Preparation,Characterization,and Performance of Lignin-based Microencapsulated Red Phosphorus Flame Retardant for ABS

The inherent difficulty in preservation and processing of conventional red phosphorus flame retardant severely limits its growing applications in polymer materials,thus,there is an urgent need to exploit effective technology to modify red phosphorus.Functionalized lignin-based compounds can provide a great potential in improving the preservation and processing of red phosphorus.Here,we prepared melamine modified lignin/aluminum phosphate coated red phosphorus(LMAP@RP)and used it as the flame retardant of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)resin.With 25wt%loading LMAP@RP,the ABS samples show excellent flame inhibiting capacity and reached UL-94 V-0 rating.Cone calorimetry test results show that the peak heat release rate,total heat release and total smoke release of ABS/25LMAP@RP are reduced strikingly by 64.6%,49.3%,and 30.1%,respectively.The char residue is 15.36wt%and the char layer is continuous and dense.The outstanding flame retardant and smoke-suppressant performances of LMAP@RP show its application prospect for ABS.

Deterioration Reason and Improvement Measure of the Retarding Effect of Protein Retarder on Phosphorus Building Gypsum

The retarding effect of protein retarder on phosphorus building gypsum(PBG)and desulfurization building gypsum(DBG)was investigated,and the results show that protein retarder for DBG can effectively prolong the setting time and displays a better retarding effect,but for PBG shows a poor retarding effect.Furthermore,the deterioration reason of the retarding effect of protein retarder on PBG was investigated by measuring the pH value and the retarder concentration of the liquid phase from vacuum filtration of PBG slurry at different hydration time,and the measure to improve the retarding effect of protein retarding on PBG was suggested.The pH value of PBG slurry(<5.0)is lower than that of DBG slurry(7.8-8.5).After hydration for 5 min,the concentration of retarder in liquid phase of DBG slurry gradually decreases,but in liquid phase of PBG slurry continually increases,which results in the worse retarding effect of protein retarder on PBG.The liquid phase pH value of PBG slurry can be adjusted higher by sodium silicate,which is beneficial to improvement in the retarding effect of the retarder.By adding 1.0%of sodium silicate,the initial setting time of PBG was efficiently prolonged from 17 to 210 min,but little effect on the absolute dry flexural strength was observed.

Hyperbranched Polyurethane Acrylate Applied to UV Curable Flame Retardant Coatings

UV curable hyperbranched prepolymers based on amine-ester, ester-amide and ether-amide started with AB_2-type monomers have been prepared by the authors. A series of work on allyl ether maleate hyperbranched polyesters for UV curing coatings by Hult and his colleagues has been reported. However, the UV cured films from those materials are all flammable when attached to fire without addition of flame retardants.

Cottonseed yield and its quality as affected by mineral fertilizers and plant growth retardants

The increase in the population in Egypt makes it imperative to explore promising approaches to increase food supply, including protein and oil, to meet the needs of the Egyptian people. Cotton is the principal crop of Egyptian agriculture, it is grown mainly for its fiber, but cottonseed products are also of economic importance. Cottonseed is presently the main source of edible oil and meal for livestock in Egypt. Economic conditions in modern agriculture demand high crop yields in order to be profitable and consequently meet the high demand for food that comes with population growth. Oil crop production can be improved by development of new high yielding varieties, and the application of appropriate agronomic practices. There is limited information about the most suitable management practice for application of N, P, K, Zn, Ca and PGRs in order to optimize the quantity and quality of oil and protein of cottonseed. In maximizing the quantity and quality of a crop’s nutritional value in terms of fatty acids and protein, field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, foliar application of zinc and calcium, the use of plant growth retardants (Pix, Cycocel or Alar), on cottonseed, protein, oil yields, and oil properties of Egyptian cotton. From the findings of this study, it seems rational to recommend that application of N, P, K, foliar application of Zn and Ca, the use of PGRs (Pix, Cycocel or Alar), could bring about better impact on cottonseed yield, seed protein content, oil and protein yields, oil refractive index, unsaponifiable matter, and unsaturated fatty acids in comparison with the ordinary cultural practices adopted by Egyptian cotton producers.

Direct and residual effects of plant nutrition’s and plant growth retardants, on cottonseed

Seed quality is one of the most important factors for stand establishment in cotton (Gossypium Sp.), and the use of good-quality seeds is therefore essential to obtain an optimum plant population. Conditions prevailing during seed formation can affect the quality of seed produced, and hence crop establishment in the next growing season. These conditions can affect the germination of the seeds and the ability of the seedlings to emerge from soil. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), foliar application of zinc (Zn) and calcium (Ca), and the use of plant growth retardants (PGR) [e.g., 1, 1-dimethyl piperidinium chloride (MC);2-chloroethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CC);or succinic acid 2, 2-dimethyl hydrazide (SADH)], during square initiation and boll setting stage, on growth, seed yield, seed viability, and seedling vigor of Egyptian cotton (G. barbadense). Dry matter yield, total chlorophyll concentration, K, Zn and P-uptake plant-1, were increased with the addition of K, foliar application of Zn, and different concentrations of P (576-1728 g·ha-1 of P). Seed yield plant-1 and plot-1, seed weight, seed viability, seedling vigor, and cool germination test performance increased as a result of the addition of the high N-rate (142.8 kg·ha-1 N), the high P-rate (74 kg·ha-1 P2O5), K (47 kg·ha-1 K), and from application of Zn, and Ca and the PGR. From the findings of the present study, band application of such treatments showed improved cotton-seed yield and affected the quality of seed produced, and hence crop establishment in the next growing season.

Influence of aliphatic epoxy monomer on the blowing-out effect in the flame retardant epoxy resins

An aliphatic epoxy monomer＂polypropyleneglycol-diglycidylether（PPGDGE,YF878）＂is loaded in the epoxy resins（EP）to evaluate the influence of epoxy structure on the blowing-out effect,which is caused by 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide（DOPO）and octaphenyl silsesquioxane（OPS）.The flame retarding properties of these EP composites were tested using the LOI and UL-94 procedures.The pyrolytic gases produced and the thermal stability of the EP composites with different flame retardants were detected by TGA-FTIR in air.The negative effect of YF878 was detected from the TTI,HRR,and p-HRR results after the cone calorimeter test.The char produced by the EP composites after the cone calorimeter test was investigated by FTIR.It is proposed that the aliphatic chain of the YF878 is easy to break down and produce combustible gases,so it does not easily form a crosslinked structure in the condensed phase.These results are very helpful for investigation of the conditions under which the blowing-out effect in epoxy resins can be caused by synergy of phosphorous and silicon.

Study on Synthesis, Characterization of DCMA and Flame Retardant Research

A nitrogen phosphorus synergistic flame retardant DCMA was synthesized frOm N-methylol acrylamide （NMA） and Diethyl Chlorophosphate （DC）. The reaction time and reaction mechanism were determined by tracking the reaction process using ultraviolet spectrum.The cotton cloth finished with DCMA, by rolling baking process, when the flame retardant concentration from 10% to 30%.the smoldering time decreased from 3S to 1 S, carbon length decreased from 10.5 to 6.3, limiting oxygen index by 31 increased to 36.4.the tensile breaking strength of cotton fabric decreased from 6.46MPa to 3.12MPa.

1,4-二(O,O-二乙基硫代磷酰亚胺基)苯的合成及表征

以三氯硫磷与无水乙醇在NaOH存在下合成了二乙基硫代磷酰氯（A）,然后再与对苯二胺反应合成了新型的含磷、氮、硫的膨胀型阻燃剂：1,4-二（O,O-二乙基硫代磷酰亚胺基）苯（B）。利用元素分析、FTIR、1H NMR、MS测试技术表征了化合物B结构,并用热重（TG）和差热分析（DSC）技术研究了其热性能,探讨了反应溶剂及催化剂对反应速率及产率的影响。结果表明,所合成的化合物B的结构与预期的结构一致;热性能研究表明,化合物B在242.2-750℃质量损失为54.39%,1000℃时仍有25.11%的炭残渣,显示出优异的热稳定性和成炭性;在相同反应条件下,用乙腈作为溶剂的反应产率比使用氯仿和二氯乙烷为溶剂的高,并且在合成过程中,单独使用三乙胺作为缚酸剂时产率很低,而当同时加入少量4-二甲氨基吡啶（DMAP）时,产率可达81%。

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermal Properties of N,N′-Bis(5,5-dimethyl-2-phospha-2-thio-1,3-dioxan-2-yl) Ethylene Diamine

The title compound N,N＇-bis（5,5-dimethyl-2-phospha-2-thio-1,3-dioxan-2-yl） ethylene diamine （DPTDEDA, C12H26N2O4P2S2） was synthesized by the reaction of neopentyl glycol, phosphorus thio-chloride and 1,2-ethylenediamine, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and ^1H NMR spectra. Its crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and the thermal property was analyzed by TG analysis. The crystal structure belongs to monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 14.557（16）, b = 11.299（12）, c = 12.163（13）A,β = 98.707（19）^o, Dc = 1.305 g/cm^3, Z = 4, γ = 0.71073A,μ（MoKa） = 0.447 mm^-1, Mr = 388.41, V = 1977（4）A3, F（000） = 824, S = 1.107, the final R = 0.0478 and wR = 0.0810 for 1738 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））. X-ray analysis reveals that the crystal structure is centrosymmetrically distributed through 1,2-ethylenediamine to join two distorted six-membered rings. The weak N-H…S interactions are observed and link the molecules into sheets. TG analysis shows that the title compound has good thermal stability and char-forming capability, which are required for an excellent intumescent fire retardant.

三-(1-硫代-1-硫杂-2,6,7-三氧杂双环-[2.2.2]-辛烷基-4-亚甲基)磷酸酯的合成及表征

以季戊四醇、三氯硫磷、三氯氧磷为原料合成了新型的笼状的膨胀型阻燃剂三-(1-硫代-1-硫杂-2,6,7-三氧杂双环-[2.2.2]-辛烷基-4-亚甲基)磷酸酯,探讨了工艺条件,通过FTIR、1H NMR对其结构进行了表征,用热重(TG)和差热分析(DSC)对其热性能进行了研究。

Preparation and Property of Bisphenol A Bis (diphenyl phosphate) Oligomer

Bisphenol A bis（diphenyl phosphate） oligomer（BDP） is prepared successfully from the reactants consisting of phosphorus oxyehloride （POCl3）, bisphenol A and phenol with a Friedel-Crafts catalyst. The resultant products were examined with thermtygravimetrie analysis （TGA） and high performance liquid chro- matography（HPLC）. Thermogravimetry data shows that BDP decomposes at 375℃ when 5 % weight lost. Experiments results show that catalyst is preferably AICI3 and the amount of it is preferably 1% relative to bisphenol A by mole. POCl3/bisphenol A mole ratio is preferably about 5：1 to 6：1. Experiments unclosed that a seal apparatus is very important to the properties of product.

Synthesis and Property of Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins Modified with 2-（Diphenylphosphinyl）-l,4-benzenediol

2-（Diphenylphosphinyl）-1,4-benzenediol（DPO-HQ） was synthesized by the reaction of diphenylphos- phine oxide（DPO） with 1,4-benzoquinone（BQ）, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared（FTIR）, and nuclear magnetic resonance（1H NMR, 13C NMR, 31p NMR） spectrometries. The thermal stability of DPO-HQ was investi- gated by thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）. Flame retardant epoxy resin was synthesized based on DPO-HQ. The thermal properties and burning performance of cured epoxy resins were measured by differential scanning calorime- try（DSC）, thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）, limited oxygen index（LOI） and vertical burning test（UL-94V）. The morphologies of cured epoxy resins after combustion were investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and electron probe microanalysis（EPMA）. Moreover, the thermal stability（both in air and in N2） of DPO-HQ and its cured epoxy resin was compared with that of 10-（2,5-dihydroxyphenyl）-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10- oxide（DOPO-HQ） and its cured epoxy resin. The thermal stability of DPO-HQ is comparable with that of DOPO-HQ, while the thermal stability of cured epoxy resin based on DPO-HQ is better than that based on DOPO-HQ.

Boosting fire safety and mechanical performance of thermoplastic polyurethane by the face-to-face two-dimensional phosphorene/MXene architecture

Black phosphorus(BP), as one of the most promising fillers for flame retarding polymer, has been seriously limited in practical application, due to the agglomeration and poor structural stability challenges.Here, the BP was modified by MXene and polydopamine(PDA) via ultrasonication and dopamine modification strategy to improve the structural stability and dispersibility in the matrix. Then, the obtained(BP-MXene@PDA) nanohybrid was employed to promote the mechanical performance, thermal stability,and flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer(TPU). The resultant TPU composite containing 2 wt.% of BP1-MXene2@PDA showed a 19.2% improvement in the tensile strength and a 13.8%increase in the elongation at break compared to those of the pure TPU. The thermogravimetric analysis suggested that BP-MXene@PDA clearly enhances the thermal stability of TPU composites. Furthermore,the introduction of the BP-MXene@PDA nanohybrids could considerably improve the flame retardancy of TPU composite, i.e., 64.2% and 27.3% decrease in peak heat release rate and total heat release, respectively. The flame-retardant mechanisms of TPU/BP-MXene@PDA in the gas phase and condensed phase were investigated systematically. This work provides a novel strategy to simultaneously enhance the fire safety and mechanical properties of TPU, thus expanding its industrial applications.