Permeability Estimation of Shale Oil Reservoir with Laboratory-derived Data: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member in Ordos Basin

The shale oil reservoir within the Yanchang Formations of Ordos Basin harbors substantial oil and gas resources and has recently emerged as the primary focus of unconventional oil and gas exploration and development.Due to its complex pore and throat structure,pronounced heterogeneity,and tight reservoir characteristics,the techniques for conventional oil and gas exploration and production face challenges in comprehensive implementation,also indicating that as a vital parameter for evaluating the physical properties of a reservoir,permeability cannot be effectively estimated.This study selects 21 tight sandstone samples from the Q area within the shale oil formations of Ordos Basin.We systematically conduct the experiments to measure porosity,permeability,ultrasonic wave velocities,and resistivity at varying confining pressures.Results reveal that these measurements exhibit nonlinear changes in response to effective pressure.By using these experimental data and effective medium model,empirical relationships between P-and S-wave velocities,permeability and resistivity and effective pressure are established at logging and seismic scales.Furthermore,relationships between P-wave impedance and permeability,and resistivity and permeability are determined.A comparison between the predicted permeability and logging data demonstrates that the impedance–permeability relationship yields better results in contrast to those of resistivity–permeability relationship.These relationships are further applied to the seismic interpretation of shale oil reservoir in the target layer,enabling the permeability profile predictions based on inverse P-wave impedance.The predicted results are evaluated with actual production data,revealing a better agreement between predicted results and logging data and productivity.

Hydrodynamic resistance of pore–throat structures and its effect on shale oil apparent permeability

Oil transport is greatly affected by heterogeneous pore–throat structures present in shale.It is therefore very important to accurately characterize pore–throat structures.Additionally,it remains unclear how pore–throat structures affect oil transport capacity.In this paper,using finite element(FE)simulation and mathematical modeling,we calculated the hydrodynamic resistance for four pore–throat structure.In addition,the influence of pore throat structure on shale oil permeability is analyzed.According to the results,the hydrodynamic resistance of different pore throat structures can vary by 300%.The contribution of additional resistance caused by streamline bending is also in excess of 40%,even without slip length.Fur-thermore,Pore–throat structures can affect apparent permeability by more than 60%on the REV scale,and this influence increases with heterogeneity of pore size distribution,organic matter content,and organic matter number.Clearly,modeling shale oil flow requires consideration of porous–throat structure and additional resistance,otherwise oil recovery and flow capacity may be overestimated.

ω-3 Rich Tetracarpidum conophorum Oil Exhibits Better Prevention Effects for Cardiovascular Risk Factors than Corn Oil in Adult of Albinos Wistar Male Rats

Cardiovascular diseases are serious pathologies that affect an increasing number of people. Several preventive measures are generally used, including supplementing of oils in foods. Our objective was to compare the effects of Tetracarpidum conophorum oil (TC) and corn oil (CO) on serum lipid profiles of normal male rats. 42 Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups. Diets included TC oil (groups TC5, TC10 and TC20) and corn oil (groups CO5, CO10 and CO20) in proportions of 5%, 10% and 20%, with a control group (T). After 5 weeks of feeding, several parameters were measured during and after the study, including body weight, food intake and organ weights (kidney, liver and fat). Lipid profiles (total cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL), glucose and protein levels were measured in the serum. The increase in body mass was inversely proportional to the amount of oil in the food. The decrease in body mass and adiposomatic index of group TC10 was significant (p < 0.05) compared with the other groups. The lowest glycaemia (64.17 ± 5.14 mg/dl) was noted with the diet containing 20% TC oil. A significant reduction in total cholesterol, LDL fraction and blood triglycerides was observed in the groups supplemented with TC and corn oils compared to controls. Results were also more beneficial for the TC10 group. HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the oil-supplemented groups than in the control group. Castelli’s risk indices decrease significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing oil content for TC. The oils had no impact on blood protein contents. One can conclude that a diet containing 10% crude oil from TC kernels could prevent or alleviate cardiovascular diseases and glycemia.

Ghrelin regulates insulin resistance by targeting insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor via miR-455-5p in hepatic cells

Objective: To explore the mechanism by which ghrelin regulates insulin sensitivity through modulation of miR-455-5p in hepatic cells. Methods: HepG2 cells were treated with or without DAG (1 μM). Glucose consumption, intracellular glycogen content, phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt stimulated by insulin, expression of miR-455-5p, as well as IGF-1R protein level were analyzed. In addition, bioinformatic analysis, dual luciferase reporter assay, miR- 455-5p mimic or inhibitor treatment was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms. Results: High glucose treatment upregulated miR-455-5p expression but reduced glucose consumption and glycogen content. DAG reversed the effect of high glucose on glucose metabolism, increased protein level of IGF-1R and phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt stimulated by insulin, as well as downregulated miR-455-5p expression. Bioinformatic analysis indicated IGF-1R was the target of miR-455-5p. Dual luciferase reporter assay, as well as transfection with miR-455-5p mimic/inhibitor confirmed that DAG activated IGF-1R/PI3K/Akt signaling via inhibiting miR-455-5p. Conclusion: DAG improves insulin resistance via miR-455-5p- mediated activation of IGF-1R/PI3K/Akt system, suggesting that suppression of miR-455-5p or activation of DAG may be potential targets for T2DM therapy.

Temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant mixed surfactant system for EOR in the Tahe Oilfield

A new temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant mixed surfactant system(referred to as the SS system)for enhancing oil recovery at the Tahe Oilfield(Xinjiang,China)was evaluated.Based on the analysis of the crude oil,the formation water and rock components in the Tahe Oilfield,the long-term thermal stability,salt tolerance and the ability to change the wettability,interfacial activity and oil washing efficiency of the mixed surfactant system were studied.The system contains the anionic surfactant SDB and another cationic surfactant SDY.When the total mass concentration of the SS solution is 0.15 wt%,m(SDB)/m(SDY)ratio is 1 to 1,and excellent efficiencies are achieved for oil washing for five kinds of Tahe Oilfield crude oils(more than 60%).In addition,after adding cationic surfactant,the adsorption capacity of the surfactant is further reduced,reaching 0.261 mg/g.The oil displacement experiments indicate that under a temperature of 150°C and a salinity of 24.6×104 mg/L,the SS system enhances the oil recovery by over 10%after water flooding.The SS anionic–cationic surfactant system is first presented in the open literature that can be successfully applied to obtain predictions of Tahe Oilfield carbonate reservoirs with a high temperature and high salinity.

Breeding of a New High-yield, High-oil and Web Blotch-resistant Big Peanut Variety Shanghua 511

Shanghua 511 is a high-yield, high-oil and web blotch-resistant big peanut variety bred by the Shangqiu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences through sexual hybridization （Yuhua 18♀×Shangyan 9658♂）. In the wheat-peanut interplanting regional experiment conducted in Henan Province during 2012-2013, the average pod and seed yield of Shanghua 511 were 5906.19 and 4149.3 kg/hm2, respectively. In the wheat-peanut interplanting production experiment conducted in Henan Province in 2013, the average pod and seed yield of Shanghua 511 were 6036.45 and 4309.50 kg/hm2, respectively. In the kernels of Shanghua 511, the contents of crude fat, oleic acid and linoleic acid were 56.62%, 44.9% and 33.4% respectively, and the oleic/linoleic acid ratio was 1.34. This variety had high resistance to web blotch and medium resistance to leaf spot, viral diseases, root rot and collar rot. The 100-pod weight, 100-kernel weight, shelling percentage and growth period of Shanghua 511 were 270.6, 110.9 g, 70.6% and 120 d, respectively. Shanghua 511 passed the approval of Henan Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in August, 2015, and is suitable for spring sowing and wheat interplanting in the surrounding area of Henan Province and the area to the north of Huaihe River.

Synthesis of temperature-resistant and salttolerant surfactant SDB-7 and its performance evaluation for Tahe Oilfield flooding (China)

In order to improve the enhanced oil recovery of high-temperature and high-salt oilfields, a novel temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant surfactant （denoted as SDB-7） was synthesized and evaluated for the Tahe Oilfield （Xinjiang, China）, which is representative of high-temperature and high-salt oilfields. It has a central reservoir temperature of 140 ℃ and salinity of 22.6× 10^4 mg/L. The temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant performance, interfacial activity, oil displacement efficiency, aging properties, and adsorption properties of the synthesized surfactant were evaluated for Tahe Oilfield flooding. The results showed that the SDB-7 was temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant capacity of 140 ℃ and 22.6×10^4 rag/ L, respectively, oil displacement efficiency under static condition of 84%, and adsorption loss of 0.4 mg/ g （less than 1 mg/g-oil sand）. In the heat aging experiment （under the temperature of 140 ℃ for 60 days）, the oil-water interracial tension and oil displacement efficiency of SDB-7 were almost unchanged. The oil displacement experiments showed that, under the temperature of 140 ℃ and the salinity of 22.6× 10^4 mg/L, the surfactant SDB-7 can enhance oil recovery by 14.5% after water flooding,suggesting that SDB-7 has a promising application in high temperature and high salinity （HT/HS） reservoir.

Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil from <i>Citrus aurantifolia</i>(Christm.) Swingle Peels against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Isolates

The study investigated the antibacterial activity of essential oil from the peel of Citrus aurantifolia against eleven multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates of clinical origin. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates. Essential oil (EO) from the peels of lime purchased at a market in Ile-Ife was extracted by the hydro-distillation method, while the sensitivity of the isolates to EO was done via agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of the EO against the tested isolates were determined following standard methods. All the tested isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) characteristics. The multiple antibiotics resistant indexes (MARI%) for Gram-positive bacterial isolates ranged between 70% and 100% while that of Gram-negative was 100%. The yield of EO was 1% and the EO demonstrated activities at 25%, 50% and 100% v/v against the MDR bacterial isolates. The activity of EO was mostly not significantly different at the same concentration for all the isolates, and at different concentrations for each of the isolates. The MIC range for Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates was between 0.195% to 3.125% v/v and 0.39% to 3.125% respectively while the range was between 1.563% to 3.125% and 0.781% to 6.250% v/v for MBC respectively. The study showed that EO from the peel of lime fruits demonstrated excellent in vitro antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial isolates. This potential can be further explored as an alternative for the treatment and management of infections caused by MDR bacterial isolates.

Electrospinning organic solvent resistant preoxidized poly(acrylonitrile)nanofiber membrane and its properties

A high performance preoxidized poly(acrylonitrile)(O-PAN)nanofiber membrane with excellent solvent resistance,thermal stability and flexibility was fabricated by the preoxidation of electrospun PAN nanofiber membrane.The performance of resultant O-PAN nanofiber membrane was optimized by altering the PAN concentration and preoxidation temperature.The results showed that the O-PAN nanofiber membrane which made from PAN concentration of 14%(mass)and preoxidation temperature of 250.0
℃ have a more optimal comprehensive performance.In the long-term separation test of SiO2 particle(1 μm)in DMAc suspension,the permeate flux of O-PAN nanofiber membrane stabilized at 227.91 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1)(25
℃,0.05 MPa)while the SiO2 rejection above 99.6%,which showed excellent solvent resistance and separation performance.In order to further explore the application of the O-PAN nanofiber membrane,the OPAN nanofiber membrane was treated with fluoride and used in oil/water separation process.The O-PAN nanofiber membrane after hydrophobic treatment showed excellent hydrophobicity and good oil/water separation performance with the permeate flux about 969.59 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1)while the separation efficiency above 96.1%.The O-PAN nanofiber membrane exhibited a potential application prospect in harsh environment separation.

Synthesis of a Novel Core-shell Type Acrylic-polyurethane Hybrid Emulsion Containing Siloxane and Fluorine as well as Water and the Oil Resistances of Cured Film

Siliconated polyurethane （Si-PU） was synthesized using isophorone diisocyanate （IPDI）, hydroxybutyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS）, polytetramethylene ether glycol （PTMG）, polypropylene glycol （PPG）, 1,6-hexanediol （HDO）, dimethylol propionic acid （DMPA） and triethylamine （TEA）. Based on butyl acrylate （BA）, 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate （TFEMA） and Si-PU as a seed emulsion, a novel core-shell type acrylic-polyurethane hybrid emulsion, containing siloxane and fluorine （F-Si-PU）, was prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization. The contents of siloxane and fluorine were determined according to the feed ratio. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） was used to identify the chain structures of Si-PU and F-Si-PU. Investigation of transmission electron microscopy （TEM） confirmed the core-shell structure of F-Si-PU emulsion. Measurement results of water contact angle and the swelling ratio in water and n-octane for cured film showed that the water and the oil resistances for F-Si-PU had been significantly improved at a suitable content of fluorine and siloxane.

Resistance Characteristics of Hydraulic Oil through Isodiametric T-type Duct with Sharp Corners

Rational determination and reduction of local energy loss of oil flow at pipe junctions are of important significance to improve hydraulic pipeline＇s work efficiency, especially for complex hydraulic pipeline connected by isodiametric T-type ducts with sharp comers to get combined and divided flow. From this point of view, the formulae of resistance loss for combined flow and divided flow through isodiametric T-type duct with sharp comers as well as the correlations of resistance loss coefficients in the branches of the duct are derived using energy method. On this basis, resistance characteristics of hydraulic oil in the duct are obtained by numerical simulation of different flow modes, which are commonly applied in hydraulic pipelines, using computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method, and the reasons for the resistance loss are analyzed based on the pressure change mechanism in the flow field. A part of simulation results was validated with the reference data. The research shows that for combined flows the resistance loss of symmetrical is lower than that of unsymmetrical to obtain low speed in common branch, but to gain high speed is quite the contrary, for divided flows, the symmetrical is always a reasonable choice to reduce resistance loss. These conclusions can be applied to optimize the design of hydraulic pipeline.

Pore structure differences of the extra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs and the causes of low resistivity oil layers: A case study of Block Yanwumao in the middle of Ordos Basin, NW China

The influence of pore structure difference on rock electrical characteristics of reservoir and oil reservoir was analyzed taking Triassic Chang 6 reservoir in Block Yanwumao in the middle of Ordos Basin as an example. The relationship between the pore structure difference and the low resistivity oil layer was revealed and demonstrated through core observation, lab experiments, geological research, well log interpretation and trial production etc. The results show that there were two kinds of oil layers in Chang 6 oil layer set, normal oil layer and low resistivity oil layer in the region, corresponding to two types of pore structures, pore type mono-medium and micro-fracture-pore type double-medium; the development of micro-fracture changed greatly the micro-pore structure of the reservoir, and the pore structure difference had an important influence on the rock electrical characteristics of the extra-low permeability sandstone reservoir and oil reservoir; the normal oil layers had obvious characteristics of pore-type mono-medium, and were concentrated in Chang 61, Chang 6232 and Chang 62; the low resistivity oil layers had obvious characteristics of micro-fracture-pore type double-medium, which were mainly distributed in Chang 612 and Chang 63. The mud filtrate penetrated deep into the oil layers along the micro-cracks, leading to sharp reduction of resistivity, and thus low resistivity of the oil layer; the low resistivity oil layers had better storage capacity and higher productivity than the normal oil layers.

胍胶压裂液有机硼交联剂JSA-1的合成与性能评价

以硼酸、正丁醇、乙二醇、二乙烯三胺为反应原料,采用一锅法合成了有机硼交联剂(JSA-1)。考察了胍胶质量分数(即含量,以胍胶占胍胶基液总质量计)、JSA-1用量(即添加量,以胍胶基液质量为基准,下同)、pH对JSA-1交联性能的影响。结果表明,胍胶质量分数越大(0.09%~0.4%),胍胶压裂液的交联状态越好、交联时间越短、表观黏度越高、耐温能力越强;JSA-1用量越大(0.04%~0.4%),胍胶压裂液的交联状态越好、交联时间越短、耐温能力越强;pH(pH=4~14)越高,胍胶压裂液的交联时间越长、耐温能力越强。JSA-1对pH和胍胶质量分数的适用范围较广,在低温配方中,可以使低质量分数的胍胶实现有效交联,胍胶质量分数为0.13%的胍胶基液与JSA-1交联后,在常温、100 s^(–1)剪切下表观黏度可达到50 mPa·s;在高温配方中,胍胶质量分数为0.4%的胍胶基液与JSA-1交联后制备的压裂液具备较好的耐温耐剪切能力,在120℃、100 s^(–1)剪切条件下表观黏度可以稳定保持在300 mPa·s左右。

Identification and Evaluation of Insect and Disease Resistance in Transgenic Cry1Ab13-1 and NPR1 Maize

PCR detection,quantitative real-time PCR(q-RTPCR),outdoor insect resistance,and disease resistance identification were carried out for the detection of genetic stability and disease resistance through generations(T2,T3,and T4)in transgenic maize germplasms(S3002 and 349)containing the bivalent genes(insect resistance gene Cry1Ab13-1 and disease resistance gene NPR1)and their corresponding wild type.Results indicated that the target genes Cry1Ab13-1 and NPR1 were successfully transferred into both germplasms through tested generations;q-PCR confirmed the expression of Cry1Ab13-1 and NPR1 genes in roots,stems,and leaves of tested maize plants.In addition,S3002 and 349 bivalent gene-transformed lines exhibited resistance to large leaf spots and corn borer in the field evaluation compared to the wild type.Our study confirmed that Cry1Ab13-1 and NPR1 bivalent genes enhanced the resistance against maize borer and large leaf spot disease and can stably inherit.These findings could be exploited for improving other cultivated maize varieties.

Enhanced Water Resistance Performance of Castor Oil—Based Waterborne Polyurethane Modified by Methoxysilane Coupling Agents via Thiol-Ene Photo Click Reaction

Nowadays,waterborne polyurethanes(WPUs)prepared from renewable resources has attracted more and more attention.However,due to its structure,the prepared films easily swells in water and greatly affects the application range of WPUs.Therefore,solving the problem of water resistance is a way to improve the application range of WPUs.In this study,a series of WPU dispersions were prepared using castor oil as the bio-based polyol.Besides,the thiol-ene photo click reaction was carried out on the WPU films for silane modification.The effect of the silane modification on the chemical structures of the WPU dispersions and the properties of the WPU films was investigated and discussed.The results revealed that the WPU dispersions had a smaller particle size and potential,showing excellent stability.In addition,the modified WPU films showed highly water resistance which 72 h water absorption could be reduced to 1.94%and the contact angle was up to 99.34?.Moreover,the modified WPU films also exhibited excellent solvent resistance(in acid and salt solution)and thermal stability.This study can provide a new way to improve the water-resistance,hydrophobicity,and thermal stability of bio-based waterborne polyurethane for potential application in painting,adhesives and inks.

Effect of Nano - Titanium Dioxide with Different Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

The different investigation has been carried out on the biological activities of titanium dioxide nanoparticle but the effect of this nano product on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics has not been yet demonstrated. In this study the nano size TiO2 is synthesized using citric acid and alpha dextrose and the enhancement effect of TiO2 nanoparticle on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics was evaluated against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). During the present study, different concentrations of nano-scale TiO2 were tested to find out the best concentration that can have the most effective antibacterial property against the MRSA culture. Disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of these antibiotics in the absence and presence of sub inhibitory concentration of TiO2 nano particle. A clinical isolate of MRSA, isolated from Intensive Care Unit (ICU) was used as test strain. In the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of TiO2 nanoparticle (20 μg/disc) the antibacterial activities of all antibiotics have been increased against test strain with minimum 2 mm to maximum 10mm. The highest increase in inhibitory zone for MRSA was observed against pencillin G and amikacin (each 10 mm). Conversely, in case of nalidixic acid, TiO2 nanoparticle showed a Synergic effect on the antibacterial activity of this antibiotic against test strain. These results signify that the TiO2 nanoparticle potentate the antimicrobial action of beta lactums, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, macrolids and lincosamides, tetracycline a possible utilization of nano compound in combination effect against MRSA.

Micro-geological causes and macro-geological controlling factors of low-resistivity oil layers in the Puao Oilfield

Low-resistivity oil layers are often missed in logging interpretation because of their resistivity close to or below the resistivity of nearby water layers. Typical low-resistivity oil layers have been found in the past few years in the Putaohua reservoir of the Puao Oilfield in the south of the Daqing placanticline by detailed exploration. Based on a study of micro-geological causes of low-resistivity oil layers, the macro-geological controlling factors were analyzed through comprehensive research of regional depositional background, geological structure, and oil-water relations combined with core, water testing, well logging, and scanning electron microscopy data. The results showed that the formation and distribution of Putaohua low-resistivity oil layers in the Puao Oilfield were controlled by depositional environment, sedimentary facies, diagenesis, motive power of hydrocarbon accumulation, and acidity and alkalinity of reservoir liquid. The low-resistivity oil layers caused by high bound-water saturation were controlled by deposition and diagenesis, those caused by high free-water saturation were controlled by structural amplitude and motive power of hydrocarbon accumulation. Those caused by formation water with high salinity were controlled by the ancient saline water depositional environment and faulted structure and those caused by additional conductivity of shale were controlled by paleoclimate and acidity and alkalinity of reservoir liquid. Consideration of both micro-geological causes and macro-geological controlling factors is important in identifying low-resistivity oil layers.

Design and preparation of a crosslinkable,oil-resistant,and bio-based elastomer from fumarate

Poly(diethyl fumarate-co-methoxyethyl acrylate-co-vinyl chloroacetate)(PDEFMV),a novel bio-based elastomer with a saturated structure,was synthesized via redox emulsion polymerization.The glass-transition temperatures of PDEFMV,adjusted through the variation of the diethyl fumarate-to-methoxyethyl acrylate feeding ratio,ranged from-36.1 to-14.8 ℃.The number-average molecular weights of PDEFMV ranged from 384,000 to 46,000 g/mol.In designing the molecular structure,vinyl chloroacetate was used to provide active sites for subsequent vulcanization and crosslinking.The active chlorine groups within the PDEFMV chain reacted with the crosslinking agent trithiocyanuric acid under high temperature and pressure to form a nonsulfur crosslinked three-dimensional network structure.To achieve the desired properties,carbon black(CB,N330) was incorporated to reinforce PDEFMV,leading to the formation of PDEFMV/CB composites.A comprehensive study was conducted on the high-temperature oil resistance of PDEFMV/CB composites.Following immersion in IRM903 oil at temperatures of 150 and 200 ℃ for 72 h,the mass and volume changes in PDEFMV/CB were lower than those observed in commercially available acrylate rubber(AR)/CB,indicating that PDEFMV exhibited superior oil resistance.Furthermore,the aging characteristics and mechanisms of oil resistance in the PDEFMV/CB and AR/CB composites were investigated at different temperatures(150,200,and 250 ℃).The results provide insights into the operational temperature ranges suitable for PDEFMV/CB and offer valuable guidance for potential industrial applications.

A novel profile modification HPF-Co gel satisfied with fractured low permeability reservoirs in high temperature and high salinity

Conformance control and water plugging are a widely used EOR method in mature oilfields.However,majority of conformance control and water plugging agents are unavoidable dehydrated situation in high-temperature and high-salinity low permeability reservoirs.Consequently,a novel conformance control system HPF-Co gel,based on high-temperature stabilizer(CoCl_(2)·H_(2)O,CCH)is developed.The HPF-Co bulk gel has better performances with high temperature(120℃)and high salinity(1×10^(5)mg/L).According to Sydansk coding system,the gel strength of HPF-Co with CCH is increased to code G.The dehydration rate of HPF-Co gel is 32.0%after aging for 150 d at 120℃,showing excellent thermal stability.The rheological properties of HPF gel and HPF-Co gel are also studied.The results show that the storage modulus(G′)of HPF-Co gel is always greater than that of HPF gel.The effect of CCH on the microstructure of the gel is studied.The results show that the HPF-Co gel with CCH has a denser gel network,and the diameter of the three-dimensional network skeleton is 1.5-3.5μm.After 90 d of aging,HPF-Co gel still has a good three-dimensional structure.Infrared spectroscopy results show that CCH forms coordination bonds with N and O atoms in the gel amide group,which can suppress the vibration of cross-linked sites and improve the stability at high temperature.Fractured core plugging test determines the optimized polymer gel injection strategy and injection velocity with HPF-Co bulk gel system,plugging rate exceeding 98%.Moreover,the results of subsequent waterflooding recovery can be improved by 17%.

绿色农药-农用喷洒油的研究与应用

农用喷洒油是一类不易引起害虫抗性的绿色农药,通常用于防控体型微小的害虫与害螨。在现代害虫管理中,农用喷洒油尤其是植物源喷洒油的有效性与可协调性越来越受到认可,可有力推动其它生物防治或绿色防控技术的规模化应用,显著提高防治效果与拓展应用范围。本文概述了农用喷洒油研究与应用的背景和意义、历史与现况及其组成成分、作用方式与机理,并展望了农用喷洒油的应用前景。