FUZZY MATHEMATICAL EVALUATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURE BUILDINGS' DAMAGE GRADE CAUSED BY COAL MINING

Coal mining under buildings certainly causes surface movement and deformation, therefore, it brings about deformation even fracture for buildings. It is an important task to evaluate correcly the buildings’ damage grabe caused by coal mining. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,considering some factors of buildings’ fracture, has been applied to analyze the masonry structure buildings’ damage grade affer coal mining in this paper. It provides a scientific basis for buildings’reidercement before mining and maintenance or compensation after mining.

A 3-D DDA damage analysis of brick masonry buildings under the impact of boulders in mountainous areas

In mountainous areas, geological disasters carrying large boulders can cause severe damage to the widely used masonry buildings due to the high impact forces. To better understand the damage of brick masonry buildings under the impact of boulders, a "block-joint" model is developed using threedimensional discontinuous deformation analysis(3-D DDA) to simulate the behaviour of the "brick-mortar" structure. The "block-joint" model is used to capture not only the large displacement and deformation of individual bricks but also the large-scale sliding and opening along the mortar between the bricks. The linear elastic constitutive model is applied to account for the non-plastic deformation behaviour of brick materials. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics of the mortar are represented using the Mohr-Coulomb and Drucker-Prager criteria. To propose safe structural design schemes and effective reinforcement for brick masonry buildings, seven construction techniques are considered, includingdifferent grades of brick and mortar, effective shear areas and reinforced members. The proposed 3-D DDA model is used to analyse the velocity distribution and the key point displacements of the brick masonry building under the impact of boulders. The results show that upgrading the brick and mortar, increasing the wall thickness, making full use of the wall thickness, and adding a circular beam and structural column are very effective approaches for improving the impact resistance of brick masonry buildings.

Real-time assessment of tunnelling-induced damage to structures within the building information modelling framework

During the initial design phases of complex multi-disciplinary systems such as urban tunnelling,the appraisal of different design alternatives can ensure optimal designs in terms of costs,construction time,and safety.To enable the evaluation of a large number of design scenarios and to find an optimal solution that minimises impact of tunnelling on existing structures,the design and assessment process must be efficient,yet provide a holistic view of soil-structure interaction effects.This paper proposes an integrated tunnel design tool for the initial design phases to predict the ground settlements induced by tunnelling and building damage using empirical and analytical solutions as well as simulation-based meta models.Furthermore,visualisation of ground settlements and building damage risk is enabled by integrating empirical and analytical models within our Building Information Modelling(BIM)framework for tunnelling.This approach allows for near real-time assessment of structural damage induced by settlements with consideration of soil-structure interaction and non-linear material behaviour.Furthermore,because this approach is implemented on a BIM platform for tunnelling,first,the design can be optimised directly in the design environment,thus eliminating errors in data exchange between designers and computational analysts.Secondly,the effect of tunnelling on existing structures can be effectively visualised within the BIM by producing risk-maps and visualising the scaled deformation field,which allows for a more intuitive understanding of design actions and for collaborative design.Having a fully parametric design model and real-time predictions therefore enables the assessment and visualisation of tunneling-induced damage for large tunnel sections and multiple structures in an effective and computationally efficient way.

Fragility Curves of Existing RC Buildings Based on Specific Structural Performance Levels

In seismic risk mitigation policies, fragility functions of existing buildings play a fundamental role. In this paper, a procedure to develop analytical fragility curves for Moment Resisting Frame Reinforced Concrete buildings is presented. The design of the selected building typologies was performed according to the codes at the time of construction using force-based methods and the state of the practice at the time of construction. A total of 216 building classes were defined, considering different ages, number of storeys, infill panels, plan dimensions, beam stiffness, and concrete strength. The investigated buildings can be considered low-engineered buildings, using no seismic codes or old seismic codes. The seismic capacity of the selected models representing the existing RC buildings has been evaluated through non-linear dynamic simulations. Seismic response has been analyzed, considering various peak and integral intensity measures and various response parameters, such as ductility demands and Interstorey Drift Ratio (IDR). A new relationship among structural performance, damage levels and interstorey drift ratios for each studied type is introduced, which is calibrated using the damage levels described in EMS98. It is important to highlight that in this study, different thresholds of IDR have been associated with different typologies, considering their different ductility member levels after their different structural responses. Fragility Curves (FCs) for the studied structural types are set up, developed and discussed.

Availability of seismic vulnerability index(K_g) in the assessment of building damage in Van, Eastern Turkey

The seismic vulnerability index(Kg) is a parameter that depends on the dynamic properties of soil. With this parameter, it is possible to evaluate the vulnerability of a point-based site under strong ground motion. Since it is related to the natural vibration period and amplification factor, the parameter can be calculated for both soil and structure. In this study, HVSR microtremor measurements are recorded at more than 200 points in the Van region to generate a seismic vulnerability index map. After generating the map, it is determined that the hazard potential and seismic vulnerability index is high at the sites close to Van Lake and at the densely populated city center. Damage information of the buildings investigated after the 2011 Van earthquakes(Mw = 7.1) are placed on the seismic vulnerability index map and it is realized that there may be a correlation between the damage and the seismic vulnerability index. There is a high correlation, approximately 80 percent, between the damage rate map based on the damaged building data and the K_g values. In addition, vulnerability indexes of buildings are calculated and the effect of local soil conditions and building properties on the damage levels are determined. From the results of this study and the site observations after the 2011 Van earthquakes, it is found that structural damage is not only structure-dependent but is also related to the dynamic behavior of soil layers and local soil conditions.

Test analysis of detection of damage to a complicated spatial model structure

A two-stage damage detection approach is proposed and experimentally demonstrated on a complicated spatial model structure with a limited number of measurements. In the experiment,five known damage patterns,including 3 brace damage cases and 2 joint damage cases,were simulated by removing braces and weakening beam鈥揷olumn connections in the structure. The limited acceleration response data generated by hammer impact were used for system identification,and modal parameters were extracted by using the eigensystem realization algorithm. In the first stage,the possible damaged locations are determined by using the damage index and the characteristics of the analytical model itself,and the extent of damage for those substructures identified at stage I is estimated in the second stage by using a second-order eigen-sensitivity approximation method. The main contribution of this paper is to test the two-stage method by using the real dynamic data of a complicated spatial model structure with limited sensors. The analysis results indicate that the two-stage approach is ableto detect the location of both damage cases,only the severity of brace damage cases can be assessed,and the reasonable analytical model is critical for successful damage detection.

Study on Seismic Damage to Buildings from the 2016 Hutubi Ms6.2 Earthquake

Based on the field investigation of the building types and damage caused to them by the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake on December 8,2016,we analyzed the damage characteristics and causes for different types of buildings. In conclusion we put forward some suggestions for the restoration and reconstruction in the earthquake affected area in future.

基于K-means算法的建筑群震害分析模型缩减方法

基于建筑群模型和弹塑性时程分析的精细化城市震害模拟技术能够为防震减灾及应急救援决策提供必要的依据和参考。为了减小城市建筑群震害模拟的计算量和计算时间,本文提出一种基于聚类算法的建筑群模型缩减方法。该方法采用K-means聚类算法,首先基于建筑结构属性向量对建筑群进行聚类,将相似的建筑结构聚为一组;然后从每组选取一个代表建筑组成建筑群缩减模型,通过减少需要分析的建筑结构数量来减少建筑群震害模拟的计算量。本文对传统的K-means算法进行改进,通过设定组内建筑结构的差异上限自动调整聚类分组数量;提出将具体地震动作用下结构地震损伤指数作为结构属性向量进行聚类,并通过算例对比分别采用两种缩减模型,即基于损伤指数聚类的缩减模型与基于结构力学模型参数聚类的缩减模型,计算结构损伤状态准确程度。对比结果表明:在聚类分组数量相同的情况下,基于损伤指数的分组明显优于基于模型参数的分组,采用模型缩减方法能够在保证足够计算精度前提下显著减少建筑群震害模拟计算量和计算时间。

摇摆墙-框架体系的抗震损伤机制控制研究

合理有效的损伤机制控制是提高建筑结构抗震性能的重要措施。本文在总结现有各种抗震结构体系损伤机制的基础上,研究了摇摆墙-框架结构体系的损伤机制控制原理与控制效果,给出了摇摆墙刚度的确定方法,比较了摇摆墙-框架结构体系与传统的延性框架结构体系、框架-剪力墙结构体系抗震性能的差别,指出了摇摆墙-框架结构体系的优越性。通过对一个典型的多层摇摆墙-框架结构的动力弹塑性分析,验证了所建议的摇摆墙刚度计算公式的适用性和摇摆墙-框架结构体系在结构损伤机制控制方面的有效性。

超高层钢-混凝土混合结构地震损伤模型研究

以型钢混凝土框架-混凝土核心筒结构为研究对象,考虑不同类型构件在某典型超高层钢-混凝土混合结构中的地震损伤分布特点及损伤演化规律,建立了考虑不同类型构件重要性的钢-混凝土混合结构楼层地震损伤模型,并基于提出的楼层地震损伤模型,选取了位置权重系数和损伤值权重系数二者组合的形式,建立了能够反映钢-混凝土混合结构楼层损伤分布规律的整体结构损伤模型。并通过PERFORM-3D软件对一钢-混凝土混合结构进行了非线性地震反应计算,分析了该结构在地震作用下的损伤分布规律和损伤发展情况,利用本文提出的地震损伤模型对结构各层次的地震损伤指标进行了计算,验证了该损伤模型的合理性。

爆破振动对高层框架-剪力墙结构的影响

为了明确爆破冲击波对高层建筑结构构件及其施工安全性的影响,以广东以色列理工学院二期校区爆破工程为例,基于建筑物地表及典型结构构件监测数据,采用回归分析对高层建筑典型结构构件振动规律进行研究。研究表明:随着距爆源水平距离的增加,垂向、径向和切向振动速度逐渐减小且衰减趋势相似;结构局部振速存在放大效应,在距地高程相同的情况下,随着结构构件与地基的自振频率比值的减小,其振速比逐渐增大;在结构构件与地基的自振频率比值相同的情况下,随距地高程的增加,结构构件与地基的振速比呈线性增长。

Aseismic smart building isolation systems under multi-level earthquake excitations： Part II, energy-dissipation and damage reduction

Based on the performance results of the previously suggested smart building isolation systems （lst companion paper）, this following study verifies the control effects of the systems from the view point of energy dissipation and damage level metrics. Several different model cases of the strategically isolated multi-story building structures utilizing passive dampers and semi-active resettable devices are analyzed and the energy-based target indices are compared. Performance comparisons are conducted on statistically calculated story/structural hysteretic energy and story/structural damage demands over realistic suites of earthquake ground motion records, representing seismic excitations of specific return period probability. Again, the semi-active solutions show significant promise for applications ofresettable device, offering advantages over passive systems in the consistent damage reductions. The specific results of this study include the identification of differences in the mechanisms by which smart building isolation systems remove energy, based on the differences in the devices used. Less variability is also seen for the semi-active isolation systems, indicating an increased robustness.

甘肃积石山地震村镇典型建筑震害及成因分析

2023年12月18日甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山发生6.2级地震,此次地震造成了大量的村镇建筑破坏和倒塌,并造成了多人伤亡,是典型的“小震大灾”。文中总结了积石山地震中震区村镇建筑典型震害特点和规律,并结合建筑的结构类型、建造年代和是否具有抗震构造措施进行了典型案例分析,总结此次地震震损较为严重的原因:部分自建房屋为砖柱和土坯墙,二者缺乏有效连接,自身抗震能力差,这点从同一院落具有圈梁构造柱的房屋基本完好而不具备抗震构造措施的房子破坏严重可以说明;部分房屋不同层存在开间变化导致竖向传力不连续;结构存在大量平面布置不规则的情况;结构局部不完整或存在薄弱部位;农村自建房屋,按照工匠习惯建设,未考虑地震作用下的受力要求,需要建立质量监管体制机制。

甘肃积石山6.2级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析

积石山地震对甘肃和青海部分地区房屋建筑造成了严重破坏。调查了地震烈度7度和8度地区的11个调查点的村镇建筑震害。震害调查表明:地震灾区主要为乡镇和农村地区,房屋结构类型主要为土木、砖木和未设防砖混结构;在烈度8度地区,土木结构房屋主要表现为严重破坏或倒塌破坏,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋主要表现为中等破坏和严重破坏,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋主要表现为轻微破坏和中等破坏;在烈度7度地区,土木结构房屋以中等破坏为主,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋以轻微破坏和中等破坏为主,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋以轻微破坏和基本完好为主。此次地震震害较同级别地震偏重,与震区复杂地形、地震动峰值放大效应、建筑砌筑质量差和结构受力不合理等因素相关。建议进一步开展复杂地形场地放大效应及频谱影响研究,重视建筑非结构构件抗震宣传与实用技术研发。

泸定6.8级地震城镇居住建筑典型震害及启示

为分析泸定68级地震中城镇居住建筑的破坏情况,对位于震中磨西镇及周边城镇居住建筑的典型震害进行调查,总结了城镇居住建筑中框架结构及砌体结构的震害特征,详细介绍了一栋采用框架结构的高层住宅及一栋采用砌体结构的多层员工宿舍的破坏情况,并分析破坏原因。调查与分析结果表明:本次地震中,框架结构和砌体结构破坏普遍在底层更严重;框架结构震害总体较轻,未合理设计的楼梯及填充墙依然是框架结构中震害集中区;砌体结构墙体出现常见的各种斜向裂缝;除设计因素外,造成少量砌体结构倒塌可能原因是传统砌体结构抵抗竖向地震作用能力不足以及特殊场地地震放大效应。根据两种结构类型的建筑震害特征,对灾区重建及既有房屋改造提出了重点加强老旧建筑合规性排查、合理计算不利地段建筑的地震作用、适当引入合适的减隔震装置等针对性的设计建议,以提高城镇居住建筑的抗震能力,同时体现韧性城镇的设计理念。

基于卷积神经网络的RC框架通信机楼震后损伤评定方法

为解决震后大量钢筋混凝土框架通信机楼损伤评定需求,基于卷积神经网络研究从构件层次至整体结构的损伤评定方法。首先对汶川地震、鲁甸地震、芦山地震等多次地震后大量钢筋混凝土框架结构损伤调查图片筛选处理,建立了钢筋混凝土框架梁、柱损伤评定数据集。然后通过对3个关键问题的研究建立了钢筋混凝土框架基于卷积神经网络的震损评定方法:训练和建立YOLOv5网络模型完成从结构震害照片中检测识别出梁、柱构件的任务,并改进优化了YOLOv5网络模型的检测性能;优选比较3种网络模型(ResNet50、MobileNetV2和AlexNet模型)对梁、柱构件损伤水平评定的精确性,最终建立了基于ResNet50的梁、柱构件损伤评定模型;给出了从构件层次到整体结构的损伤水平确定方法,并通过对一栋实际震损框架进行损伤评定验证了文中方法的可用性。结果表明,文中方法与专家的损伤评定结论一致性高,优化后的卷积神经网络模型精确度和稳定性好,对震后钢筋混凝土框架结构损伤评定具有良好的适用性。

建筑混凝土轻钢结构损伤可靠检测仿真研究

建筑混凝土轻钢结构强度高、整体刚性好、变形能力强,但由于其构件断面偏小,发生开裂损伤后极限承载能力下降,严重影响建筑整体质量,所以应研究建筑混凝土轻钢结构损伤检测方法。先构建轻钢结构实体并自动生成三维轻钢结构有限元模型,利用模态分析模块求解轻钢结构模态参数。采用希尔伯特振动分解算法,获取轻钢结构损伤检测的最大幅值分量信号,并将其输入至全连接神经网络,检测损伤情况,并输出损伤结果。测试结果显示:获取的一阶和二阶频率结果与实际结果之间最大差值分别为0.75Hz和1.2Hz,说明上述方法可准确得出轻钢结构的相关模态参数,能够完成建筑混凝土轻钢结构损伤的可靠检测。

泸定县6.8级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析

为分析泸定县6.8级地震中村镇建筑的震害,对震中附近的磨西镇、得妥镇、燕子沟镇的村镇建筑开展了震害调查,总结村镇结构中砖木结构、砖混结构和框架结构的典型震害特征,对震中附近评估烈度为Ⅸ度区域的村镇建筑进行地震破坏等级评估、统计与分析。调查结果显示:整体上,砖木结构及砖混结构是此次地震中震害现象较为明显和严重的结构形式;框架结构震害整体较轻,基本未破坏数量占调研框架结构的72.5%。砖木结构及砖混结构震害特征主要表现为地基的不均匀沉降、墙体开裂、楼(屋)面破坏、非结构构件破坏及整体倒塌;框架结构震害特征主要表现为梁、柱及节点破坏、非结构构件的破坏。此次地震中,砖木结构、砖混结构严重破坏及倒塌的房屋占该两类房屋整体震害的比例较高,严重破坏砖木及砖混结构约为框架结构的6倍,且框架结构未出现倒塌,基本未破坏的框架结构占比较高。3种结构抗震能力由强到弱依次为:框架结构、砖混结构、砖木结构。针对不同结构形式的震害特征,应通过抗震加固全面提升可修复震害房屋及既有农房抗震防灾能力,以提高村镇建筑整体力学性能,减少地震伤亡及损失。

既有建筑砌体结构健康监测和损伤预警研究

为保障既有建筑砌体结构运营期间的结构安全并延长其使用寿命,利用结构健康监测(SHM)系统与均值控制图,研究砌体结构的状况评估和预警机制。以北京市东城区某砌体结构为例,首先,根据该结构病害和损伤状况设计并实施对应的SHM系统,选取该结构承重墙裂缝和窗台相对位移作为监测对象;其次,收集结构响应和环境温度的数据,并利用收集后的监测数据构建结构响应同环境温度的相关性模型;然后,利用相关性模型模拟出结构响应监测数据的温度效应;最后,提出结构状态指数,并结合均值控制图预警分析该结构。结果表明:该监测系统能够实时采集监测数据,掌握砌体结构的健康状况,并对其结构损伤做出预警;根据监测结果,裂缝宽度和窗台相对位移的变化范围分别为[0.746,4.391]和[1.282,5.690]mm,均处在安全范围之内。根据预警系统中均值控制图结果,该结构裂缝宽度和相对位移发展趋势均处于正常状态。

消能减震技术在某血液透析中心韧性加固中的应用

结合某单跨混凝土框架结构,详细介绍消能减震技术在医疗建筑加固项目中的应用。通过在房屋四周2个主轴方向设置屈曲约束支撑(BRB)进行整体抗震加固,小震作用下,屈曲约束支撑仅提供刚度,减小弹性层间位移角,消能减震子结构吸收部分地震作用,大大减少其他主体结构加固量。中震作用下,屈曲约束支撑略屈服,并承担部分水平地震作用,增强柱抵抗水平地震作用的能力。大震作用下,屈曲约束支撑充分耗能,减少主体结构塑性损伤,提高整体抗震性能。屈曲约束支撑通过自身耗能,保护主体结构,实质上为结构损伤控制设计的方法。通过震后仅更换损伤严重的屈曲约束支撑,可达到韧性结构要求。采用屈曲约束支撑对单跨框架结构医疗建筑进行整体抗震加固具有较好效果。