Fire growth model can predict fire behavior,which can guide fire fighting activities and assesses fire management policies.This paper analyzed the main factors affecting fire simulation, and summaried the current grow...Fire growth model can predict fire behavior,which can guide fire fighting activities and assesses fire management policies.This paper analyzed the main factors affecting fire simulation, and summaried the current growth models including empirical,semi-empirical and physical models.The widely used fire growth simulation softwares were outlined in the paper,which include Prometheus, Behave Plus,Farsite,etc.Finally,the paper discussed the limitations of fire growth models and their future development.展开更多
An experimental investigation was conducted to identify the characteristics of crack growth in high performance concrete (HPC) subjected to fire, including two parts of work, i.e. crack growth resistance determination...An experimental investigation was conducted to identify the characteristics of crack growth in high performance concrete (HPC) subjected to fire, including two parts of work, i.e. crack growth resistance determinations and cracking observations, using concrete of three strength grades 40 MPa, 70 MPa, and 110 MPa. The crack growth resistance curves (R-curves ) of HPC subjected to high temperatures were determined using notched three-point bend beam specimens of 100 mm×100 mm×300mm. The R-curve (crack growth resistance curve) flattening shows that the crack growth resistance has been significantly reduced by elevated temperature. Concrete with a higher strength grade has a steeper R-curve, with a higher fracture toughness but a shorter critical crack growth. The shorter critical crack growth means that concrete of a higher strength grade has a more brittle behavior. The concrete cracking observations reveal that the consequences of rapid heating are quite different from those of slow heating. For slow heating at a rate of 0.5℃/min, HPC suffered no obvious cracking below 600℃ even if it had a high moisture content. Explosive spalling is an extreme case of the internal cracking driven mainly by vapor pressure. All these results confirmed the vapor pressure mechanism for spading behavior which should be more significant for denser concrete. The crack growth ranges obtained from the R-curve determination results are in good agreement with those measured in the concrete cracking observations.展开更多
We estimated the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions by comparing and analyzing the vertical and horizontal distributions of below-ground...We estimated the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions by comparing and analyzing the vertical and horizontal distributions of below-ground roots on each contour. The main roots at the south-facing slope (SS) developed in a long and straight form, and those on the north-facing slope (NS) in a twisted form. The side roots developed more than the main roots on the Ridge. The depth of taproots decreased in the following order: SS > NS > Ridge. The roots on the SS developed in a pile-form root structure whereas those in the Ridge and NS developed concentrically near the root collar. The amount of root development decreased in the following order: SS > NS > Ridge. The ratio of fine roots from the whole-root development decreased in the following order: Ridge > SS > NS. These results can guide considerations of growth differences according to the planting contour conditions for future establishment of P. densiflora artificial plantations.展开更多
We used preliminary data to estimate the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions. We compared the growth of P. densiflora on a south-facing s...We used preliminary data to estimate the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions. We compared the growth of P. densiflora on a south-facing slope(Ssth), north-facing slope(Snth) and ridge area(Ridge), using 7 trees selected from each stand aspect. The tree height, diameter and growth volume were measured and the dry weight of each plant part were compared and analyzed. The results revealed that the total dry weight was highest on Ssth(5992.3 g), followed by Snth(4833.2 g) and lowest on Ridge(3160.1 g). The height growth was highest on Snth(285.8 cm), followed by Ssth(274.5 cm) and lowest on Ridge(211.5 cm). The diameter growth was greatest on Ssth(7.37 cm), followed by Snth(7.10 cm) and lowest on Ridge(5.72 cm). The volume growth was highest on Ssth(4257.7 cm3), followed by Snth(3750.7 cm3) and lowest on Ridge(2093.7 cm3). Therefore, we should consider and include the concept of slope orientation together with differences in habitat environments in afforestation projects when creating artificial forests with P. densiflora. These study results can serve as important preliminary data for future establishment of artificial forest of P. densiflora in a post-fire plantation.展开更多
The fire behaviour involving multiple fires in a mine drift with longitudinal ventilation was analysed. The conditions and fire phenomena occurring were described. The analysis was based upon experimental data from mo...The fire behaviour involving multiple fires in a mine drift with longitudinal ventilation was analysed. The conditions and fire phenomena occurring were described. The analysis was based upon experimental data from model-scale fire experiments. A fire involving several fuel items may lead to flames tilted horizontally and filling up the entire cross section, leading to earlier ignition, higher fire growth rates, higher fire spread rate and severe fire behaviour. Longer flame lengths will also result due to decreased air entrainment. A correlation for the continuous flame length was proposed. The results of the analysis will help identifying and preventing potentially dangerous fire situations with several large combustible items distributed along a mine drift.展开更多
In the context of climate change, planning for forest management goals becomes more complicated. Possible changes in precipitation, temperature, and CO2 can affect tree growth substantially and potential effects diffe...In the context of climate change, planning for forest management goals becomes more complicated. Possible changes in precipitation, temperature, and CO2 can affect tree growth substantially and potential effects differ by species and region. However, integration of potential forest growth responses to these factors can be achieved using models. Because of the need to understand the range of forest growth forecasts and the strengths and limitations of different modeling approaches, I summarized results from 25 studies of forecasted forest responses over coming decades. Some models used statistical relationships between tree rings and climate to forecast growth responses to future climate, some simulated net photosynthesis of a standard forest canopy, and many used tree or stand growth models at various levels of mechanistic detail. In general, models that included CO2 responses predicted enhanced forest growth by 2100 across most of the commercial timberland areas of the US and Canada. For modest warming, most models showed growth enhancement in most regions. For hotter scenarios, many models and regions showed even more growth enhancement, but some regions such as the Southwest, mountain West, and southwestern Canada were predicted to experience drought stress and increased fire incidence, although projections in these regions were variable. Young stands, angiosperms, and early-successional species were predicted to exhibit the most positive responses. As a result, commercial harvest ages might be accelerated by several years, depending on species. Some simulations for the Midwest and Northeast US predicted a doubling or more of net primary productivity although other studies show a lesser response. Model runs that did not include mechanisms of CO2 fertilization showed positive growth responses in only limited cases and generally showed growth declines. There also was some evidence indicating the potential spread of forest into woodland at shrub or prairie ecotones.展开更多
文摘Fire growth model can predict fire behavior,which can guide fire fighting activities and assesses fire management policies.This paper analyzed the main factors affecting fire simulation, and summaried the current growth models including empirical,semi-empirical and physical models.The widely used fire growth simulation softwares were outlined in the paper,which include Prometheus, Behave Plus,Farsite,etc.Finally,the paper discussed the limitations of fire growth models and their future development.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of both the National Natural Science Foundation of China(project No.50108001)the Pandeng Foundation Project of Beijing Jiao Tong University.
文摘An experimental investigation was conducted to identify the characteristics of crack growth in high performance concrete (HPC) subjected to fire, including two parts of work, i.e. crack growth resistance determinations and cracking observations, using concrete of three strength grades 40 MPa, 70 MPa, and 110 MPa. The crack growth resistance curves (R-curves ) of HPC subjected to high temperatures were determined using notched three-point bend beam specimens of 100 mm×100 mm×300mm. The R-curve (crack growth resistance curve) flattening shows that the crack growth resistance has been significantly reduced by elevated temperature. Concrete with a higher strength grade has a steeper R-curve, with a higher fracture toughness but a shorter critical crack growth. The shorter critical crack growth means that concrete of a higher strength grade has a more brittle behavior. The concrete cracking observations reveal that the consequences of rapid heating are quite different from those of slow heating. For slow heating at a rate of 0.5℃/min, HPC suffered no obvious cracking below 600℃ even if it had a high moisture content. Explosive spalling is an extreme case of the internal cracking driven mainly by vapor pressure. All these results confirmed the vapor pressure mechanism for spading behavior which should be more significant for denser concrete. The crack growth ranges obtained from the R-curve determination results are in good agreement with those measured in the concrete cracking observations.
基金supported by a research Grant from Yeungnam University in 2015the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant(NRF No.2016M3C1B6929073)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning of the Republic of Korea
文摘We estimated the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions by comparing and analyzing the vertical and horizontal distributions of below-ground roots on each contour. The main roots at the south-facing slope (SS) developed in a long and straight form, and those on the north-facing slope (NS) in a twisted form. The side roots developed more than the main roots on the Ridge. The depth of taproots decreased in the following order: SS > NS > Ridge. The roots on the SS developed in a pile-form root structure whereas those in the Ridge and NS developed concentrically near the root collar. The amount of root development decreased in the following order: SS > NS > Ridge. The ratio of fine roots from the whole-root development decreased in the following order: Ridge > SS > NS. These results can guide considerations of growth differences according to the planting contour conditions for future establishment of P. densiflora artificial plantations.
基金supported by a research grant from Yeungnam University in 2015
文摘We used preliminary data to estimate the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions. We compared the growth of P. densiflora on a south-facing slope(Ssth), north-facing slope(Snth) and ridge area(Ridge), using 7 trees selected from each stand aspect. The tree height, diameter and growth volume were measured and the dry weight of each plant part were compared and analyzed. The results revealed that the total dry weight was highest on Ssth(5992.3 g), followed by Snth(4833.2 g) and lowest on Ridge(3160.1 g). The height growth was highest on Snth(285.8 cm), followed by Ssth(274.5 cm) and lowest on Ridge(211.5 cm). The diameter growth was greatest on Ssth(7.37 cm), followed by Snth(7.10 cm) and lowest on Ridge(5.72 cm). The volume growth was highest on Ssth(4257.7 cm3), followed by Snth(3750.7 cm3) and lowest on Ridge(2093.7 cm3). Therefore, we should consider and include the concept of slope orientation together with differences in habitat environments in afforestation projects when creating artificial forests with P. densiflora. These study results can serve as important preliminary data for future establishment of artificial forest of P. densiflora in a post-fire plantation.
文摘The fire behaviour involving multiple fires in a mine drift with longitudinal ventilation was analysed. The conditions and fire phenomena occurring were described. The analysis was based upon experimental data from model-scale fire experiments. A fire involving several fuel items may lead to flames tilted horizontally and filling up the entire cross section, leading to earlier ignition, higher fire growth rates, higher fire spread rate and severe fire behaviour. Longer flame lengths will also result due to decreased air entrainment. A correlation for the continuous flame length was proposed. The results of the analysis will help identifying and preventing potentially dangerous fire situations with several large combustible items distributed along a mine drift.
文摘In the context of climate change, planning for forest management goals becomes more complicated. Possible changes in precipitation, temperature, and CO2 can affect tree growth substantially and potential effects differ by species and region. However, integration of potential forest growth responses to these factors can be achieved using models. Because of the need to understand the range of forest growth forecasts and the strengths and limitations of different modeling approaches, I summarized results from 25 studies of forecasted forest responses over coming decades. Some models used statistical relationships between tree rings and climate to forecast growth responses to future climate, some simulated net photosynthesis of a standard forest canopy, and many used tree or stand growth models at various levels of mechanistic detail. In general, models that included CO2 responses predicted enhanced forest growth by 2100 across most of the commercial timberland areas of the US and Canada. For modest warming, most models showed growth enhancement in most regions. For hotter scenarios, many models and regions showed even more growth enhancement, but some regions such as the Southwest, mountain West, and southwestern Canada were predicted to experience drought stress and increased fire incidence, although projections in these regions were variable. Young stands, angiosperms, and early-successional species were predicted to exhibit the most positive responses. As a result, commercial harvest ages might be accelerated by several years, depending on species. Some simulations for the Midwest and Northeast US predicted a doubling or more of net primary productivity although other studies show a lesser response. Model runs that did not include mechanisms of CO2 fertilization showed positive growth responses in only limited cases and generally showed growth declines. There also was some evidence indicating the potential spread of forest into woodland at shrub or prairie ecotones.
