Fire incidents in commercial vehicles pose significant risks to passengers, drivers, and cargo. Traditional fire extinguishing systems, while effective, may have limitations in terms of response time, coverage, and hu...Fire incidents in commercial vehicles pose significant risks to passengers, drivers, and cargo. Traditional fire extinguishing systems, while effective, may have limitations in terms of response time, coverage, and human intervention [1]. This study investigates the efficacy of a novel fire suppression technology—the Exploding Fire Extinguishing Ball (EFEB) —as an alternative and complementary fire safety solution for commercial vehicles. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing engineering, materials science, fire safety, and human factors analysis. A systematic literature review establishes a comprehensive understanding of existing fire suppression technologies, including EFEBs. Subsequently, this study analyzes the unique features of EFEBs, such as automatic activation, as well as manual activation upon exposure to fire, and their potential to provide rapid, localized, and autonomous fire suppression. The study presents original experimental investigations to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. Experiments include controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations to emulate real-world fire incidents. Data on activation times, extinguishing capability, and coverage area are collected and analyzed to compare the efficacy of EFEBs with traditional fire extinguishing methods. Furthermore, this research shows the practical aspects of implementing EFEBs in commercial vehicles. A feasibility study examines the integration challenges, cost-benefit analysis, and potential regulatory implications. The study also addresses the impact of EFEBs on vehicle weight, stability, and overall safety. Human factors and user acceptance are crucial elements in adopting new safety technologies. Therefore, this research utilizes an experimental design to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. This dissertation presents original controlled experiments to emulate real-world fire incidents, including controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations. The experimental approach ensures rigorous evaluation and objective insights into EFEBs’ potential as an autonomous fire suppression system for commercial vehicles. This includes the perspectives of drivers, passengers, fleet operators, insurance agencies, and regulatory bodies. Factors influencing trust, perceived safety, and willingness to adopt EFEBs are analyzed to provide insights into the successful integration of this technology. The findings of this research will contribute to the knowledge of fire safety technology and expand the understanding of the applicability of EFEBs in commercial vehicles.展开更多
Forest fires are influenced by several factors,including forest location,species type,age and density,date of fire occurrence,temperatures,and wind speeds,among others.This study investigates the quantitative effects ...Forest fires are influenced by several factors,including forest location,species type,age and density,date of fire occurrence,temperatures,and wind speeds,among others.This study investigates the quantitative effects of these factors on the degree of forest fire disaster using nonparametric statistical methods to provide a theoretical basis and data support for forest fire management.Data on forest fire damage from 1969 to 2013 was analyzed.The results indicate that different forest locations and types,fire occurrence dates,temperatures,and wind speeds were statistically significant.The eastern regions of the study area experienced the highest fire occurrence,accounting for 85.0%of the total number of fires as well as the largest average forested area burned.April,May,and October had more frequent fires than other months,accounting for 78.9%,while September had the most extensive forested area burned(63.08 ha)and burnt area(106.34 ha).Hardwood mixed forest and oak forest had more frequent fires,accounting for 31.9%and 26.0%,respectively.Hardwood-conifer mixed forest had the most forested area burned(50.18 ha)and burnt area(65.09 ha).Temperatures,wind speeds,and their interaction had significant impacts on forested area burned and area burnt.展开更多
Based on the systematic summary of current research on oil bank, the definition of oil bank in the process of fire flooding and its quantitative indices were proposed; and a new one-dimensional positive dry-fire flood...Based on the systematic summary of current research on oil bank, the definition of oil bank in the process of fire flooding and its quantitative indices were proposed; and a new one-dimensional positive dry-fire flooding model considering temperature gradient was established based on the steady flow theory of gas and liquid phases. Single factor analysis and orthogonal experiments were adopted to verify the reliability and reveal the formation mechanisms and the controlling factors of the oil bank. Then the optimal conditions for the oil bank to form were discussed. The study results show the formation of the oil bank is controlled by 3 factors:(1) Oil bank would come into being within a certain temperature interval and above a critical value of temperature gradient(absolute value), with temperature too high or too low and temperature gradient absolute value lower than the critical value, the oil bank couldn't form.(2) For fire flooding process in heavy oil reservoirs, the viscosity of oil influences the width of oil bank and the speed at which oil bank forms; the lower the oil viscosity is, the wider the oil bank is and the faster the oil bank forms.(3) Oil saturation could affect the developing temperature and speed of oil bank. The favorable temperature at which oil bank develops gets lower and the accumulating speed of oil gets faster when the oil saturation is higher. By orthogonal experiments with the model, the optimal combinations of reservoir conditions for forming oil bank during fire flooding in heavy oil reservoirs can be worked out.展开更多
文摘Fire incidents in commercial vehicles pose significant risks to passengers, drivers, and cargo. Traditional fire extinguishing systems, while effective, may have limitations in terms of response time, coverage, and human intervention [1]. This study investigates the efficacy of a novel fire suppression technology—the Exploding Fire Extinguishing Ball (EFEB) —as an alternative and complementary fire safety solution for commercial vehicles. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing engineering, materials science, fire safety, and human factors analysis. A systematic literature review establishes a comprehensive understanding of existing fire suppression technologies, including EFEBs. Subsequently, this study analyzes the unique features of EFEBs, such as automatic activation, as well as manual activation upon exposure to fire, and their potential to provide rapid, localized, and autonomous fire suppression. The study presents original experimental investigations to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. Experiments include controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations to emulate real-world fire incidents. Data on activation times, extinguishing capability, and coverage area are collected and analyzed to compare the efficacy of EFEBs with traditional fire extinguishing methods. Furthermore, this research shows the practical aspects of implementing EFEBs in commercial vehicles. A feasibility study examines the integration challenges, cost-benefit analysis, and potential regulatory implications. The study also addresses the impact of EFEBs on vehicle weight, stability, and overall safety. Human factors and user acceptance are crucial elements in adopting new safety technologies. Therefore, this research utilizes an experimental design to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. This dissertation presents original controlled experiments to emulate real-world fire incidents, including controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations. The experimental approach ensures rigorous evaluation and objective insights into EFEBs’ potential as an autonomous fire suppression system for commercial vehicles. This includes the perspectives of drivers, passengers, fleet operators, insurance agencies, and regulatory bodies. Factors influencing trust, perceived safety, and willingness to adopt EFEBs are analyzed to provide insights into the successful integration of this technology. The findings of this research will contribute to the knowledge of fire safety technology and expand the understanding of the applicability of EFEBs in commercial vehicles.
基金supported financially by the National Key Research and Development Plan(2018YFD0600205)China’s National Foundation of Natural Sciences(31470497)the Project of Jilin Province Department of Education(JJKH20180347KJ)
文摘Forest fires are influenced by several factors,including forest location,species type,age and density,date of fire occurrence,temperatures,and wind speeds,among others.This study investigates the quantitative effects of these factors on the degree of forest fire disaster using nonparametric statistical methods to provide a theoretical basis and data support for forest fire management.Data on forest fire damage from 1969 to 2013 was analyzed.The results indicate that different forest locations and types,fire occurrence dates,temperatures,and wind speeds were statistically significant.The eastern regions of the study area experienced the highest fire occurrence,accounting for 85.0%of the total number of fires as well as the largest average forested area burned.April,May,and October had more frequent fires than other months,accounting for 78.9%,while September had the most extensive forested area burned(63.08 ha)and burnt area(106.34 ha).Hardwood mixed forest and oak forest had more frequent fires,accounting for 31.9%and 26.0%,respectively.Hardwood-conifer mixed forest had the most forested area burned(50.18 ha)and burnt area(65.09 ha).Temperatures,wind speeds,and their interaction had significant impacts on forested area burned and area burnt.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05012-004)the PetroChina Science and Technology Project(2016B-1402)
文摘Based on the systematic summary of current research on oil bank, the definition of oil bank in the process of fire flooding and its quantitative indices were proposed; and a new one-dimensional positive dry-fire flooding model considering temperature gradient was established based on the steady flow theory of gas and liquid phases. Single factor analysis and orthogonal experiments were adopted to verify the reliability and reveal the formation mechanisms and the controlling factors of the oil bank. Then the optimal conditions for the oil bank to form were discussed. The study results show the formation of the oil bank is controlled by 3 factors:(1) Oil bank would come into being within a certain temperature interval and above a critical value of temperature gradient(absolute value), with temperature too high or too low and temperature gradient absolute value lower than the critical value, the oil bank couldn't form.(2) For fire flooding process in heavy oil reservoirs, the viscosity of oil influences the width of oil bank and the speed at which oil bank forms; the lower the oil viscosity is, the wider the oil bank is and the faster the oil bank forms.(3) Oil saturation could affect the developing temperature and speed of oil bank. The favorable temperature at which oil bank develops gets lower and the accumulating speed of oil gets faster when the oil saturation is higher. By orthogonal experiments with the model, the optimal combinations of reservoir conditions for forming oil bank during fire flooding in heavy oil reservoirs can be worked out.
