Impact of livelihood diversification of rural households on their ecological footprint in agro-pastoral areas of northern China

Human-environment relationship is a focus of academic researches and an understanding of the rela- tionship is important for making effective policies and decisions. In this study, based on rural household survey data of Taibus Banner, Duolun county and Zhengxiangbai Banner in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China, we identified the impact of livelihood diversification on ecosystems in these agro-pastoral areas by using the ecological footprint theory and methodology together with the one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and correlation analysis methods. In 2011, the total ecological footprint of consumption （EFC） was 0.665 g hm2, and the total ecological footprint of production （EFP） was 2.045 g hm2, which was more than three times the EFC. The ecological footprint of arable land consumption （EFAC） accounted for a large proportion of the EFC, and the ecological footprint of grassland production （EFGP） occupied a large proportion of the EFP. Both the ecological footprint of grassland consumption （EFGC） and EFGP had a significant positive correlation with the income, indicating that income was mainly depended on livestock production and the households with higher incomes consumed more livestock prod- ucts. The full-time farming households （FTFHs） had the highest EFP, ecological footprint of arable land production （EFAP）, EFGP and EFGC, followed by the part-time farming households （PTFHs） and non-farming households （NFHs）, which indicated that part-time farming and non-farming employment reduced the occupancy and con- sumption of rural households on local ecosystems and natural resources to some extent. When farming households engaged in livestock rearing, both the EFAP and EFAC became smaller, while the EFP, EFC, EFGC and EFGP increased significantly. The differences in ecological footprints among different household groups should be taken into account when making ecosystem conservation policies. Encouraging the laborers who have the advantages of participating in non-farming employment to move out of the rural areas and increasing the diversification of liveli- hoods of rural households are important in reducing the environmental pressures and improving the welfare of households in the study area. Moreover, grassland should be utilized more effectively in the future.

Considerations on Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in Dryland Areas

Drylands of the world cover 41%of the Earth＇s land surface and are a direct source of livelihood for 6.5 billion people, especially in developing countries. However, nearly all drylands are at risk of land degradation as a result of human activities. Poverty and desertification in dryland areas are major problems threatening sustainable agriculture and rural development in dryland areas. Several topics that are significant for sustainable agriculture and rural development for food security and environmental rehabilitation in dryland areas were stressed in this paper.

Recommendations for Emergency Management of Rural Major Infectious Diseases in Non-epicenter Areas:Taking Village B during COVID-19 as an Example

This paper analyzed the key issues and challenges confronted in the governance of Village B in the non-epicenter area in rural areas of China during the COVID-19 pandemic.It clarified the weak points in the prevention and control of infectious diseases in Village B.A triple emergency management mechanism of"people-materials-environment"in rural areas should be established.It came up with constructive recommendations for scientifically and effectively responding to public health emergencies in rural non-epicenter areas,which is helpful to improve the rationality,legality and scientific effectiveness of the construction of emergency response mechanisms in rural areas.

Modern Trend Found in Traditional Lives in Rural/Pastoral Areas

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The Long-Term Effective Mechanism of Rural Poverty Alleviation in China from the Perspective of Ecological Management

Based on the ecological environmental situation of poverty-stricken areas in China and the domestic and foreign research results,the long-term effective mechanism of sustainable poverty alleviation in China is established(the ideological premise is ecological culture,the material base is ecological economy and the basic guarantee is ecological system) from the perspective of ecological management.To be specific,ecological culture,the ideological premise of rural sustainable poverty alleviation in China,includes two aspects:the first one is upholding the Marxism,passing on the Chinese traditional ecological wisdom and fostering ecological consciousness;the second one is mirroring the thought of western modern ecological ethics,emphasizing ecological criticism and redoubling the ecological education.As for ecological economy,the material guarantee for sustainable poverty alleviation in Chinese rural poverty-stricken areas,also contents two aspects.The first one is promoting the way of "clean production" and developing ecological industry;the second one is building ecological concept of consumption and establishing the ecological lifestyle.In addition,ecological system,the basic guarantee of sustainable poverty alleviation in Chinese rural poverty-stricken areas,covers three terms.The first one is implementing the ecological policies and stipulating ecological plan;the second one is establishing perfect ecological legislation and ecological system and intensifying their implementation;the third one is enforcing ecological management in the process of sustainable poverty alleviation.Through the establishment of the above mechanism,we look forward to realizing sustainability of economic development and poverty alleviation effects in the process of poverty alleviation in Chinese rural areas,as well as ecological management of the poverty-stricken areas.

General Design of Rural Area Electricity Management Information System Based on Intranet

Based on the Intranet technique,the design and implementation of rural area electricity Management Information System(RAEMIS)is researched.And then,a new RAEMIS with opening dynamic multimedia hypertext architecture is proposed.The advantages of new system include uniform user interface friendly,quick and accurate database accessing,and easy maintenance.

Effects of a Stress Management Program Based on Psychological Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease after Retirement in an Underpopulated Area: A Pilot Study

Background: To develop an effective health education program to prevent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged residents after retirement in underpopulated areas, we explored the effects of a stress management program based on the type A behavior pattern. Methods: This study was carried out in a rural city in Japan recognized as underpopulated and participants were civil servants aged 45 - 64 who joined a stress management program offered as part of staff training. Learning materials for the program were developed based on the type A behavior pattern. Measures for the impact evaluation were Bloom’s learning domains and stage of change for stress management practice. Measures for the outcome evaluation were KG’s Daily Life Questionnaire (KG Questionnaire), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Framingham 10-year cardiovascular risk score (CVD risk score). We statistically analyzed changes in each item between time points. Results: Eighteen participants completed questionnaire surveys at pre-, post-, and 4 weeks post-program and eleven had complete blood pressure and weight measurements at pre- and post-program. In the impact evaluation, the Friedman test found significant differences between the three time points in all of Bloom’s learning domain scores and stage of change for stress management. In the post hoc analysis, a significant increase was seen between pre- and post-program and between pre- and 4 weeks post-program in cognitive domain score, psychomotor domain score and stage of change for stress management. In the outcome evaluation, a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure was seen between pre- and post-program. Conclusion: The present study suggested that a stress management program using learning materials based on type A behavior could promote stress management practices and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This stress management program is expected to be useful as a health promotion activity for middle-aged residents after retirement in underpopulated areas.

Adaptive evolution of the rural human-environment system in farming and pastoral areas of northern China from 1952-2017

The theory on the cyclic adaptation between society and ecosystems sheds new light on the evolution and internal structure of human–environment systems.This paper introduces the risk index(RI)and adaptation capacity index(ACI)to evaluate the rural human–environment system.An evaluation index system for the adaptability of rural human–environment systems is configured in the context of climate change and policy implementation.On this basis,the stages,features,dominant control factors,and evolution mechanism were examined vis-à-vis the adaptability of the rural human–environment system in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner from 1952 to 2017.The main results are as follows:(1)The evolution of the rural human–environment system can be divided into three stages,namely,the reorganization and rapid development stage(1952–2002)with population,cultivated land,livestock and degraded grassland increasing by 260%,13%,134%and 16.33%,respectively.The rapid to stable development stage(2003–2010)with population increasing by 2.8%;cultivated land,livestock and degraded grassland decreasing by 2.3%,13.6%and 10.7%,respectively.The stable to release stage(2011–2017)with population,cultivated land,livestock and degraded grassland decreasing by 2.6%,0.2%,10.6%and 3.8%,respectively.(2)With the passage of time,the ACI of the rural human–environment system first increased slightly(–0.016–0.031),followed by a slight decline(0.031–0.003),and culminating in a rapid increase(0.003–0.088).In terms of spatial patterns,adaptability is high in the middle,moderate in the north,and low in the south.(3)The evolution of adaptability in the rural human–environment system was mainly controlled by the per capita effective irrigation area(22.31%)and the per capita number of livestock(23.47%)from 1990 to 2000,the desertified area(25.06%)and the land use intensity(21.27%)from 2000 to 2005,and the per capita income of farmers and herdsmen(20.08%)and the per capita number of livestock(18.52%)from 2010 to 2007.(4)Under the effects of climate change and policy interventions,the cyclic adaptation of the rural human–environment system was propelled by the interactions between two kinds of subjects:farmers and herdsmen on the one hand and rural communities on the other hand.The interaction affects the adaptive behavior of the two kinds of subjects,which in turn drives the cyclic evolution of the system.As a result,the system structure and functions developed alternatively between coordinated and uncoordinated states.Small-scale adaptive behaviors of farmers and herdsmen have a profound impact on the evolution of the rural human–environment system.

Effects of Guideline-based Hypertension Management in Rural Areas of Guangdong Province

Background:Despite the improvement in the health care industry,the rates of undetected,untreated,and uncontrolled hypertension (HTN)are still very high,especially in rural areas of China.The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and efficiency of a guideline-based HTN management (novel therapy) in population of rural areas of Guangdong Province.Methods:Totally,3113 patients with essential HTN in a rural area of Guangdong Province were enrolled and assigned to two groups,named traditional (n =372) and novel therapeutic (n =2741) groups,respectively.Patients in the traditional group were treated routinely,and patients in the novel group were treated in a novel model characterized by regular educational programs for hypertensive populations,close monitoring of blood pressure in combination with finely tuned antihypertensive medications,strict implementation of lifestyle modification and improving medical knowledge and skill of local medical staff efficiently.After 2 years of follow-up,primary endpoints including magnitude of systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) decrease,treated and controlled rates,as well as secondary endpoints,were evaluated in both groups.Results:Initially,the treated rate was significantly higher in traditional group than that of novel group (71.15％ vs.64.99％,P ＜ 0.05),while the controlled rates were comparable and insignificant difference between baseline BP in both groups (31.07％ vs.26.88％,P ＞ 0.05).Four variables were significantly different,namely smoking rate,daily vegetable consumption (VC),and serum levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and fasting blood glucose between these two groups.After 2 years of follow-up,decreases in SBP and DBP were more prominent in the novel group (P ＜ 0.001).Treated and controlled rates in both groups were both increased.Nevertheless,in comparison to the traditional group,controlled rate increased more significantly in the novel group (64.31％ vs.37.85％,P ＜ 0.001).Variables indicating lifestyle modification such as high sodium consumption,percentages of alcohol abuse,daily VC were profoundly improved in the novel group.Conclusions:The guideline-based HTN management implemented in the current study was beneficial for HTN control in rural areas of Guangdong Province.

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

基于赋权教育的自我管理干预对农村糖尿病患者的影响

目的探讨实施基于赋权教育的自我管理干预对农村糖尿病患者自我管理能力的效果。方法选取内分泌科住院的78例农村糖尿病患者为研究对象,按照入院时间顺序分成对照组(2022年6-10月)和观察组(2022年11月至2023年3月)各39例。观察组接受基于赋权教育模式的自我管理方案;对照组接受常规的糖尿病宣教方案。比较两组干预后血糖控制水平、自我管理能力和疾病态度。结果观察组34例、对照组35例完成研究。两组出院当日,出院后3、6个月患者自我管理能力、糖尿病态度得分显著高于对照组,空腹血糖值显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论实施基于赋权教育的自我管理方案可改善农村糖尿病患者对疾病的态度和血糖控制水平,提高自我管理能力。

农村地区高血压患者自我管理的研究进展

高血压是心血管疾病和全因死亡的主要可预防危险因素,是多种疾病如心肌梗死、脑卒中的重要危险因素,给患者及其家庭乃至社会造成沉重的负担。我国高血压患者血压控制达标率较低,在医疗资源相对落后的农村地区,其血压控制达标率更不理想。因此,改善我国农村地区高血压患者的自我管理现状对实现我国“健康中国”的战略目标尤为重要。随着互联网信息技术的迅猛发展及智能手机的广泛应用,基于“互联网+”移动医疗服务的应用日渐广泛,越来越多的学者开始探讨“互联网+”或人工智能融合传统慢病管理的新型管理模式,以提高农村地区高血压患者的自我管理水平。本文旨在将近年来采用“互联网+”或人工智能手段进行高血压自我管理的方案进综述,以期为我国健全慢性病数字信息化管理体系提供参考依据,从而进一步提高农村地区高血压患者的自我管理水平。

内蒙古通辽农村牧区民居外围护结构的节能改造研究

为改善内蒙古通辽农村牧区民居的室内热环境、降低能耗,以三栋代表性民居为研究对象,实测冬季室内外温度并分析民居存在的节能问题。对影响能耗的外墙保温、屋面保温、外窗类型等因素进行单因素节能改造和正交实验组合节能改造,采用极差法探究各因素对实验指标的影响程度,并结合节能率和经济性分析选出最佳方案。研究表明,对三栋民居影响程度较大的是外墙保温,最佳改造方案为外墙为50 mm厚EPS保温板,屋面为60 mm厚EPS保温板,外窗为6 mm+12 A+6 mm的普通中空玻璃,改造后三栋民居的全年累计热负荷分别降低了53.58%、45.05%、43.55%。研究结果可为内蒙古通辽农村牧区民居室内热环境的改善提供依据、为民居外围护结构节能改造提供参考。

边境民族地区农村应急韧性治理的影响因素与提升策略——基于广西边境五县12个村庄的案例分析

提升农村应急治理成效是贯彻国家“乡村治理能力现代化”理念的重要举措,探究边境民族地区农村应急韧性治理中的影响因素有利于农村应急治理长效机制的规范化与体系化建设。文章基于模糊集定性比较分析方法,构建制度韧性-资本韧性-文化韧性-基础设施韧性的基本分析框架,以广西边境民族地区五县12个村庄为案例样本,研究影响边境民族地区农村应急韧性治理成效的多因素组态效应与作用机制。结果表明:边境民族地区农村应急韧性治理成效受到多重因素组合的共同作用,单一条件变量无法作为结果的必要条件,而资本韧性的高治理成效一致性达到0.88,是边境民族地区农村应急韧性治理成效的充分条件;边境民族地区农村应急韧性治理存在两种典型的有效组态,即“资本-文化型”与“制度-设施型”;资本韧性、制度韧性、文化韧性和基础设施韧性分别对韧性治理成效产生了显著的影响,对未来边境民族地区农村应急韧性治理成效提升具有政策层面的启示意义。

构建嵌套于城市碳账户下的可计算城乡家庭碳账户框架

家庭作为社会最小单元,是消费端的主要参与主体。在消费端基础上确立碳排放责任,有助于厘清基于利益相关者降低碳排放的动力机制。目前个人碳普惠管理实践过程中仍存在消费引发的碳排放边界难以说清、个人负碳市场交易逻辑复杂、个人减排逻辑道义纠结、缺乏稳定的管理体系等问题。若以家庭端作为制度安排和市场交易的基础,建立城乡家庭碳账户就是核心基石。本研究目标为初步构建家庭碳账户框架,明确其账户范围、边界、计算方法和与城市碳账户和个人碳捕获衔接的可扩展逻辑。综述了现有个人碳账户和家庭碳账户的研究现状,基于我国碳排放管理特色,构建城乡家庭碳账户体系,包含资产、权益、负债三大子账户,确定了家庭碳账户核算边界、抽样方式和计算方法。并进一步解释了城乡家庭碳账户与城市碳账户的链接嵌套逻辑,设计了城乡家庭碳账户参与城市碳配额管理的方式,以及区别了城乡家庭碳账户与个人碳普惠。从账户的角度出发,将家庭碳账户与碳市场相结合,“有形的手”碳配额市场与“无形的手”碳减排权益市场相结合,共同为家庭消费端碳减排提供了新的思路,并在一定程度避免了不同核算边界下的责任重叠问题,易于与我国碳管理体系衔接。本文提出的城乡家庭碳账户可作为适应中国碳管理特色的精细化深度减排的重要工具,对以家庭为单元的碳排放额度分配、减排及交易,深度推进碳普惠的激励机制设计,调动城市多级嵌套的碳减体系等具有基础支撑作用。

乡村振兴视域下农业农村人才培养困境与对策研究

我国正经历着由城市向乡村的人口流动趋势逆转、农村经济社会结构调整和新型城乡关系建构等多重转型。农业农村人才培养是推动乡村振兴战略的基础,因而培养和引进优秀人才尤为重要。面对当前农业农村人才培养的困境,政府、教育机构、企业三方应形成合力,从完善课程建设、加大资金支持、完善人才管理机制等方面入手,同时深入研究农业现代化、农村产业结构升级、乡村治理现代化等方面的人才需求,以精准培养和引进符合乡村振兴要求的专业人才。

农村地区道路交通安全综合治理意义及路径分析

农村地区道路交通安全工作是我国平安社会建设的有机组成部分,是确保乡村振兴建设、美丽乡村建设、新农村建设质量的前提条件。针对当前农村道路交通安全问题,需要相关部门结合农村道路特征,分别从安全管理、道路安全、人车安全等角度出发,探究出科学合理、全面有效、操作性强的综合治理策略。

新型城镇化背景下农村土地管理制度优化

农村发展应新型城镇化要求需在相关体制上进行追本溯源的、创新性的改革,尤其是农村的土地管理制度,存在诸多与新型城镇化发展相矛盾的问题。如今,新型城镇化的任务推进能够为农村不断完成新农村建设作出指导。为此,基于新型城镇化背景,探讨了其对农村土地管理制度改革的需求,分析了农村土地管理与新型城镇化的适配度问题,指出了农村土地管理制度中的问题,并针对相关问题提出建设性的优化策略。

草原牧区落实乡村振兴战略的SWOT分析

为提振信心、认清现实,避免陷入新的困局,有必要对草原牧区落实乡村振兴战略、实现现代化进程中面临的内外部环境进行规范分析。以四大牧区为研究对象,利用SWOT模型分析法构建草原牧区2*2矩阵网格,结果表明:草原牧区可采取以WO策略为主的策略组合;长期来看,SO策略将成为未来主要策略,短期ST策略和WT策略在特定地区为主要策略。因此,牧区落实乡村振兴战略要处理好短期和长期、静态和动态的问题,避免模仿农区带来新问题,要解决好强化内生动力、抢抓机遇、补短板、重视政策实效等几个关键点。

云南边境地区农村本土能人资源开发与管理研究

边境地区农村人力资源开发对促进地区经济发展、维护民族团结、保障边境安全稳定具有重要的现实意义。随着国家新农村建设和精准扶贫工作深入推进,对云南边境地区农村本土能人资源开发与管理的研究显得尤为重要。本文在云南省瑞丽市、勐腊县、河口县三个边境县域实地调研的基础上,结合农村本土能人问卷调查与访谈数据,对当前这类地区农村本土能人资源开发的基本现状进行分析,指出云南省边境地区农村本土能人资源开发中存在的问题,剖析问题出现的原因,最后提出解决问题的对策建议。