Review of state-of-the-art decision support systems (DSSs) for prevention and suppression of forest fires

Forest ecosystems are our priceless natural resource and are a key component of the global carbon budget. Forest fires can be a hazard to the viability and sustainable management of forests with consequences for natural and cultural environments, economies, and the life quality of local and regional populations. Thus, the selection of strategies to manage forest fires, while considering both functional and economic efficiency, is of primary importance. The use of decision support systems(DSSs) by managers of forest fires has rapidly increased. This has strengthened capacity to prevent and suppress forest fires while protecting human lives and property. DSSs are a tool that can benefit incident management and decision making and policy, especially for emergencies such as natural disasters. In this study we reviewed state-of-the-art DSSs that use: database management systems and mathematical/economic algorithms for spatial optimization of firefighting forces; forest fire simulators and satellite technology for immediate detection and prediction of evolution of forest fires; GIS platforms that incorporate several tools to manipulate, process and analyze geographic data and develop strategic and operational plans.

Comparisons and Assessment of Forest Fire Danger Systems

The paper gives a brief description about the current main forest fire danger rating systems in the world, which in- clude forest fire danger rating system used in Canada, USA, Australia, and other countries. It shows the composition, structure and development of the main fire danger rating systems. The limitations of those systems are also discussed. Through a comparison of the three main forest fire danger rating systems the paper describes their differences on development, fuel complex descriptions, inputs and outputs, and their applications and finds that the technologies of the Canadian forest fire danger rating system can be adopted for China to develop a national forest fire danger rating system. Two steps are needed to develop our own national forest fire danger rating system. Firstly, we apply the CFFDRS directly. Then some studies should be done to calibrate the FDRS to local weather and fuel characteristics.

An expert system for diagnosing fire-caused damages to reinforced-concrete tunnel lining

During the last four decades, reinforced-concrete structure failures have been happening widely for many reasons, such as increased service loads, war accidents, fire, and durability problems. The economic losses due to those failures are very high. An expert system is an interactive computer-based decision tool that uses both facts and heuristics to solve difficult problems based on knowledge acquired from experts. To realize these requirements, a logic programming visual basic language is used together with visual diagnosis. The expert system, Diagnosis of Fire-Caused Damages to Reinforced-Concrete Tunnel Lining (DFCDRCTL) was developed in this work for diagnosing the annual damages caused by fire. The program is used as an alternative of a human expert to make annual technical decisions in diagnosing fire damages at the second reinforced-concrete tunnel lining segment. It is concluded that the proposed DFCDRCTL expert system is easy to use, and is fast and helpful for engineers.

Intelligent Design and Implementation of Missile Fire Control System

Missile fire control system is the core of ship-based missile weapon system, whose safeguard level has direct relation with the attack ability of naval vessels. After a long period of deep investigation and research, it was found that, in one missile fire control system, there are such problems as single safeguard system, low ratio of cost to efficiency, etc. By adopting intelligent control techniques and many measures to multiple securities, the new type of assistant system is designed, some difficult problems are solved, such as fixed project channel and unitary means of missiles, which can make the equipment carry out combat mission reliably and continuously.

Tank Fire Control Systems Accuracy Assignment Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Judgment Method

A method of accuracy assignment based on fuzzy comprehensive judgment method (FCJM) in tank fire control system is proposed. From the flowing route of the error sources and their respective correlative signals, the transfer functions of several sources are analysed by means of mathematic simulation, and FCJM is applied to obtain the cost comprehensive factor for each part of system, combining its error sensitivity factor the mathematical model is built to solve the accuracy assignment problem. Simulation result shows the proposed method can help designer of tank fire control system work out an optimal system more efficiently and more economically.

Hazard analysis system of urban post-earthquake fire based on GIS

The authors study the structure, functions and data organization for the hazard analysis system of urban post-earthquake fire on the platform of GIS. A general hazard analysis model of the post-earthquake fire is presented. Taking Shanghai central district as background, a system for hazard analysis of the post-earthquake fire and auxiliary decision-against fire is developed.

Accuracy Assignment Study of Tank Fire Control System Based on Value Analysis Method

A method of accuracy assignment based on value analysis method （VAM） in tank fire control system （TFCS） is proposed. From the analysis of primary error sources and their error transfer relationships, the mathematical model is built on the basis of VAM to solve the accuracy assignment problem. Simulation results show the validation and feasibility of the proposed method. It can help designer of tank fire control system work out an optimal system more efficiently and more economically.

System Performance and Pollution Emission of Biomass Gas Co-Firing in a Coal-Fired Boiler

To reduce greenhouse gases emission and increase the renewable energy utilization portion in the world, the biomass gasification coupled with a coal-fired boiler power generation system is studied. It is a challenge to achieve optimum performance for the coupled system. The models of biomass gasification coupled with co-firing of coal in a boiler have been established. A comparative study of three kinds of biomass (Food Rubbish, Straw and Wood Pellets) has been done. The syngas produced in a 10 t/h gasifier is fed to a 330 MWe coal-fired boiler for co-combustion, and the co-firing performances have been compared with pure coal combustion case under the conditions of constant boiler load. Results show that co-firing decreases the furnace combustion temperature and raises the flue gas temperature for Food Rubbish and Straw, while, flue gases temperature decrease in case of Wood Pellets. At the same time NOx and SOx emissions have reduced. The system efficiencies at constant load for Food Rubbish, Straw and Wood Pellets are 83.25%, 83.88% and 82.56% when the optimum conditions of gasification and co-firing process are guaranteed.

34 GHz Bandpass Filter for Low-temperature Co-fired Ceramic System-in-Package Application

Modern electronic circuit requires compact,multifunctional technology in communication systems.However,it is very difficult due to the limitations in passive component miniaturization and the complication of fabrication process.The bandpass filter is one of the most important passive components in millimeter（mm）-wave communication system,attracting significant interest in three-dimension（3D） miniaturized design,which is few reported.In this paper,a bandpass filter structure using low-temperature co-fired ceramic（LTCC） technology,which is fully integrated in a system-in package（SIP） communication module,is presented for miniaturized and high reliable mm-wave application.The bandpass filter with 3D end-coupled microstrip resonators is implemented in order to achieve a high performance bandwidth characteristic.Specifically,all of the resonators are embedded into different ceramic layers to decrease the insertion loss and enhance the out-of-band rejection performance by optimizing the coupling coefficient and the coupling strength.A fence structure,which is formed by metal-filled via array with the gap less than quarter wavelength,is placed around the embedded bandpass filter to avoid electromagnetic（EM） interference problem in multilayer structure.This structural model is validated through actual LTCC process.The bandpass filter is successfully manufactured by modifying the co-fireablity characteristics,adjusting the sintering profile,releasing the interfacial stress,and reducing the shrinkage mismatch with different materials.Measured results show good performance and agree well with the high frequency EM full wave simulation.The influence of layer thickness and dielectric constant on the frequency response in fabricated process is analyzed,where thicker ceramic sheets let the filter response shift to higher frequency.Moreover,measured S-parameters denote the center frequency is also strongly influenced by the variation of ceramic material＇s dielectric constants.By analyzing the relationship between the characteristics of the ceramic tape and the center frequency of the filter,both theoretical and experimental data are accumulated for broadening application filed.With the coupling resonators embedded into the ceramic layers,the bandpass filter exhibits advantages of small size and high reliability compared to conventional planar filter structure,which makes the bandpass filter suitable for SIP communicational application.

A Review on Mine Fire Disasters and Assessment of Fire Detection Using a Dual-Cab Suppression System

The health and productivity of mining operations are negatively impacted by coal mine fires, making them dangerous. It happened everywhere, in both working and abandoned coal mines. This study seeks to review and provide technical analytics of potential mine fires and fire detection in a Dual-Cab suppression system. Analysis was done on potential mine fires like spontaneous combustion, flammable gas explosions, and cab vehicle fires. Additionally, a review of the NIOSH experiment was conducted to assess the performance of smoke and flame detectors in a dual-cab suppression system. This study guides both open-pit and underground mining operations. Additionally, a few ideas and suggestions are presented to assist with on-the-job safety analysis, ensuing creative alterations, and technology advancement for the mining industry’s overall safety.

Application of Composite Materials in the Fire Explosion Suppression System

In order to lighten the weight of the special vehicles and improve their mobility and flexibility, the weight of all subsystems of the whole vehicle must be reduced in the general planning. A fire explosion suppression system is an important subsystem for the self-protection of vehicle, protection of crews and safety of a vehicle. The performances of the special vehicles determine their survival ability and combat capability. The composite bottle is made of aluminum alloy with externally wrapped carbon fiber ; it has been proven by a large number of tests that the new type explosion suppression fire distinguisher made of such composite materials applied in the special vehicle has reliable performance, each of its technical indexes is higher or equal to that of a steel distinguisher, and the composites can also optimize the assembly structure of the bottle, and improve the reliability and corrosion resistance. Most important is that the composite materials can effectively lighten the weight of the fire explosion suppression system to reach the target of weight reduction of the subsystem in general planning.

APPLICATION OF DIRECT BTT GUIDANCE LAW BASED ON NONLINEAR INVERSE SYSTEM THEORY TO INTEGRATED FIRE／FLIGHT SYSTEMS（IFFS）

To counter BTT guidance mode, new relative motion equations of the targetaircraft and the attack aircraft are proposed. The inverse system theory of the nonlinearcontrol is used, and the direct BTT-180 guidance command is solved, which can operatethe attack aircraft to automatically complete the flight mission of the preceding stage ofthe terminal weapon delivery, and thus the automatic attack is extended from the stage ofthe terminal weapon delivery to the preceding stage of the terminal weapon delivery.

枪械击发点火系统的点火可靠性仿真分析

为了提高枪械击发点火系统的点火可靠性,研究以一种小口径步枪击发点火系统为研究对象,设计系统模拟试验装置,开展了系统点火性能和可靠性试验研究。在此基础上,采用拉格朗日-欧拉流固耦合方法(ALE)建立了击发点火系统的点火模型,并搭建了参数化仿真平台,以压力启动时间为点火输出性能表征参数,建立了枪械击发点火系统的点火可靠性分析模型。通过将模型计算结果与试验数据进行对比验证,并模拟研究了击发点火系统结构和装配参数变化影响下的可靠性。结果表明:枪械击发点火可靠性分析模型计算结果与试验结果误差为0.72%,模型具有较好的准确性;各因素均值变化对系统可靠性的影响规律为:击针突出量>闭锁间隙>火台头部直径>底火壳厚度>底火装入深度>击针头部直径;标准差变化对系统可靠性影响较小。这些研究结果可为枪械击发点火系统的可靠性设计提供参考。

南京定淮门长江隧道新增自动灭火系统设计探讨

南京定淮门长江隧道为国内已通车的最长水下双管双层盾构隧道,鉴于定淮门长江隧道内现状无自动灭火系统,从隧道运营安全及防灾救援的角度考虑,拟在隧道内增设自动灭火系统。通过对国内水下隧道自动灭火系统设计的研究现状进行分析后,对隧道新增泡沫/水喷雾系统设计的重难点进行了分析,详细介绍了其针对性的设计解决方案及系统中的重要设备设施,包括:隧道专用泡沫喷头的选型、隧道泡沫/水喷雾系统分区设计、新增消防泵房及消防水池选址、消防管道设置、水力计算、系统控制要求及运行控制系统的设计等,总结了设计中的创新点并进行了展望。

基于无人值守的智能化能源管理系统

针对我国火炮智能科技与无人值守等相关技术的研究现状,提出火炮无人值守能源管理与建设方案。采用变能装置储能,实现能源合理利用与分配。利用神经网络、智能学习等技术,实现基于任务导向模型规则的知识型系统。通过故障的隔离、诊断和重构,实现能源系统的自主故障管理。结果表明:该研究能够满足地面武器能源的智能化、无人化、信息化管理要求,对未来火炮无人值守能源分系统的研究与工程化应用具有较为重要的意义。

变压器电弧故障防爆燃技术现状与发展趋势

变压器是输电系统中最重要的设备之一,变压器油箱内电弧放电引起的压力上升极易导致油箱爆炸甚至引发大规模火灾事故,严重威胁电力系统的安全运行。为此从变压器状态监测、状态评价等方面总结了变压器故障预警技术的发展,介绍了变压器电弧故障快速清除的策略,从变压器电弧故障压力特征研究、变压器油箱优化设计、压力释放技术等方面阐述了变压器本体防爆技术的发展,并简要介绍了变压器火灾消防技术。另外,对比分析了现有变压器防爆燃技术的优势与不足,提出从预警、清除、防爆、消防等4个层级建立全面立体的变压器电弧故障爆燃防御体系,为变压器电弧防爆燃技术发展、保障输电系统安全可靠运行提供完整的思路。

基于杯式燃烧器测试系统的灭火性能评价研究进展

杯式燃烧器试验是消防领域用于测定气体灭火剂最小灭火浓度的经典方法。自哈龙灭火剂被淘汰以来,哈龙替代物经历了不同相态的发展,促使杯式燃烧器测试系统进行相应的改进,同时基于杯式燃烧器测试系统的灭火性能评价研究也在不断拓展。综述了国内外杯式燃烧器测试系统的使用和改进研究,重点介绍了适用于气相、液相、固相和复合相灭火剂的杯式燃烧器测试系统和测试方法,分别对气相、液相、含添加剂细水雾、干粉、复合灭火剂的灭火效率进行了总结和分析,综述了各相态灭火剂灭火性能评价研究。未来,杯式燃烧器测试系统仍将不断被改善,在灭火剂筛选和灭火性能评价等方面将发挥更重要的作用。

美国消防员教育培训体系对我国的启示

改制转隶后,我国消防救援队伍职能大幅拓展,瞄准“全灾种、大应急”的使命任务,努力在新挑战中取得新进展、实现突破。针对原有教育培训体系无法完全适应职能拓展后的培训需求问题,本文介绍了美国消防员教育培训体系的情况,包括美国消防员的招录与选拔、培训与上岗、教育培训内容与方法等方面。指出我国消防员教育培训体系存在资源分布不均、培训内容不足、缺乏实战反馈机制等问题。基于对美国消防教育培训体系的研究,提出应建立和优化我国的消防教育培训体系、强化公共消防教育和文化建设、完善消防法律法规体系、注重实践性和应用性、注重与国际交流。借鉴美国先进经验,对提升我国消防员专业素质和应对突发事件能力具有重要意义。

职业化背景下消防法律问题研究

火灾事故频发既给我国火灾防控带来了巨大挑战,也对我国火灾防控管理法治化提出了更高的要求。针对我国消防部门改革转隶后职业化发展建设仍存在着消防法律体例架构不完备、法律保障机制不健全、法律责任不完善等问题,根据“十四五”消防规划的总体布局要求,通过合理构建消防法律体例布局、健全消防法律内容、完善消防法律责任,推进消防体制职业化改革,构建完善的职业化消防法规体系。

深度学习代理模型的消防传感系统优化方法

传感器合理布置显著影响消防监测系统的实际效用。为确保火灾预警及特性识别效率,建立了一套基于深度学习代理模型的消防监测传感系统优化方法。通过建立火灾仿真模型获取多场景模拟数据,利用深度学习技术学习火场演绎规律,结合不同数据设定下的实验量化模型的识别准确率、查准率、查全率和F1-score,从空间布局和采集频率、探测时间角度对整体监测系统进行了优化。结果表明,优化后的传感系统可在满足火灾特征识别准确率的前提下,显著减少传感器数量及数据采集成本。该解决思路可推广应用于不同建筑场景,为消防监测系统设计提供决策支持,研究成果有利于智慧消防和智慧建筑发展。