tooth line radius interacts with parameters such as pressure angle,tooth width,and modulus,the resulting stress contour is nonlinear,showcasing amultifaceted contour plane.However,when tooth width,modulus,and pressure angle interact,the stress contour is nearly linear,and the contour plane is simpler,indicating a weaker coupling among these factors.

Finite Element Analysis of the Contact Mechanics of Ceramic-on-Ceramic Hip Resurfacing Prostheses

Ceramics are good alternative to metal as bearing couple materials because of their better wear resistance. A Finite Element(FE) study was performed to investigate the contact mechanics and stress distribution of Ceramic-on-Ceramic (COC) hip resurfacingprostheses. It was focused in particular on a parametric study to examine the effects of radial clearance, loading,alumina coating on the implants, bone quality, and fixation of cup-bone interface. It was found that a reduction in the radialclearance had the most significant effect on the predicted contact pressure distribution among all of the parameters considered inthis study. It was determined that there was a significant influence of non-metallic materials, such as the bone underneath thebearing components, on the predicted contact mechanics. Stress shielding within the bone tissue was found to be a major concernwhen regarding the use of ceramic as an alternative to metallic resurfacing prostheses. Therefore, using alumina implantswith a metal backing was found to be the best design for ceramic resurfacing prostheses in this study. The loading, bone quality,and acetabular cup fixation conditions were found to have only minor effects on the predicted contact pressure distribution alongthe bearing surfaces.

3-D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF WELDING RESIDUAL STRESS ON HYDROGEN DIFFUSION IN HYDROGEN CONTAINED ENVIRONMENT

The hydrogen distribution of 16MnR steel weldment in hydrogen contained environment was calculated using the finite element method （ FEM）. The effect of welding residual stress on hydrogen diffusion has been discussed using a 3-D sequential coupling finite element analysis procedure complied by Abaqus code. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient in weld metal, the heat affected zone （HAZ）, and the base metal of the 16MnR steel weldment were measured using the electrochemical permeation technique. The hydrogen diffusion without the effect of stress was also calculated and compared. Owing to the existence of welding residual stress, the hydrogen concentration was obviously increased and the hydrogen wouM diffuse and accumulate in the higher stress region.

STRESS FIELD ANALYSIS OF EXTRA-HEIGHT FORGING DIE USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

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Experimental and finite element analysis of tibial stress fractures using a rabbit model

AIM: To determine if rabbit models can be used to quantify the mechanical behaviour involved in tibial stress fracture(TSF) development.METHODS: Fresh rabbit tibiae were loaded under compression using a specifically-designed test apparatus. Weights were incrementally added up to a load of 30 kg and the mechanical behaviour of the tibia was analysed using tests for buckling, bone strain and hysteresis. Structural mechanics equations were subsequently employed to verify that the results were within the range of values predicted by theory. A finite element(FE) model was developed using cross-sectional computer tomography(CT) images scanned from one of the rabbit bones, and a static load of 6 kg(1.5 times the rabbit's body weight) was applied to represent running. The model was validated using the experimental strain gauge data, then geometric and elemental convergence tests were performed in order to find the minimum number of cross-sectional scans and elements respectively required for convergence. The analysis was then performed using both the model and the experimental results to investigate the mechanical behaviour of the rabbit tibia under compressive load and to examine crack initiation.RESULTS: The experimental tests showed that un der a compressive load of up to 12 kg, the rabbit tibia demonstrates linear behaviour with little hysteresis Up to 30 kg, the bone does not fail by elastic buckling however, there are low levels of tensile stress which predominately occur at and adjacent to the anterio border of the tibial midshaft: this suggests that fatigue failure occurs in these regions, since bone under cycli loading initially fails in tension. The FE model predic tions were consistent with both mechanics theory and the strain gauge results. The model was highly sensi tive to small changes in the position of the applied load due to the high slenderness ratio of the rabbit s tibia. The modelling technique used in the curren study could have applications in the development o human FE models of bone, where, unlike rabbit tibia the model would be relatively insensitive to very sma changes in load position. However, the rabbit mode itself is less beneficial as a tool to understand the me chanical behaviour of TSFs in humans due to the sma size of the rabbit bone and the limitations of human scale CT scanning equipment.CONCLUSION: The current modelling technique could be used to develop human FE models. However, the rabbit model itself has significant limitations in under standing human TSF mechanics.

Finite element analysis of temperature and stress fields during selective laser melting process of Al−Mg−Sc−Zr alloy

A 3D finite element model was established to investigate the temperature and stress fields during the selective laser melting process of Al−Mg−Sc−Zr alloy.By considering the powder−solid transformation,temperaturedependent thermal properties,latent heat of phase transformations and molten pool convection,the effects of laser power,point distance and hatch spacing on the temperature distribution,molten pool dimensions and residual stress distribution were investigated.Then,the effects of laser power,point distance and hatch spacing on the microstructure,density and hardness of the alloy were studied by the experimental method.The results show that the molten pool size gradually increases as the laser power increases and the point distance and hatch spacing decrease.The residual stress mainly concentrates in the middle of the first scanning track and the beginning and end of each scanning track.Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy of the model.The density of the samples tends to increase and then decrease with increasing laser power and decreasing point distance and hatch spacing.The optimum process parameters are laser power of 325−375 W,point distance of 80−100μm and hatch spacing of 80μm.

Influence of Geometric Design Variable and Bone Quality on Stress Distribution for Zirconia Dental Implants-A 3D Finite Element Analysis

This study aims to investigate the effects of variable thread pitch on stress distribution in bones of different bone qualities under two different loading conditions(Vertical,and Horizontal)for a Zirconia dental implant.For this purpose,a three dimensional finite element model of the mandibular premolar section and three single threaded implants of 0.8 mm,1.6 mm,2.4 mm pitch was designed.Finite element analysis software was used to develop the model and three different bone qualities(Type II,Type III,and Type IV)were prepared.A vertical load of 200 N,and a horizontal load of 100 N was applied at the abutment surface.The von-Mises stress criterion was used to analyze the results.The crestal bony-region of the mandibular section was subjected to maximum von-Mises stresses for all bone qualities.The outcome of this study indicates that,horizontal loading had more influence on stress distribution than vertical loading,regardless of the bone qualities and pitch values.Varying the dental implant pitch does not cause any decrease in stress distribution in bone,when the bone density decreased.The study concluded that implants with minimum pitch values induced lesser stress values at the implant-bone interface.

Finite Element Analysis of Thermal Stresses in Ceramic/Metal Gradient Thermal Barrier Coatings

This paper studied the thermal stresses of ceramicl metal gradient thermal barrier coating which combines the conceptions of ceramic thermal barrier coating （TBC） and functionally gradient material （FGM）. Thermal stresses and residual thermal stresses were calculated by an ANSYS finite element analysis software. Negative thermal expansion coefficient method was proposed and element birth and death method was applied to analyze the residual thermal stresses which have non-uniform initial temperature field. The numerical results show a good agreement with the analytical results and the experimental results.

Finite element analysis of slope stability by expanding the mobilized principal stress Mohr's circles-Development, encoding and validation

In recent years,finite element analysis is increasingly being proposed in slope stability problems as a competitive method to traditional limit equilibrium methods(LEMs)which are known for their inherent deficiencies.However,the application of finite element method(FEM)to slope stability as a strength reduction method(SRM)or as finite element limit analysis(FELA)is not always a success for the drawbacks that characterize both methods.To increase the performance of finite element analysis in this problem,a new approach is proposed in this paper.It consists in gradually expanding the mobilized stress Mohr’s circles until the soil failure occurs according to a prescribed non-convergence criterion.The present approach called stress deviator increasing method(SDIM)is considered rigorous for three main reasons.Firstly,it preserves the definition of the factor of safety(FOS)as the ratio of soil shear strength to the mobilized shear stress.Secondly,it maintains the progressive development of shear stress resulting from the increase in the principal stress deviator on the same plane,on which the shear strength takes place.Thirdly,by introducing the concept of equivalent stress loading,the resulting trial stresses are checked against the violation of the actual yield criterion formed with the real strength parameters rather than those reduced by a trial factor.The new numerical procedure was encoded in a Fortran computer code called S^(4)DINA and verified by several examples.Comparisons with other numerical methods such as the SRM,gravity increasing method(GIM)or even FELA by assessing both the FOS and contours of equivalent plastic strains showed promising results.

Three dimensional finite element analysis of acetabulum loaded by static stress and its biomechanical significance

Objective:To explore the mechanical behavior of acetabulum loaded by static stress and provide the mechanical basis for clinical analysis and judgement on acetabular mechanical distribution and effect of static stress.Methods:By means of computer simulation, acetabular three dimensional model was input into three dimensional finite element analysis software ANSYS7.0. The acetabular mechanical behavior was calculated and the main stress value, stress distribution and acetabular unit displacement in the direction of main stress were analyzed when anterior wall of acetabulum and acetabular crest were loaded by 1 000 N static stress. Results:When acetabular anterior wall loaded by X direction and Z direction composition force, the stress passed along 4 directions: (1)from acetabular anterior wall to pubic symphysis along superior branch of pubis firstly, (2)from acetabular anterior wall to cacroiliac joint along pelvic ring,(3)in the acetabulum,(4)from the suffered point to ischium. When acetabular crest loaded by X direction and Y direction composition force, the stress transmitted to 4 directions: (1)from acetabular crest to ilium firstly, (2)from suffered point to cacroiliac joint along pelvic ring,(3) in the acetabulum ,(4)along the pubic branch,but no stress transmitted to the ischium branch.Conclusion:Analyzing the stress distribution of acetabulum and units displacement when static stress loaded can provide internal fixation point for acetabular fracture treatment and help understand the stress distribution of acetabulum.

Analysis of Leakage in Bolted-Flanged Joints Using Contact Finite Element Analvsis

The evolution of leakage is studied using detailed contact finite element analysis. The distribution of stress at the gasket is analyzed using a contact condition based on slide-line elements using ABAQUS, a commercial finite element code, Slide-line elements also take into account pressure penetration as contact that is lost between flange and gasket. Results are presented for a particular flange, a raised face flange sealed by a mild steel gasket. A comparison of the results from the gasket contact analysis and the contact conditions specified by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sections VIII, Division 1 shows that the conditions specified in the ASME Code predict leakage relatively accurately.

Finite Element Analysis and Experiment Research on Surface Residual Stress of Ceramics Grinding

The theoretical model of residual stress of ceramics grinding has been established applying thermal elastoplastic mechanics theory. While grinding at the course of grinding wheel moved along workpiece surface the distributing regulation of residual stress can be simplified into thermal elastioplastic mechanical issue, under the action of the both moving centralized force and heat source. Calculating and evaluating of surface residual stress using current procedure of finite element analysis which has been reformed is successful. Comparing with X-ray diffraction experiment method, satisfactory precision has been acquired. The results of experiment show the changing regularity of residual stresses after grinding Al 2O 3 using diamond wheel, on condition that alter grinding parameters. The values of residual compress stress are taken place changing at key certain critical point on their figure as follow: When grinding depth a p is lower than 50 μm, the residual compress stresses are increased with grinding depth increasing, on the contrary as a p>50 μm. At V w<8 m/min, the residual compress stresses increased rapidly with feed speed of workpiece increasing, on the contrary at V w>8 m/min.When V s<25 m/s the residual stress increased with wheel speed increasing and keep stable in value at V s>25 m/s.According to grinding mechanism the cause of residual stress transform has been explained.

New Finite Elements in Shear Stress Analysis of Saint Venant′s Torsional Loaded Beam Structures

Recent engineering design as well as material processing on the optimization procedure are based and computeroriented. Finite element stress and sensitivity analysis are the most important things in such modern determinationof optimal solution. According to high computer capacity finite element continuum discretization and load applicationindependent of the coming fields become unlimited. This paper deals with the development of a new finite elementsgeneration used in shear stress analysis caused by S.Venant′s torsional load and bending with shear. Their stiffnessmatrices and load vectors on the basis of their geometrical properties are derived. For justification of new finiteelements application some examples are presented.

CONTACT FRICTION ANALYSIS AND STRESS OSCILLATION SUPPRESSION WITH A SIMPLE INTERFACE ELEMENT

A simple interface element for analyzing contact friction problems is developed. Taking nodal displacements and contact stresses as unknowns, this element can simulate frictional slippage, decoupling and re-bonding of two bodies initially mating or having gaps at a common interface. The method is based on the Finite Element Method and load incremental theory. The geometric and static constraint conditions on contact surfaces are treated as additional conditions and are included in stiffness equations. This simple element has the advantages of easy implementation into standard finite element programs and fast speed for convergence as well as high accuracy for stress distribution in interface. Undesirable stress oscillations are also investigated whenever large stress gradients exist over the contact surfaces. Exact integration or the conventional Gauss integration scheme used to evaluate the interpolation function matrix of the interface element is found to be the source of the oscillations. Eigenmode analysis demonstrates that the stress behavior of an interface element can be improved by using the Newton-Cotes integration scheme. Finally, the test example of a strip footing problem is presented.

Finite element analysis on temperature field and residual stress of welding assembly for I-beam and end-plate

Based on full scale model of 1-beam and end-plate welding assembly with medium plate, welding temperature field and residual stress were simulated, infrared thermometers were employed to measure the real-time temperature Jbr verification purposes. Results show that the measured thermal cycle curves match well with the simulation result. Simulation results of welding residual stress indicate that the values of longitudinal and transverse stress on the upper surface of the plate are higher than the normal stress; higher tensile stresses exist at the end of the web weld toes and in the central area of the flange weld toes. The dangerous zones are located at the central areas of weld toes of the flange welds and near weld toes of the web welds.

Finite element analysis of the angular distortion and residual stress in underwater wet welding

In underwater environment, the shape, voltage, and energy density of the welding arc vary because of the high pressure and there are notable changes in workpiece cooling conditions due to the strong cooling effect of water. As a result, there are clear differences between the residual stress and thermal distortion in underwater wet welding and those in conventional welding （in air）. Considering these process features, a thermo-mechanical finite element model of underwater wet bead-on-plate welding was established. The influences of the water compressing action to the arc and the enhanced heat losses caused by the surrounding water on the residual stress and the angular distortion of the workpiece were analyzed. Results show that the angular distortion gets smaller in deeper water, and that the longitudinal residual stress gets smaller as water flows faster.

Finite element analysis on electron beam brazing temperature and stresses of stainless steel radiator

Based on thermal-elasto-plastic finite element theory, a two-dimensional finite element model for calculating electron beam brazing temperature and residual stress fields of stainless steel radiator are presented. The distributions of temperature and residual stress are studied. The resuhs showed that temperature distribution on brazing surface is rather uniform, ranging from 1 026 ℃ to 1 090 ℃. The residual stresses are varied from initial compressive to tensile , and the variation of residual stress is very little in total zone of brazing surface.

Stress analysis of three-dimensional finite element model of malunion calcaneus during gait

Objective: To analyze the stress distribution of calcaneus with posterior articular facet compressed after fracture and talus during gait. Methods: A wedge under the posterior articular was transected from a normal finite element model of calcaneus and talus to simulate malformation of compression of the posterior facet after fracture of calcaneus. The model was used to simulate for three subphases of the stance during the gait(heel strike, midstance, push off) and calculate the finite element. The results were compared with normal situation. Results: The stress distribution within the bone in situation of malformation was obtained and regions of elevated stresses for three subphases were located. The results were significantly different from that of normal situation. Conclusion: The simulation of calcaneus and talus in malformation has important clinic implication and can provide an insight into the factors contributing to many clinic pathogenic changes after fracture of calcaneus.