Adaptive hp finite element method for fluorescence molecular tomography with simplified spherical harmonics approximation

Recently,the simplified spherical harmonics equations(SP)model has at tracted much att entionin modeling the light propagation in small tissue ggeometriesat visible and near-infrared wave-leng ths.In this paper,we report an eficient numerical method for fluorescence moleeular tom-ography(FMT)that combines the advantage of SP model and adaptive hp finite elementmethod(hp-FEM).For purposes of comparison,hp-FEM and h-FEM are,respectively applied tothe reconstruction pro cess with diffusion approximation and SPs model.Simulation experiments on a 3D digital mouse atlas and physical experiments on a phantom are designed to evaluate thereconstruction methods in terms of the location and the reconstructed fluorescent yield.Theexperimental results demonstrate that hp-FEM with SPy model,yield more accurate results thanh-FEM with difusion approximation model does.The phantom experiments show the potentialand feasibility of the proposed approach in FMT applications.

Spherical harmonics method for neutron transport equation based on unstructured-meshes

Based on a new second-order neutron transport equation, self-adjoint angular flux (SAAF) equation, the spherical harmonics (PN) method for neutron transport equation on unstructured-meshes is derived. The spherical harmonics function is used to expand the angular flux. A set of differential equations about the spatial variable, which are coupled with each other, can be obtained. They are solved iteratively by using the finite element method on un- structured-meshes. A two-dimension transport calculation program is coded according to the model. The numerical results of some benchmark problems demonstrate that this method can give high precision results and avoid the ray effect very well.

Effects of harmonic electric field frequency on electromagnetic and flow fields of Ti-Al melt in a rectangular mold based on numerical simulation

A model was established based on Maxwell's equations and Navier-Stokes' equations to numerically simulate the electromagnetic field and flow field in a rectangular mold with sectional aspect ratio of 5:1. The FEM (Finite Element Method) and APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language) were employed for the model to execute the modeling, meshing, load applying and solving. The Ti-Al alloy melt was selected to illustrate and validate the effects of the harmonic field frequency on the distribution of the physical fields in the mold. The simulated results demonstrate that with an increasing frequency the electric current forms an ellipsoid cavity where it becomes much weaker, and that the melt flows more intensely with low frequency (less than 5 kHz) than with high frequency (more than 5 kHz). The melt is pinched from the central part in the mold to bipolar parts in which it forms two vortexes in each side. The maximum value of fluid velocity exists near the bipolar zone.

Spatial Interpolation of Tidal Data Using a Multiple-Order Harmonic Equation for Unstructured Grids

A general spatial interpolation method for tidal properties has been developed by solving a partial differential equation with a combination of different orders of harmonic operators using a mixed finite element method. Numerically, the equation is solved implicitly without iteration on an unstructured triangular mesh grid. The paper demonstrates the performance of the method for tidal property fields with different characteristics, boundary complexity, number of input data points, and data point distribution. The method has been successfully applied under several different tidal environments, including an idealized distribution in a square basin, coamplitude and cophase lines in the Taylor semi-infiite rotating channel, and tide coamplitude and cophase lines in the Bohai Sea and Chesapeake Bay. Compared to Laplace’s equation that NOAA/NOS currently uses for interpolation in hydrographic and oceanographic applications, the multiple-order harmonic equation method eliminates the problem of singularities at data points, and produces interpolation results with better accuracy and precision.

R&D of High Current Balance Reactors

The design of high current balance reactors used in the ITER DC testing platform is presented,which is verified by simulations with finite element method software,and the reactors are fabricated and tested according to the design output.These reactors are chosen as multilayer multi-turn structure and cooled by water.The multilayer multi-turn structure is usually selected by some high voltage reactors,but is seldom used in high current situations.The analysis and testing results indicate that the multilayer multi-turn structure is also feasible for high current reactors with many advantages,and is of considerable significance to similar applications.

Analysis of Harmonic Current in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and Its Effect on Motor Torque

The inverter is used as the power supply of modern permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The inverter may produce harmonics in inversion process and form harmonic currents in motor stator winding which can lead to factors against motor smooth operation such as torque fluctuating and winding heating. This article focuses on the harmonic currents formed in the motor stator winding by getting the harmonics frequency spectrum with software. The effect of harmonic currents to motor torque is analyzed with the finite element method (FEM).

Torque Improvement of Spoke-type Permanent Magnet Motor with Auxiliary Stator Using Harmonic Current Control Strategy

The spoke-type permanent magnet motor with auxiliary stator exhibits high torque performance owing to the flux focus effects.To further improve its torque density,this paper proposes a control method by using harmonic current strategy.Based on the theoretical analysis,a 3-D torque look-up table by dq-axis current and electrical angle is established with the aid of the finite element method(FEM).The maximum torque per ampere curve at each rotor position is identified and summarized to adequately indicate the relationship between torque and current amplitude of the motor.Through theoretical derivation,it is concluded that the minimum torque cost curve is the contour line of?Te/?i2,which can be employed to identify the harmonic current for torque density improvement.Compared to traditional strategies,the proposed control strategy can increase torque density of forward and reverse torque by 1.22%and 1.40%,respectively.The experimental results verify the analysis and simulation results,as well as prove the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Investigation of temperature effect on stress of flexspline

The effect of temperature loading on the stress of a flexspline is investigated. Based on the geometric and mechanical characteristics of the harmonic gear flexspline, a circular thin shell model is presented in this paper. The theoretical solution for the flexspline under different displacement loads and different temperature fields is derived. Meanwhile, an impact factor formula, which reflects the effect of the temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the flexspline on the stress of the flexspline, is presented. Finally, numerical calculations by the finite element method （FEM） are adopted to verify the corresponding conclusions.

Numerical calculation of thermal field and heat transfer coefficient for 160 kA aluminum reduction cell

The principle of thermal flux being constant in heat flow tube and the principle of heat balance were applied to analyze and calculate the steady state thermal field and the electrolyte ledge heat transfer coefficient of aluminum reduction cell by finite element method. The calculated results show that the melt ledge heat transfer coefficient in the 160kA prebaked anode aluminum reduction cell of Guizhou Aluminum Smelter is higher than that of other cells of the same current. It is also found that the electrolyte and metal flow much faster, which may be the results of poor bus bar arrangements. Meanwhile, the calculated results of melt ledge heat transfer coefficient by heat flow tube method are almost in full agreement with the former works. This verifies the applicability of this method.

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF 1150 MW NUCLEAR TURBINE-GENERATOR SYSTEM

The dynamic analysis of a 1150 MW turbine generator system using the transfer matrix method (TMM) and the finite element method (FEM) for computation is presented.Excellent agreement was obtained between critical speeds computed by TMM and FEM,respectively.The entire system modes are considerably different from the individual component modes.Using the mode shapes as a baseline,modal analysis of field balance can be implemented for this rotor system.A comparison of the experimental and theoretical predictions are presented,too.The forced responses of the system including foundation or pedestal mass,stiffness and damping effects were computed by means of FEM.It is approved that an appropriately formed and placed force couple,as a dynamic balance couple,may suppress strong forced vibrations in the vicinity of critical speeds close to the operating speed.Also,the bearings of low pressure turbines need to be well damped to avoid exciting lower and median critical speed modes.

A New Iterative Method for Multi-Moving Boundary Problems Based Boundary Integral Method

The present paper deals with very important practical problems of wide range of applications. The main target of the present paper is to track all moving boundaries that appear throughout the whole process when dealing with multi-moving boundary problems continuously with time up to the end of the process with high accuracy and minimum number of iterations. A new numerical iterative scheme based the boundary integral equation method is developed to track the moving boundaries as well as compute all unknowns in the problem. Three practical applications, one for vaporization and two for ablation were solved and their results were compared with finite element, heat balance integral and the source and sink results and a good agreement were obtained.

Continuation Finite Element Simulation of Second Harmonic Generation in Photonic Crystals

A computational study on the enhancement of the second harmonic generation(SHG)in one-dimensional(1D)photonic crystals is presented.The mathematical model is derived from a nonlinear system of Maxwell’s equations,which partly overcomes the shortcoming of some existing models based on the undepleted pump approximation.We designed an iterative scheme coupled with the finite element method which can be applied to simulate the SHG in one dimensional nonlinear photonic band gap structures in our previous work.For the case that the nonlinearity is strong which is desirable to enhance the conversion efficiency,a continuation method is introduced to ensure the convergence of the iterative procedure.The convergence of our method is fast.Numerical experiments also indicate the conversion efficiency of SHG can be significantly enhanced when the frequencies of the fundamental and the second harmonic wave are tuned at the photonic band edges.The maximum total conversion efficiency available reaches more than 50%in all the cases studied.

Prediction of Core Losses of Three-Phase Distribution Transformer

Transformers are normally designed and built for use at rated frequency and sinusoidal load current. A non-linear load on a transformer leads to harmonic power losses which cause increased operational costs and additional heating in transformer parts. It leads to higher losses, early fatigue of insulation, premature failure and reduction of the useful life of the transformer. To prevent these problems, the rated capacity of transformer which supplies harmonic loads must be reduced. In this work, a typical 50 kVA three-phase distribution transformer with real practical parameters is taken under non-linear loads generated due to domestic loads. The core losses is evaluated using the three dimensional model of the transformer developed in FEM （finite element method） program based on valid model of transformer under high harmonic conditions. And finally a relation associated with core losses and amplitude of high harmonic order are reviewed ＆ analyzed and then a comparison is being carried out on the results obtained by different excitation current in transformer windings.

脉冲风洞天平基础动力特征的简化计算方法

为了研究脉冲风洞天平基础在脉冲气动荷载作用下的动力响应特征,以某脉冲风洞为例,选择某典型气动荷载作用形式,建立了脉冲风洞天平基础在气动荷载作用下竖直方向、水平方向位移以及回转角度等动力特征的简化计算方法,并采用数值模拟的方法验证其可靠性.研究结果表明:天平基础在典型气动荷载作用下,竖直向最大振幅0.00175 mm,频率7.94 Hz,水平向最大振幅0.00283 mm,频率7.94 Hz,回转角度最大振幅0.00034°,频率7.94 Hz,典型气动荷载对天平基础振动影响较小,也未产生共振现象;基础振动最大振幅随气动荷载增大而增大,基础振动频率随气动荷载频率增大而增大;在气动荷载不变的条件下,基础振动的最大振幅与频率随尺寸的变大而变小,基础振动的最大振幅也随地基土性质的增强而减小,但地基土性质的变化对基础振动频率无影响.

基于功率流有限元法的涡旋压缩机振动特性研究

针对涡旋压缩机内部振动传递路径复杂,采用传统的传递函数法往往不能真实地描述振动产生与传递的本质问题,引入功率流有限元法从能量角度分析振动传递特性,进行涡旋压缩机内部振动产生、传递与空间分布的可视化研究。在分析涡旋压缩机的动力拓扑关系基础上建立激励源,提取与振动响应模型并进行仿真分析;利用实体试验和响应分析结果对比进行模型有效性分析;在验证后的模型上定义8个能量输出面,分析谐波与激励作用下上支撑和下支撑的振动能量传递特性,并且计算节点的功率流矢量确定振源的空间分布。结果表明,涡旋压缩机曲轴在运转到280°时,振动频率在1 000 Hz与1 890 Hz时振动能量传递率较高,上支撑能量分布均匀并集于自身,下支撑能量集中于支脚并向外传递。研究方法和研究成果对于涡旋压缩机振动分布及传递、振动控制和优化设计等方面具有一定借鉴意义。

Pasternak地基中H(t)-V受荷桩水平响应有限杆单元法分析

为探讨桩顶水平动荷载H(t)与竖向荷载V联合作用下桩基的水平响应,基于Pasternak地基和Euler梁理论,建立了桩-土相互作用水平振动分析模型,采用改进的有限杆单元方法求解考虑P-Δ效应、土体剪切效应影响的综合刚度矩阵方程,结合桩土连续边界条件得到桩身内力与位移解答.通过与已有解析解、有限元解和模型试验的结果比较,验证了计算方法的合理性.最后,对影响桩身内力与位移的主要因素进行分析.结果表明:1)传统Win⁃kler地基相较于Pasternak地基模型,忽略了地基土体的剪切效应,将夸大桩体结构的实际受力,使得计算得到的桩身水平位移和弯矩均大于Pasternak地基所得结果,且随着桩土弹模比Ep/Es的降低,两种地基模型计算的桩身最大水平位移和弯矩的差异性呈现出增强趋势;2)随着桩顶竖向荷载的增加,桩身水平位移和弯矩受P-Δ效应的影响显著.当桩顶竖向荷载特征参数λ由0增至2时,桩身最大水平位移和弯矩分别提高40.85%和78.57%;3)相较无限长桩(L>20d_(p)),有限长桩的水平位移和弯矩的动力响应受桩身长径比L/d_(p)影响更大;桩身最大水平位移和弯矩随着水平简谐荷载幅值H_(0)的增加而增大,随着无量纲频率a_(0)的增大而减小.

杯形谐波减速器齿廓修形方法及寿命预测分析

杯形谐波减速器柔轮与波发生器装配时产生的径向变形量理论与实际不符,柔轮与刚轮轮齿出现啮合干涉,基于柔轮装配的变形情况提出了柔轮齿廓修形方法。通过有限元法装配仿真确定了合适的修形量,修形后柔轮经过装配和运转有限元分析,最后基于Miner线性疲劳理论采用Fe-safe软件对柔轮寿命进行了预测。结果表明,修形后柔轮装配时最大应力从962.2 MPa降低至532.7 MPa,负载运转时应力为609.9 MPa,轮齿应力有较大改善且啮合干涉情况得到解决,柔轮寿命循环次数为4.28×10^(6)。

基于谐响应的大型异步电机电磁振动分析

大型异步电机的电磁振动是电机振动的主要构成部分,对电机振动等级的评估需要进行准确的电磁振动分析,本文以一台10 kV兆瓦级大型异步电机为对象进行电磁振动分析。首先对完整的电机模型进行模态分析,求解固有频率及对应振型,并实验测量了电机实际运行时的固有频率;然后将电磁场二维有限元计算得到的径向电磁力作为载荷,对该电机进行谐响应分析,最后与实验测得的振动速率对比。结果表明,基于电机整机模型的模态分析和谐响应分析可以较为准确地分析大型异步电机电磁振动,能够为电机的优化设计或电磁振动抑制提供理论依据。

基于图像八叉树的三维比例边界有限元多面体网格生成算法

基于图像八叉树方法,提出了平衡八叉树和多面体网格修剪相结合的三维比例边界有限元多面体网格算法,该算法根据结构尺寸建立恰好完全包含整个结构的立方体网格,再建立结构图像像素信息,根据像素信息,按照2∶1的平衡分割原则递归地进行等分,完成平衡八叉树网格生成。结构内单元网格完全保留,结构外单元网格删除,对于结构边界单元网格,提出采用面-立方体相交判断方法进行边界单元与结构边界相交面的筛选,搜寻结构单元与结构边界表面相交点,通过有序连接相交点形成边界单元切割面,再结合边界单元其他几个面,构成裁剪后的多面体单元。数值算例结果表明,基于本文算法生成的比例边界有限元网格计算结果具有较好的精度和边界适应性。

深中通道中山大桥主桥超宽大节段钢箱梁吊装匹配技术

深中通道中山大桥主桥为主跨580 m的双塔双索面钢箱梁斜拉桥,主梁采用流线型扁平钢箱梁,梁宽46 m(含风嘴),主梁共划分69个节段,标准段长18 m、最大吊重约429 t,采用桥面吊机双悬臂吊装。由于钢箱梁节段自重大、宽度较大、横桥向竖向刚度较小等,在桥面吊机悬臂吊装过程中,会出现钢箱梁匹配面高差过大(最大约63 mm)的问题。为解决该问题,实现梁段精确匹配安装,提出3种钢箱梁吊装匹配方案:“门架+拉索”方案、“牛腿反力架”方案、“一字梁锁定+C形焊缝+部分张拉斜拉索”方案。经有限元仿真分析综合比选,最终选择“一字梁锁定+C形焊缝+部分张拉斜拉索”方案。该方案以箱梁竖腹板为定位点,提前焊接一字梁,采用法兰连接后锁定待拼梁段,部分焊接拼接面内箱梁形成C形焊缝;通过提前挂索并张拉部分斜拉索,减小匹配面已拼梁段横桥向竖向变形,达到箱梁匹配要求。施工中采取了匹配高差调节、局部应力控制、拼接缝宽控制等关键技术,最终将该桥钢箱梁匹配面高差减小至9.8 mm以内,钢箱梁局部应力可控,斜拉索初张过程中钢箱梁应力增量小于10 MPa,且各箱梁节段拼接缝宽可控制在1 cm以内。