Hydrochemical characteristics of surface water in Hengduan mountain region of Eastern Tibet and its response to human activities:A case study of Duoqu Basin,Jinsha River

The analysis of hydrochemical characteristics and influencing factors of surface river on plateau is helpful to study water hydrological cycle and environmental evolution,which can scientifically guide rational development and utilization of water resources and planning of ecological environment protection.With the expansion and diversification of human activities,the quality of surface rivers will be more directly affected.Therefore,it is of great significance to pay attention to the hydrochemical characteristics of plateau surface rivers and the influence of human activities on their circulation and evolution.In this study,surface water in the Duoqu basin of Jinsha River located in Hengduan mountain region of Eastern Tibet was selected as the representative case.Twenty-three groups of surface water samples were collected to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics and ion sources based on correlation analysis,piper trigram,gibbs model,hydrogen and oxygen isotopic techniques.The results suggest the following:(1)The pH showed slight alkalinity with the value ranged from 7.25 to 8.62.Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)and HCO_(3)^(–)were the main cations and anions.HCO_(3)^(-)Ca and HCO_(3)^(-)Ca·Mg were the primary hydrochemical types for the surface water of Duoqu River.The correlation analysis showed that TDS had the most significant correlation with Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)and HCO_(3)^(–).Analysis on hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicated that the surface rivers were mainly recharged by atmospheric precipitation and glacial melt water in this study area.(2)The surface water had a certain reverse cation alternating adsorption,and surface water ions were mainly derived from rock weathering,mainly controlled by weathering and dissolution of carbonates,and secondly by silicates and sodium rocks.(3)The influence of human activities was weak,while the development of cinnabar minerals had a certain impact on the hydrochemistry characteristics,which was the main factor for causing the increase of SO_(4)^(2–).The densely populated county towns and temples with frequent incense burning activities may cause some anomalies of surface water quality.At present,the Duoqu River watershed had gone through a certain influence of mineral exploitation,so the hydrological cycle and river eco-environment at watershed scale will still bound to be change.The results could provide basic support for better understanding water balance evolution as well as the ecological protection of Duoqu River watershed.

Spiral Steel Wire Based Fiber-Shaped Stretchable and Tailorable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Wearable Power Source and Active Gesture Sensor

Continuous deforming always leads to the performance degradation of a flexible triboelectric nanogenerator due to the Young’s modulus mismatch of different functional layers.In this work,we fabricated a fiber-shaped stretchable and tailorable triboelectric nanogenerator(FST-TENG)based on the geometric construction of a steel wire as electrode and ingenious selection of silicone rubber as triboelectric layer.Owing to the great robustness and continuous conductivity,the FST-TENGs demonstrate high stability,stretchability,and even tailorability.For a single device with ~6 cm in length and ~3 mm in diameter,the open-circuit voltage of ~59.7 V,transferred charge of ~23.7 nC,short-circuit current of ~2.67 μA and average power of ~2.13 μW can be obtained at 2.5 Hz.By knitting several FST-TENGs to be a fabric or a bracelet,it enables to harvest human motion energy and then to drive a wearable electronic device.Finally,it can also be woven on dorsum of glove to monitor the movements of gesture,which can recognize every single finger,different bending angle,and numbers of bent finger by analyzing voltage signals.

Burial fluxes and sources of organic carbon in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area over the past 200 years

Long-term changes of composition, sources and burial fluxes of TOC （total organic carbon） in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area and their possible affecting factors are discussed in this paper. Firstly, similarity analysis is employed to confirm that the carbon burial features resulted from two collected cores are typical in the central Yellow Sea mud area where YSWC （Yellow Sea Warm Current） is prevalent. On this basis, the burial flux of TOC here was considered to be 235.5-488.4 pmol/（cm^2.a） since the first industrial revolution, accounting for about 70%-90% among burial fluxes of TC （total carbon） in the sediments. Compared TOC/TC ratio in the two cores with that in other marine sediments worldwide, we suggest that the growth of calcareous/non-calcareous organisms and dissolution of IC （inorganic carbon） are important factors controlling the TOC/TC ratio in sediment. Results of two-end mixed model based on fi13C data indicate that marine-derived organic carbon （OCa） is the main part among total burial organic carbon which accounts for a ratio over 85%. Due to the high TOC/TC ratio in the two cores, TC in the sediments also mainly exists as OCa, and the proportion of OCa is about 60%-80%. Away from the shore and relatively high primary production in upper waters are the main reasons that OCa is predominant among all burial OC in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area. Burial of OC in this mud area is probably mainly influenced by the human activities. Although the economic development during the late 19th century caused by the first industrial revolution in China did not obviously increase the TOC burial fluxes in the sediments, the rise of industry and agriculture after the founding of new China has clearly increased the TOC burial flux since 1950s. Otherwise, we also realize that among TC burial fluxes, TIC account for about 10%-30% in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area, so its burial could not be simply ignored here. Distinct from TOC burial, long-term TIC burial fluxes variations relate with climate changes more closely： the East Asian summer monsoon may influence the strength of the Huanghe River （Yellow River） flood, which could further affect the transport of terrestrial IC from land to the central Yellow Sea as well as the burial of these IC in the sediments.

Sediment source-to-sink process variations of sandy-muddy transitional beaches and their morphological indications

The clay mineralogy of 28 sandy-muddy transitional beach(SMT-Beach)sediments and surrounding mountain river sediments along the coasts of southeastern China was systematically investigated to reveal the sediment source-to-sink process variations of such beaches and their morphological indications.The results show that the clay mineral assemblages of these SMT-Beaches mainly comprise of almost equal illite(~30%),kaolinite(~28%),chlorite(~22%),and smectite(~20%)contents.From the surrounding mountain rivers to the SMT-Beaches,clay mineral assemblages show distinct spatial changes characterized by a large decrease(~40%)in kaolinite,whereas the other three clay minerals present relative increases,especially clear for smectite.The muddy sediment sources of SMT-Beaches inferred from the clay mineralogy are mainly derived from nearby mountain rivers coupled with long-distance transport and penetration of the Changjiang River.The sandy sediments of these beaches are predominantly sourced from nearby mountain rivers,the weathering products of surrounding rocks in both mainland and island environments,and erosion of the“Old Red Sand”and“Red Soil Platform”.However,the sandy sediment sources of the SMT-Beaches are largely reduced because of the remarkable decrease in the river fluvial supply associated with intensive human activities such as dam construction and coastal reclamation.Subsequently,the sandy sections of SMT-Beaches present clear erosion and have revealed by both time series remote sensing images and a compilation of published literature.In contrast,the muddy sediment supply of SMT-Beaches is temporarily stable and relatively constant,resulting in the landward migration of the mudflats with relative transgression or accumulation.These findings highlight that the natural evolution processes of SMT-Beaches have been greatly reshaped by intensive human activities.

Environmental evolution recorded by multi-proxy evidence in Lake Chenghai sediments, Yunnan Province during recent 100 years

Lacustrine sediments can provide potential information about environmental changes in the past. On the basis of high-resolution multi-proxy analysis including carbon and nitrogen contents of organic matter, C/N ratios, inorganic carbon contents, and carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate, together with precise 137Cs dating, the environmental evolution of Lake Chenghai, Yunnan Province, during the past 100 years has been investigated. It is shown that the carbonate in Lake Chenghai is authigenic, and the organic matter is mainly derived from aquatic plants and algae, instead of terrestrial-source materials. The environmental evolution of Lake Chenghai can be diverged into three periods with the contrasting characteristics during the past 100 years. Before 1940, the stable carbon and oxygen isotope values, the poor correlation between them and the lower carbon and nitrogen contents of organic matter suggested that Lake Chenghai was open, and the lake water was oligotrophic during that period. During 1940-1993, the negative δ13C values and the gradual increase of carbon and nitrogen contents of organic matter and C/N ratios indicated that the eutrophication was aggravated. The closeness of Lake Chenghai and human activities may be responsible for this eutrophication. After 1993, notable increases in carbon and oxygen isotopic values of carbonate, carbon and nitrogen contents of organic matter, C/N ratios and inorganic carbon contents demonstrated that the increase of lacustrine productivity and the serious eutrophication were resulted from strong human activities. Therefore, the multi-proxy in Lake Chenghai sediments has reliably recorded the natural environmental evolution and the impacts from human activities.

To Actively Perform the Judicial Administration Function and Promote the Development of Cause of Human Rights

Respect for human rights and protection of human rights are significant rules in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.In 2015,judicial administration departments at all levels legally exercised their duties,implemented the principles and rules in constitution,and kept strengthening propagation of human rights through creation of contents and methods which had acquired great effects.What they have done contributes significantly toward the development of human rights in China.

珠江源区植被变化特征及其影响因素研究

江河源区以其特殊的地理位置在国家生态环境的保护和建设中具有举足轻重的作用和地位。利用非季风期Landsat TM、ETM和OLI_TIRS卫星影像,结合Sen′s斜率、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、偏相关分析和GIS空间技术等,研究了1987年以来珠江源区植被变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:①1987年以来,珠江源区非季风期植被NDVI指数多年平均值为0.19,年际NDVI波动较大但没有明显的长期趋势,年代际植被NDVI大致经历了高-低-高-低的动态过程;②不同坡度植被覆盖的差异不明显,[8°~15°)坡度范围内植被覆盖最高,而坡度在35°以上的区域则覆盖度最低,两者NDVI分别为0.22和0.16;③源区植被覆盖空间差异较大,大坡-菱角-热水-西泽一线是植被覆盖的分界线,此线西侧植被NDVI均值为0.32,而东侧仅为0.15;④源区气温总体呈波动上升趋势,变化速率为0.51℃/10 a,而降水量呈减少趋势,速率为-4.70 mm/10 a,植被NDVI波动受降水量的影响较气温更为明显;⑤自然保护区建设、“珠治”工程、退耕还林还草工程等的启动实施,改善了区域生态环境,促进了植被扩展、保护。

极端降雨与强人类活动复合作用下山洪灾害研究构想和成果展望

全球气候变暖导致山丘区极端降雨事件多发,降雨强度与量级不断突破区域历史极值,同时叠加区域脆弱环境和强人类活动影响,致使山洪形成及演进致灾成因复杂多变,由此加重了暴雨山洪引发的人员伤亡和财产损失。山洪灾害具有显著的自然和社会双重属性,其形成发展是山丘区环境孕灾承灾因子复合作用的结果。中国山丘区局地气候独特,地质地貌类型众多,溪河水系复杂,人类活动影响突出。大量重大山洪灾害事件表明,极端降雨诱发的山洪过程及致灾特征各异,给山洪灾害预报预警防御造成极大困扰,山洪灾害研究仍是当前重大自然灾害防控的重点和难点。长期以来,中国山洪灾害研究多偏重于雨水情时空变化规律,着重研究降雨影响的山洪洪水淹没特征,据此推算山洪灾害防治区的临界雨量与水位阈值,在山洪灾害防治实践应用中取得了较为显著的成效,山洪灾害事件导致的人员伤亡数总体显著下降。然而,受山丘区降雨特征、下垫面组成、溪河形态及人类活动等多因素影响,山洪洪水形成演进时挟带大量泥沙,从而表现为山洪水沙、山洪泥石流等物理过程,导致的局地冲毁、淤埋、淹没等致灾成因及阈值与山洪洪水致灾也存在本质差异,这也是近年来中国重大山洪灾害事件多发的主要原因。针对极端降雨诱发多类型山洪形成演进与强人类活动复合作用致灾防御难题,亟需利用气象学、水文学及河流动力学等多学科知识,采用现场调查、物理试验、数值模拟及理论分析相结合的方法,从传统单一的山洪洪水灾害研究扩展为全类型山洪灾害(山洪洪水灾害、山洪水沙灾害、山洪泥石流灾害)研究,开展全类型山洪引发的冲毁—淤埋—淹没等复合致灾研究,系统探究中国重灾省区重大山洪灾害事件的强降水时空演变规律,剖析极端降雨与强人类活动复合作用下多类型山洪形成及其演进致灾范围、规模特征,揭示气象水文溪河响应与强人类活动影响的不同类型山洪灾害致灾成因,建立气象水文水沙动力过程模拟方法,辨识山丘区流域全类型山洪冲毁—淤埋—淹没风险,提出不同类型山洪灾害易发区识别方法,构建山洪洪水灾害、山洪水沙灾害及山洪泥石流灾害分区分级多指标预警防御方法。该研究有利于提升中国山洪灾害理论技术研究水平,进一步完善中国山洪灾害防治对策。

中国植被碳源/汇时空演变特征及其驱动因素

植被生态系统对植被碳汇至关重要,是实现中国“碳中和”目标的重要路径之一。选择1981-2019年全球逐日NEP模拟数据产品,对1981-2019年中国植被碳源/汇时空演变进行分析,确定气候变化和人类活动对植被碳源/汇的影响区域,并量化生态修复治理工程对植被碳汇的成效。(1)通过使用BFAST模型监测NEP年际突变范围,确定2001年为时间断点,对比分析1981-2001年与2001-2019年NEP时空变化特征及驱动因素。(2)1981-2001年段植被碳汇大范围呈现递减趋势。2001-2019年,中国整体植被碳汇增加,尤其是北部地区NEP增长趋势显著。(3)1981-2001年中国北部地区植被固碳能力下降,受降水、辐射影响为主。2001-2019年,大部分地区NEP变化与降水相关性显著。(4)1981-2001年人类活动导致植被碳源/汇变化占总面积的4%,主要分布于东北地区和西南地区。2001-2019年中国植被碳源/汇变化由人类活动影响占比提高至26.23%,其中植被固碳能力提升占比25.22%。气候变化负向影响植被固碳能力较于1981-2001年减少约30%。说明人类活动在一定程度减少气候变化对植被的负面影响。(5)2019年相较于2001年净碳储量价值明显增长,大多地区生态修复与治理投资经济效率呈正比。此外,中国北部地区植被碳汇得到有效改善。因此,为了应对气候变化和保护生态环境,积极推进生态修复和治理投资,以实现经济、社会和环境的可持续发展。

百年来海州湾沉积物中黑碳分布特征及环境意义

沉积物中黑碳记录了百年来区域生物质燃烧特征变化。本文以海州湾入海潮滩采集的岩芯沉积物样品为研究对象,采用热光反射法(TOR)分别对沉积物黑碳、焦炭和烟炱进行测定,分析探讨海州湾近百年来生物质燃烧演变过程。利用相关性分析、主成分分析和特征比值法分析黑碳含量的历史变化和可能来源,试图揭示该区域百年来能源结构的转变过程。结果表明,近百年来沉积物黑碳、焦炭、烟炱质量分数垂直变化幅度较大,分别在0.507~1.281 mg·g^(-1),0.395~1.080 mg·g^(–1),0.112~0.389 mg·g^(-1)范围内变化。其中,黑碳质量分数高值出现在20世纪80年代中后期(0.873~1.029 mg·g^(-1)),而低值出现在20世纪20年代到20世纪中叶期间(0.675~0.751 mg·g^(-1))。不同区域黑碳分布比较发现,我国东部边缘海地区比青藏高原和瑞典湖泊高出10倍,但发达国家黑碳通量峰值出现时间早,反映了黑碳沉积与区域工业化水平和人类活动相关性显著。黑碳特征比值法(char/soot)的源解析结果表明,黑碳的来源中化石燃料燃烧占48.8%,是生物质燃烧的4.2倍。根据相关性分析、主成分分析和char/soot比值结果分析,黑碳在1950年以前主要来源是生物质燃烧,在1950年以来煤炭燃烧、工业源、交通源比重增加,主要和区域人口、工业总产值、能源消费等因素有关,人类活动占据主导。研究结果为进一步理解该区域黑碳污染状况及制定未来海州湾地区的生态环境管理政策提供参考。

西安市“源-汇”景观对碳排放量与可吸入颗粒物的协同效应

【目的】大气污染与温室效应等环境问题,已成为影响城市可持续发展的重要因素,在减污降碳的实施路径方面亟需开展相应研究。【方法】以西安市主城区为研究对象,通过构建景观指数加权变异模型,分析城市“源-汇”景观格局的结构特征;基于反距离加权插值与约束性排序分析法,探究碳排放量与可吸入颗粒物的空间分布特点,揭示“源-汇”景观对“碳污”的协同影响。【结果】结果显示,“源-汇”景观格局的特征尺度为距离研究区几何中心3 km、7 km、14 km的幅度边界处;碳排放量、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的反距离加权插值模型判定系数R^(2)分别为0.8541、0.8238与0.7885;“碳污”与景观指数之间的多元多重回归模型判定系数R^(2)为0.7540;16个“源-汇”景观关键指数对“碳污”的累计解释率达到66.2%,与“碳污”相关性的累计贡献率达到87.9%。【结论】结果表明,研究区环路界限可反映景观空间结构的扩展过程与分布特点;冬季采暖期碳排放量与可吸入颗粒物的空间异质性显著,呈现出不同的空间分布特点;通过对街区内绿地斑块密度、最大斑块指数、绿地率、香农多样性指数以及建筑密度与建筑高度变异系数进行差异化空间配置,可对“碳污”具有显著的协同消减影响。研究结果为城市景观规划、碳排放量与空气污染治理提供了科学依据,可促进城市生态环境的可持续发展。

Temporal and spatial variations hydrochemical components and driving factors in Baiyangdian Lake in the Northern Plain of China

Understanding the temporal and spatial variation of hydrochemical components in large freshwater lakes is crucial for effective management and conversation.In this study,we identify the temporalspatial characteristics and driving factors of the hydrochemical components in Baiyangdian Lake using geochemical methods(Gibbs diagram,Piper diagram and End-element diagram of ion ratio)and multivariate statistical techniques(Principal component analysis and Correlation analysis).16 sets of samples were collected from Baiyangdian Lake in May(normal season),July(flood season),and December(dry season)of 2022.Results indicate significant spatial variation in Nat,ci,SO and NO,,suggesting a strong influence of human activities.Cation concentrations exhibit greater seasonal variation in the dry season compared to the flood season,while the concentrations of the four anions show inconsistent seasonal changes due to the combined effects of river water chemical composition and human activities.The hydrochemical type of Baiyangdian Lake is primarily HCO,Cl-Na.Ca,Mg*and HCO,originate mainly from silicate and carbonate rock dissolution,while Kt,Nat and CI originate mainly from sewage and salt dissolution in sediments.SO42 may mainly stem from industrial wastewater,while NO,primarily originates from animal feces and domestic sewage.Through the use of Principal Component Analysis,it is identified that water-rock interaction(silicate and carbonate rocks dissolution,and dissolution of salt in sediments),carbonate sedimentation,sewage,agricultural fertilizer and manure,and nitrification are the main driving factors of the variation of hydrochemical components of Baiyangdian Lake across three hydrological seasons.These findings suggest the need for effective control of substandard domestic sewage discharge,optimization of agricultural fertilization strategies,and proper management of animal manure to comprehensively improve the water environment in Baiyangdian Lake.

黄河上游玛曲段高寒草地沙化现状、成因及防治对策

黄河上游玛曲段是黄河重要的水源涵养区和水源补给区,在维护黄河流域生态安全方面具有不可替代的作用。近几十年来,玛曲县草地沙化问题已相当突出,直接影响到了黄河源区的生态安全、牧区经济及社会的可持续发展。文中综合分析玛曲县草地沙化现状、成因,在此基础上提出了玛曲县草地沙化防治的几点对策和建议:1)将草原生态保护纳入法制化管理体系,完善草原生态补偿机制;2)在牧区草原严格执行以草定畜、草畜平衡制度,实行划区轮牧制度;3)加强不同沙化程度草地的综合治理;4)强化对草原的保护力度,加强草原鼠(兔)害的综合治理。

珠江三角洲网河区水文与地貌特征变异及其成因

采用珠江三角洲网河区数十年来的人类活动和水文特征资料,通过分析人类活动的水文响应特征,发现该地区近10年多来水文情势发生了显著异变。主要表现在河道人工采沙以及大洪水冲刷导致河床下切,部分断面水位—流量关系异变。部分河段冲淤特征倒转,汊河分水分沙比发生变化。围垦、桥梁、码头建设以及水闸的不合理调度使得水量集中,蓄滞洪能力减小,河道流量增加。三角洲上部河床剧烈下切,汇流速度加快;而口门多呈淤积状态,加之海平面上升,潮流顶托阻水,三角洲腹地水位抬升,洪涝威胁加剧。剧烈人类活动是珠江三角洲网河区水文与地貌特征变异的直接原因。

渤海中部沉积物铅来源的同位素示踪

本研究对渤海中部表层和柱状沉积物中Pb的含量和同位素进行了分析,研究了其时空分布规律,并探讨了其物质来源。结果表明,表层沉积物中Pb的含量为14.54×10^-6~59.42×10^-6,其含量在渤海湾近岸、黄河口附近、研究区的东北部较高,而在研究区的中部和渤海湾北部含量较低;Pb同位素207Pb/206Pb的值为0.834 1~0.848 9,208Pb/206Pb的值为2.082 8~2.098 0。岩心沉积物中Pb含量、同位素组成与表层沉积物相似,整体上较为稳定,但在1990s以来呈现增大的趋势。渤海中部沉积物中Pb以自然来源为主,黄河沉积物是其主要物质来源,但渤海湾北端则与滦河源物质或沿岸侵蚀相关;人类活动影响主要出现在1990s以后,与中国含Pb矿石的燃烧等工业活动相关,但影响微弱,仅在黄河口西北近岸海域、渤海湾等个别站位得到体现。

西北干旱区土地荒漠化中人类活动作用及其指标选择

人类活动对环境的负效应在总体上导致以土地荒漠化急剧发展为主的生态环境质量显著下降是目前干旱区突出的矛盾。基于 1994年的《联合国防治荒漠化公约》给出的土地荒漠化概念和干旱区的特点 ,划分土地荒漠化的自然因素和人为因素。探讨人类活动的涵义和特点 ,综合分析了土地荒漠化发展中人类活动因素 ,包括人类活动的驱动作用、人类各种活动方式的作用和人类活动的管理作用等。依据一定原则 ,构建出适用于干旱区人类活动对土地荒漠化作用的指标体系 ,该指标体系多为量化指标并可反映人类活动的动态变化 ,可为人类活动在土地荒漠化中作用的进一步 (定量 )研究提供依据。

气候和人类活动对黄河源区径流量变化的贡献率研究

根据1961-2015年黄河源区有关台站的观测数据,利用差积分法、累积距平法对黄河源区径流量和气候变化趋势进行了分析,并基于累计量斜率变化率分析方法评估气候和人类活动对黄河源区径流量减少的贡献率。结果表明:黄河源区年径流量、年降水量、年平均最大冻土深度呈减少趋势,源区蒸散量呈增大趋势;与基准时期1961-1989年相比,在不考虑气温影响的情况下,气候和人类活动对黄河源区径流量变化的贡献率在1990-2008年分别为33. 12%和66. 88%,在2009-2015年分别为73. 61%和26. 39%;两个时段相比,气候对径流量减少的贡献率上升,而人类活动的贡献率下降,这与气候变暖及2005年黄河源区启动的三江源自然保护区生态保护和建设工程有关。

环境变化对流域水文水资源的影响评估及不确定性研究进展

综述了区分气候变化和人类活动对水文要素影响的研究方法,提出当前研究中应将流域水文过程变化的环境因素来源分为气候自然变异、人为气候变化和人类活动三个方面,并给出了方法体系;基于环境变化下流域水文过程的复杂不确定性,详细剖析了环境变化下流域水文过程的不确定性来源,总结了常用的不确定性评估方法,并介绍了针对定性不确定性(奈特不确定性)评估的信息差距理论。指出为提高减缓和适应环境变化能力,未来应加强以气候自然变异、人为气候变化和人类活动三源分解的环境变化影响研究;不确定性分析应成为环境模拟的固有组成部分,在影响评价中应注重不确定性的评估,并应加强不确定性信息在流域管理决策中的应用研究以及流域风险管理研究。

人类活动对内蒙古托克托县浅层地下水NO_3~–-N污染的驱动作用

地下水NO_3~–-N污染已成为当今世界上一个日趋严重的环境问题和社会问题。本文在水文地质调查基础上,应用地质统计学方法对所采集样品测试数据进行了分析,结果表明呼和浩特市托克托县浅层地下水NO_3~–-N分布极不均匀,NO_3~–-N含量大于20 mg/L的地下水分布面积占全区总面积的72.1%,广泛分布于古城镇以南的区域。少数井点地下水NO_3~–-N含量已大于100 mg/L,最高达304.6 mg/L,已发展成为硝酸型地下水。通过采用水质解析法和化学平衡法分析地下水NO_3~–-N污染来源,揭示了人类污水灌溉、粪便堆放、化肥施用等活动对托克托县地下水NO_3~–-N污染有重要的驱动作用。