TESTBED在某型高炮火控软件测试中的应用

研究了黑盒功能测试和结构覆盖测试,定义了各种覆盖率指标及指出其适用范围,根据覆盖率准则的包含关系,提出了装备定型中关键软件的测试策略;针对某型高炮系统的组成与特点,设计和搭建了其火控软件配置项测试的仿真测试平台;介绍了TESTBED插装选项中两种基本覆盖率信息压缩方式,并通过插装模板和插装代码的适应性改造,建立了一种新的覆盖率信息压缩形式BYTEMAP,克服了BITMAP插装方式对被测火控软件实时性的影响,利用系统预留的串行通信端口,输出了测试的覆盖率信息,实现了嵌入式火控软件的覆盖率测试和分析;测试结果表明:根据软件规约所设计的测试用例和覆盖率分析所补充的测试用例充分有效,达到了预期的测试效果.

Study on the Fire Behavior of Sandwich Wall Panels with GFRP Skins and a Wood-Web Core

To investigate the temperature field and residual bearing capacity of the sandwich wall panels with GFRP skins and a wood-web core under a fire,three sandwich walls were tested.One of them was used for static load test and the other two for the one-side fire tests.Besides,temperature probe points were set on the sandwich walls to obtain the temperature distribution.Meanwhile,the model of the sandwich wall was established in the finite element software by the method of core material stiffness equivalent.The temperature distribution and performance reduction of materials were also considered.The residual bearing capacity of specimens after fire exposure were simulated considering the effects of web spacing,wall panel thickness and fire exposure time.Because the sandwich wall panels were stressed by eccentric compression after a fire,the residual compressive strength of the wall panel after the fire can be calculated through the eccentric loading analysis.Compared with the numerical results,it can be concluded that the effectiveness of calculation method of residual bearing capacity after fire exposure was proved.

基于边缘计算的智慧消防物联网网关设计与实现

信息技术的不断发展,消防系统基于物联网技术逐步向着自动化、智能化发展。基于此,本研究依托于物联网技术对智慧消防网关开展设计与实现;以边缘计算为基础,对智能物联网网关设计与实现过程进行介绍,并对该系统消防通道占用情况的图像分析模块进行实现;通过现实搭建对网关的节点、服务器通信以及消防通道占用检测结果进行分析,测试结果表明:本研究的智慧消防物联网网关设计适宜于现实应用。

Structural behaviors of steel roof truss exposed to pool fire

Experimental research was conducted to study the structural behaviors of a steel roof truss model without fire-proof coating under pool fire conditions. The data of temperature distribution and displacements of typical members were obtained. It is found that the temperature distribution of environment inside the structure, which is found to be in accordance with the multi-zone model with height, has a decisive effect on the tempera^tre evolution of steel members. Besides, it can also be observed that due to the restriction and coordination among the truss members in the localized fire, the maximum relative deflection, which occurs at the mid-span of the top chord, is relatively slight and has not exceeded 1 mm under experimental conditions. On the other hand, the column experiences a notable thermal expansion during the test. Then, a finite element model is presented and validated by the test results.

燃煤电厂取水设施物理模型试验研究

某燃煤电厂调试阶段出现了循环冷却水量不足而导致机组停机现象,排查供水系统源头,发现取水泵运行时发生喘振,造成供水量不足,进一步引发机组停机。为保障燃煤电厂机组安全稳定运行,其取水水源需要稳定可靠,取水设施各部位尺寸应合理设计。以巴基斯坦某660 MW燃煤电站海水取水工程为例,对海水取水泵房及配套设施进行物理模型试验研究,并对设计方案进行了验证,试验结果表明,推荐设计方案布置可满足HIS(hydraulic institute standards)建议值,能保证取水设备安全稳定运行。

Heat resistance and water protection effectiveness for large single-pane fireproof glass

The effects and heat transfer mode of water film and sprinkler system on the heat-resistant property associated with the insulation of a fireproof glass were investigated. In the experiments, fireproof glass with a size of 3 300 mm （height）×2 200 mm （width） ×12 mm （thickness） was exposed to an oil pool fire with a power of approximately 1.4 MW. The experimental results show that the application of the water film or sprinkler system on the glass can effectively resist the intensive heat from the fire in the test due to the absorption of latent heat. The permitted period of integrity and insulation with a water film and a sprinkler system could be extended to 60 min. It should be noted that the temperature of the glass surface Can be kept under 60℃in a 60 min test. The experimental results suggest that it is feasible to substitute fireproof glass with water film for a fireproof door as long as the water film or sprinkler system can work stably and water can cover the whole surface of the frreproof glass.

钢壳沉管隧道耐火极限标准与防火保护技术研究——以深中通道沉管隧道为例

为提高我国超大断面钢壳沉管隧道火灾防控水平,以深中通道海底沉管隧道为例,采用热力耦合模拟和材性试验等方法开展钢壳沉管隧道耐火极限标准研究,考虑到龙骨、拼缝等防火构造薄弱环节,进行管节结构和管节接头耐火试验,并提出相应的防火保护技术方案。主要结论如下:1)管节结构的耐火极限标准为火灾时,应将结构内侧钢壳最高温度控制在300℃以内;2)OMEGA橡胶管节接头的耐火极限标准为OMEGA橡胶超过70℃的时间小于2 h,超过100℃的时间小于1 h,且最高温度不得超过150℃;3)GINA橡胶管节接头的耐火极限标准为GINA橡胶超过100℃的时间小于1 h,且最高温度不得超过150℃;4)管节结构可采用35 mm单层防火板L型拼缝,对接面涂热膨胀胶;5)管节接头可采用35 mm防火板+50 mm陶瓷纤维毯双层防火保护体系,龙骨自由端取500 mm,拼缝处采用防火胶封堵。

Horizontal Fire Spread in a Contemporary Apartment Based on a Real Fire

The apartment fire tests comprise a set of two full-scale fire experiments in a dwelling building made from pre-fabricated concrete elements in April 2013. Two apartments were nearly identically furnished and fully instrumented with thermocouples, video cameras and gas extraction probes. The apartments were ignited successively whereupon the fire in the second apartment developed freely to post-flashover conditions and got the main focus in this report. The apartment was completely furnished with contemporary furniture and objects, and had an average fire load density for residential occupancy. A full description of the fire load, ventilation conditions and instrumentation are provided. The focus of this report is primarily to obtain conclusions on the horizontal spread of smoke throughout the apartment during the fire growth period. Velocities of smoke spreading were measured to be in the range below 0.05 m/s which means that the smoke migrated over the longest distance throughout the apartment for about 3 to 4 minutes while the flame did not leave the initial fire room. The main aim of the experiments was to collect a comprehensive set of data from a realistic and contemporary fire scenario to validate numerical simulations.

Risk Factors Associated with Non-Compliance with Respiratory Protection Programs among Firefighters

Non-compliance with respiratory protection programs among firefighters may put them at increased risk of injury and illness from occupational exposures during fire extinguishing activities. This research aims to characterize respiratory protection practices among Florida firefighters. This information will allow better understanding of factors that are associated with non-compliance with respiratory protection guidelines. A survey questionnaire was used to characterize Florida fire departments in this cross-sectional study. Four hundred and seventy-seven surveys were administered to Florida firefighters both in person and electronically to collect information regarding firefighter knowledge and participation in their respective respiratory protection programs during the past twelve months. Survey questions were developed from the model set by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) which provides standards and regulations regarding firefighter protections. Summary statistics regarding firefighter department size, coverage area, and firefighter employment type were produced. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors that impact respiratory protection programs. The 477 respondents were 91% male with a mean age of 39 years old (range 21 - 65 years). The majority of respondents, 76%, were non-smokers, 21% former smokers, and 3% current smokers. In regard to ethnicity, respondents were 77% Caucasian, 13% Hispanic, 3% African American, and 4% other. Most respondents were career firefighters, 97%, with less than ten years of experience, 44%, working in a fire department with at least 21 firefighters, 98%. Most respondents, 80%, had a written respiratory program in place. The most cited reason for not having implemented a written respiratory protection program was lack of knowledge related to the program. Multinomial logistic regression analysis of departments with response areas of at least 250,000 square miles produced a statistically significant 0.444 (0.219 - 0.901 CI) odds ratio for having a written respiratory program as compared to those with a less than 10,000 square miles response area. Additional resources need to be given to Florida fire departments to ensure that all firefighters receive adequate respiratory protection in accordance with NFPA guidelines. There is an association between fire departments with large response areas and non-compliance with respiratory protection guidelines in regard to: having a written respiratory program, the frequency of respiratory fit testing, and the frequency of medical fitness testing. This suggests that rural fire departments need additional resources to ensure firefighters are adequately protected. Additional research should focus on why these differences exist in the rural fire departments. Respondents stating a lack of knowledge or no requirement for a written respiratory program suggest that future efforts should focus on respiratory protection education and training.

工业电子雷管在拆除爆破中的应用

近年来,工业电子雷管的产量总体保持高速增长,主要应用于露天土岩和隧道掘进爆破领域,在拆除爆破领域的使用量不足5%。为分析工业电子雷管在拆除爆破应用过程中存在的问题,结合拆除爆破工程案例,发现逐发扫描录入雷管的效率较低,需提高工业电子雷管起爆系统单台起爆器的起爆能以及扫描录入雷管和连接卡扣的效率。结合大规模工业电子雷管起爆网路试验,发现工业电子雷管起爆网路的传爆可靠性较高,雷管的报错率为0.03%~0.07%,拒爆率为0.02%;通过扫描盒条码录入雷管,可显著提高连网的操作工效。在拆除爆破工程中,需要根据结构的倒塌运动过程合理设置构件的起爆时间,根据工程规模定制合适的盒包装雷管数量,从而提高工业电子雷管起爆网路的适用性。

某核燃料循环火灾事故研究装置及初步研究成果介绍

火灾事故作为核燃料循环设施典型事故,是国际核燃料循环安全领域研究的焦点。中国辐射防护研究院目前建有小、中、大三个尺度的核燃料循环火灾事故放射性源项研究装置。小尺度装置为200 L圆柱体燃烧舱室,主要用于可燃物基础参数测试;中尺度装置和大尺度装置分别为20 m^(3)、120 m^(3)长方体燃烧舱室,主要用于开展可燃物燃烧速率、温度分布、放射性气体与气溶胶释放份额、核素释放份额和过滤效率等科学研究。重点对三套装置各自的特征和研究能力进行总结,结合国际研究热点提出了进一步研究计划。

200 N推力装置上肼类分解催化剂的应用性能

研究制备了一种单组元姿轨控发动机用肼类分解催化剂,采用200 N推力装置对其应用性能进行了研究和考察。在催化剂物化性能指标满足应用要求的基础上,利用200 N推力装置通过力学环境试验考察了催化剂力学环境适应性,通过双-10℃低温冷启动、低温稳态及脉冲、正负拉偏以及脉冲寿命热试考核程序考察了自制催化剂的低温冷启动性能、低温稳态性能、常温正负拉偏稳态性能以及脉冲寿命性能。结果表明:该催化剂肼催化分解效率在99%以上,机械强度高且力学环境适应性良好,具有较高的肼催化分解活性和稳定性,能够在200 N推力装置上于双-10℃正常启动,顺利完成了低温稳态、常温正负拉偏和脉冲寿命等考核程序,发动机室压平稳,响应特性良好,脉冲一致性好,可满足推力装置的使用要求。

火灾下活性粉末混凝土梁斜截面承载性能研究

为探明火灾下活性粉末混凝土(Receative power concrete,RPC)梁斜截面承载性能退化规律,设计制作了六根RPC简支梁试件,开展了恒载下ISO834标准火灾试验,获得了时间-位移曲线、荷载-位移曲线、内部温度变化、裂缝开展、破坏形态、高温爆裂等数据,分析了剪跨比、荷载水平、配箍率、纵筋配筋率对火灾下RPC梁斜截面承载性能的影响规律。结果表明:剪跨比、荷载水平是影响RPC梁斜截面耐火极限的关键因素,剪跨比由2.5增至3.5,荷载水平由0.25增至0.45,RPC梁耐火极限可降低30 min以上;配箍率对RPC梁的斜截面承载力和耐火极限影响显著;纵筋配筋率对RPC梁耐火极限影响甚微。火灾高温、爆裂削弱了RPC梁的斜截面承载性能,爆裂导致内部材料直接受火,加速其力学性能劣化,使梁斜截面承载力降低33.5%以上。该研究可为火灾下RPC梁斜截面承载安全及火灾后加固修复提供参考。

局部受热锈蚀预应力混凝土梁力学性能试验研究

随着我国基础建设的发展,大量混凝土桥梁在恶劣环境影响下发生腐蚀和老化,腐蚀桥梁结构的灾害破坏机理研究对桥梁结构的运营安全具有重要意义。为研究已经锈蚀受损的桥梁在局部受热状态下的高温力学性能,设计10根预应力混凝土梁试件。其中对照组的2根试件在常温下加载,试验变量为预应力筋初始应力,试验组的8根试件在高温下加载,试验变量分别为钢筋锈蚀、预应力筋初始应力、初始荷载。首先,基于电化学原理对4根预应力混凝土梁进行钢筋加速锈蚀处理,然后利用复合高温试验炉对8根预应力混凝土梁(4根锈蚀、4根未锈蚀)在跨中进行三面受火试验。最后,采用数值方法对局部受热预应力混凝土梁进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明:局部受热条件下,预应力混凝土梁的承载能力会发生明显降低,下降幅度约为11.3%~14.9%;钢筋锈蚀导致的混凝土开裂会对预应力混凝土梁的抗火性能产生不利影响,主要表现为2个方面,1)相同试验条件下,锈蚀后的试件预应力增量更大;2)锈蚀试件在局部受热条件下承载能力下降幅度更大,约为19.4%~21.9%;增大预应力筋的初始应力可以减小预应力混凝土梁在局部受热时的高温蠕变变形;局部高温作用下预应力混凝土梁对初始荷载较为敏感,当试件初始荷载值提升20%时,三分点位移量约增大60%。研究成果可以为实际锈蚀桥梁的防火设计和灾后应急提供理论依据。

基于深度学习的隧道火灾火源位置和热释放速率反演

火源位置和热释放速率(HRR)是指导隧道火灾消防应急救援的重要信息。但在实际中,得到的关于火场的信息十分有限,很难直接得到火源关键信息。提出了一种基于深度学习的隧道火灾火源位置和HRR的反演方法。首先,基于试验数据验证的数值模拟建立不同边界条件下的隧道火灾数据集。基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和长短期记忆网络(LSTM)建立有限的固定式传感器温度数据和火源位置及HRR之间的映射关系,评估了该模型对于火源位置和HRR的反演效果。评估了时间输入步长和传感器间距对该模型反演性能的影响。结果表明,该模型对HRR和火源位置都有较好的反演性能,当时间输入步长为20 s,传感器间距为30 m时,模型反演HRR和火源位置的R2值分别为0.97和0.99。

钢绞线热铸锚节点高温下抗拉性能试验研究

针对锌铜合金熔点较低(约460℃±10℃)、高温下热铸锚节点容易失效的问题,对预应力钢绞线热铸锚节点进行了高温抗拉性能试验,获得了高温下试件的破坏模式和抗拉承载力,提出了钢绞线热铸锚节点在高温下极限抗拉承载力计算公式,以及在各荷载比下的临界温度,可用于钢绞线热铸锚节点的抗火承载力验算与防火保护层厚度设计.试验研究表明,温度低于200℃时,破坏模式为钢绞线断裂;温度高于200℃时,破坏模式通常为钢绞线滑脱.温度为150~440℃时,钢绞线热铸锚节点的极限抗拉承载力随温度升高而降低,287℃、340℃、392℃和425℃时的极限承载力分别为常温时的77.3%、39%、35.2%和10.5%.

基于杯式燃烧器测试系统的灭火性能评价研究进展

杯式燃烧器试验是消防领域用于测定气体灭火剂最小灭火浓度的经典方法。自哈龙灭火剂被淘汰以来,哈龙替代物经历了不同相态的发展,促使杯式燃烧器测试系统进行相应的改进,同时基于杯式燃烧器测试系统的灭火性能评价研究也在不断拓展。综述了国内外杯式燃烧器测试系统的使用和改进研究,重点介绍了适用于气相、液相、固相和复合相灭火剂的杯式燃烧器测试系统和测试方法,分别对气相、液相、含添加剂细水雾、干粉、复合灭火剂的灭火效率进行了总结和分析,综述了各相态灭火剂灭火性能评价研究。未来,杯式燃烧器测试系统仍将不断被改善,在灭火剂筛选和灭火性能评价等方面将发挥更重要的作用。

液化天然气(LNG)接收站高倍数泡沫灭火系统安装测试及试运行的控制要点

针对LNG接收站集液池所配高倍数泡沫灭火系统在安装测试及试运行中存在的问题,以某接收站高倍数泡沫灭火系统为例,通过总结高倍数泡沫灭火系统的结构特点、工作原理和应用现状,对系统测试、试运行期间的水力试验、气密性测试、发泡效果试验和联锁测试应注意的问题进行了分析,并对高倍数泡沫灭火系统试运行过程中可能出现的泄漏、发泡效果差、通讯故障等问题提出了解决办法,为今后LNG高倍数泡沫灭火系统的系统选型和测试验收提供了参考。

地下隧道竖向疏散现场试验研究

近年来,隧道的疏散设计中普遍应用竖向疏散模式,但该模式的安全性缺少真实试验数据支撑和验证。为探究隧道竖向疏散模式下的人员疏散行为特征及关键参数,采用现场试验的方法,在某隧道内搭建火灾时的交通堵塞场景,组织188名参与者(109名男性,79名女性)开展大规模人群疏散研究,针对人员疏散时间、疏散行走速度、疏散楼梯人员通行能力、疏散楼梯盖板开启时间等参数进行分析。研究结果表明:1)隧道火灾时,人员疏散受到隧道熟悉度和疏散引导的显著影响,在紧急疏散过程中更容易发生拥堵,疏散引导可极大地改善人员的出口及路径选择,提高疏散效率。2)交通堵塞状态下,人员疏散行走速度因隧道熟悉度的提高和疏散引导而显著提高。行车道上,男性和女性的平均速度分别由1.38 m/s、1.39 m/s提高至1.94 m/s、1.99 m/s。但在下部安全疏散通道内,参与者出现懈怠和放松的情绪,平均疏散行走速度会略有降低。应考虑在疏散通道内设置一些警示标志以督促引导人员疏散。3)入口宽度为1.09 m的疏散楼梯的最大人员通行能力为38人/min;男性参与者开启楼梯盖板的平均时间为7.5 s,女性参与者开启楼梯盖板的平均时间为12.6 s,相比于女性,男性参与者更容易打开楼梯盖板。研究结果可为隧道疏散逃生方案设计、运营管理提供真实试验数据参考,提高隧道防灾疏散水平。

火灾后圆形孔蜂窝组合梁受力性能研究

圆形孔蜂窝组合梁火灾后的力学性能研究,可为受火后建筑结构性能评估提供参考依据。对4根火灾后圆形孔蜂窝组合梁及1根未过火处理圆形孔蜂窝组合梁开展静力加载试验,分析火灾、加劲肋设置、开孔率等因素对圆形孔蜂窝组合梁破坏形态、抗弯刚度及承载能力的影响。结果表明:降低开孔率可以提高火灾后圆形孔蜂窝组合梁的抗弯刚度和极限承载能力;设置加劲肋的火灾后圆形孔蜂窝组合梁与未设置加劲肋的构件相比,其极限承载能力提高了6.9%;火灾前、后,圆形孔蜂窝组合梁在静力荷载作用下均发生弯曲破坏,但火灾后其开裂荷载、极限承载能力和延性均出现不同幅度的下降;提出了具有良好精度的圆形孔蜂窝组合梁火灾后剩余抗弯承载力的计算方法。