Patent-based technological developments and surfactants application of lithium-ion batteries fire-extinguishing agent

While newer,more efficient Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and extinguishing agents have been developed to reduce the occurrence of thermal runaway accidents,there is still a scarcity of research focused on the application of surfactants in different LIBs extinguishing agents,particularly in terms of patented technologies.The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of the technological progress of LIBs and LIBs extinguishing agents in terms of patents in Korea,Japan,Europe,the United States,China,etc.The initial part of this review paper is sort out LIBs technology development in different regions.In addition,to compare LIBs extinguishing agent progress and challenges of liquid,solid,combination of multiple,and microencapsulated.The subsequent section of this review focuses on an in-depth analysis dedicated to the efficiency and challenges faced by the surfactants corresponding design principles of LIBs extinguishing agents,such as nonionic and anionic surfactants.A total of 451,760 LIBs-related patent and 20 LIBs-fire-extinguishing agent-related patent were included in the analyses.The extinguishing effect,cooling performance,and anti-recombustion on different agents have been highlighted.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents,this review suggests that temperature-sensitive hydrogel extinguishing agent is ideal for the effective control of LIBs fire.The progress and challenges of surfactants have been extensively examined,focusing on key factors such as surface activity,thermal stability,foaming properties,environmental friendliness,and electrical conductivity.Moreover,it is crucial to emphasize that the selection of a suitable surfactant must align with the extinguishing strategy of the extinguishing agent for optimal firefighting effectiveness.

Quantitative method for calculating spatial release region for laser-guided bomb

The laser-guided bomb(LGB)is an air-to-ground pre-cision-guided weapon that offers high hit rates,great power,and ease of use.LGBs are guided by semi-active laser ground-seek-ing technology,which means that atmospheric conditions can affect their accuracy.The spatial release region(SRR)of LGBs is difficult to calculate precisely,especially when there is a poor field of view.This can result in a lower real hit probability.To increase the hit probability of LGBs in tough atmospheric situa-tions,a novel method for calculating the SRR has been pro-posed.This method is based on the transmittance model of the 1.06μm laser in atmospheric species and the laser diffuse reflection model of the target surface to determine the capture target time of the laser seeker.Then,it calculates the boundary ballistic space starting position by ballistic model and gets the spatial scope of the spatial release region.This method can determine the release region of LGBs based on flight test data such as instantaneous velocity,altitude,off-axis angle,and atmospheric visibility.By more effectively employing aircraft release conditions,atmospheric visibility and other factors,the SRR calculation method can improve LGB hit probabi-lity by 9.2%.

A review of fire-extinguishing agent on suppressing lithium-ion batteries fire

Safety issue of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)such as fires and explosions is a significant challenge for their large scale applications.Considering the continuously increased battery energy density and wider large-scale battery pack applications,the possibility of LIBs fire significantly increases.Because of the fast burning and the easy re-ignition characteristics of LIBs,achieving an efficient and prompt LIBs fire suppression is critical for minimizing the fire hazards.Different from conventional fire hazards,the LIBs fire shows complicated and comprehensive characteristics,and an effective and suitable fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs is highly desirable.Considerable efforts have been devoted to this topic,to the best of our knowledge,a comprehensive review on this regard is still rare.Moreover,in practice,a guidance for the design and selections of a proper fire-extinguishing agent for LIBs is urgently needed.Herein,the special mechanisms and characteristics for LIBs fire and the corresponding design principles for LIBs fire-extinguishing agent were introduced.It is revealed that a fire-extinguishing agent developed for LIBs fire will most likely need a high heat capacity,high wetting,low viscosity and low electrical conductivity.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents in terms of these performances,water-based fire-extinguishing agents show best.Several typical fire-extinguishing agents such as gaseous agents,dry powders,water-based and aerosol fire-extinguishing agents were then introduced,and their fire extinguishment mechanisms were presented.Finally,their effectiveness in suppressing the fire were summarized.Water-based fire-extinguishing agents possess high cooling capacity and excellent anti-reflash performance for the fire.We believe this review could shed light on developing an efficient fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs.

FIRE-EXTINGUISHING MECHANISM AND ENERGY PROCEDURE BY HIGH VELOCITY AIRFLOW

Based on the testing restult of character of forest fire, with the aid mold of flameextinguishing and mathematical method, the combustion of the forest fuels and the energy transtfer under the convention condition were studied and the mechanism and interrelated elements of flameextinguishing with high velocity airflow were given. The energy formulae is given:Nz =Ka0 L0 (15)GH/102η through combustion calculation and test revision This formula was checked through simulated testing for extinguishing low, medial and high intensity fires with high velocity airflow.

How Did Vinh Moc Village, Located near Vietnam DMZ, Protect Their Villagers from United States Air Force Bombardment during the Vietnam War?

The buried village is Vinh Moc where more than 1200 Vietnamese, including soldiers, who lived underground during the Vietnam War (1965 to 1972) were hand dug into red basalt bedrock. The Vinh Moc Village was strategically located on the border of North Vietnam and South Vietnam approximately 14 km north of the DMZ and along the shoreline of the South China Sea. During the Vietnam War, the US Air Force heavily bombed Vinh Moc. The North Vietnamese Army (NVA) had an important military base on nearby Con Co Island. Brave civil volunteers from Vinh Moc would make the 28 km dangerous journey to the island, disguised as fishermen, to deliver supplies to the soldiers stationed there. The people who remained at Vinh Moc dug tunnels into red basalt hills in order to survive this onslaught. The American forces assessed the villagers of Vinh Moc were supplying food and armaments to the NVA garrison on the island of Con Co, which was in turn hindering the American bombers on their way to bomb Hanoi. The US military objective was to force the villagers of Vinh Moc to leave the area. The villagers initially dug the tunnels to a 10 m depth but the American forces designed bombs that burrowed down 10 m before exploding. The soil tunnels were then deepened to 30 m to provide safety for the soldiers and civilians working there during the intense US Air Force bombing. The primary objective of the research study was to determine how the soils and parent material of Vinh Moc Village, protected their villagers from the United States Air Force bombardment during the Vietnam War. In addition, the natural parent material at both the Vinh Moc and Cu Chi were assessed to determine why the tunnels were so resilient. The Cu Chi and Iron Triangle soil tunnels were dug by hand in the Old Alluvium soils and parent material where iron in solution precipitated and became the soil binding material. The Vinh Moc tunnels were hand dug in porous, red basalt (bedrock) hills where the consolidated rock structure itself provided the required binding material. Neither site needed support beams to hold up the ceilings.

Comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of mind bomb 1 gene in stomach adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND The carcinogenesis of stomach adenocarcinoma(STAD)involves many different molecules and multiple pathways,including the NOTCH signaling pathway.As a key factor that functions as a critical link in the NOTCH pathway,mind bomb 1(MIB1)is upregulated in various tumors and has been reported to promote cell metastasis and invasion.However,studies on the role of MIB1 in STAD are limited.Here,we evaluated the prognostic value of MIB1 in STAD and its association with immune infiltration and copy number variation.AIM To elucidate the relationship between MIB1 gene and gastric cancer(GC)and provide a new idea for the treatment of GC.METHODS We identified mutations in the MIB1 gene by searching the cBioPortal database and then analyzed their relationship with the overall survival rate and diseasefree survival rate using the Kaplan-Meier method.The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)database provided transcript levels for MIB1 in STADs and normal tissues.As a method of distinguishing the STAD tissues from adjacent normal tissues,a receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was generated.Kaplan-Meier plotter was used to determine the effect of MIB1 expression on survival.Based on the LinkedOmics database,we were able to identify the coexpressed genes of the MIB1 gene,the top 50 positively correlated genes,and the top 50 negatively correlated genes.STRING was used to construct protein-protein interaction networks related to the MIB1 gene.An analysis of functional enrichment was carried out using the R package“Cluster Profiler”.The relationships between mRNA expression of MIB1 and immune infiltrates were assessed by Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource(TIMER)and the“GSVA package”in R.RESULTS According to the cBioPortal database,the MIB1 mutation rate in 287 patients in the TCGA dataset was approximately 6%.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with STAD in the mutated group had a worse prognosis than those in the unmutated group(P=0.0156).There was a significant upregulation of MIB1 expression in STAD tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues.A high T stage was associated with increased MIB1 mRNA expression.The ROC curve analysis revealed 59.4%sensitivity and 85.6%specificity of MIB1 for differentiating STAD tissues from adjacent normal tissues at a truncation level of 2.248.Kaplan-Meier plotter indicated that patients with higher MIB1 levels had a worse prognosis than those with lower levels(26.4 mo vs 56.2 mo,P=0.0330).A correlation analysis demonstrated an association between immune infiltrates and MIB1 mRNA expression.CONCLUSION Upregulation of MIB1 expression is significantly associated with poor survival rate and immune infiltration in gastric adenocarcinoma.MIB1 may be a biomarker for the poor prognosis of STAD patients and a potential immunotherapeutic target.

基于正交试验的民用飞机抗爆结构参数敏感性分析

最小风险炸弹位置(LRBL)结构是放置飞机上可疑爆炸物的装置,探究结构尺寸和炸药位置对其抗爆性能的影响程度可为其改进设计提供参考。基于正交试验设计与数值模拟相结合的方法,以LRBL结构各危险部位的最大应变和变形为评价指标,分别运用极差分析法和方差分析法对LRBL结构的罐体壁厚、底盖厚度、连接凸台厚度、剪切销直径和炸药位置5个影响因素开展参数敏感性分析。结果表明:在200 g炸药当量的工况下,各因素对LRBL结构的抗爆性能的影响显著程度从大到小为炸药位置、罐体壁厚、底盖厚度、凸台厚度和剪切销直径;结合评价指标综合分析得到各个因素最优水平下的LRBL结构设计方案。

饲用油脂总能测定条件优化研究

试验选用氧弹量热法进行饲用油脂总能测定条件优化研究。选用豆油、调和油作为试验材料,研究是否添加基质对总能测定结果的影响,进行检测方法优化;选用11种油脂作为试验材料,验证不同试样质量(0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2 g)对测定结果的影响;选用5种油脂作为试验材料,比对不同仪器对测定结果的影响。结果表明:测定豆油总能,添加基质后测定结果变异系数大,重复性差(P<0.05),不添加基质重复性好(P>0.05);不添加基质方法进行日内、日间试验,测定结果差异不显著(P>0.05),测定结果稳定性好(P<0.05)。不同试样质量对豆油、调和油、椰子油、月桂酸、鱼油、鸡油1#、鸡油2#、猪油1#、猪油2#等9种油脂总能测定结果差异不显著(P>0.05),对棕榈油总能测定结果表现为差异显著(P<0.05),对磷脂总能测定结果表现为差异极显著(P<0.001),试样质量适宜范围为0.6~0.8 g。两种氧弹量热仪测定椰子油、棕榈油、豆油、月桂酸、磷脂5种油脂相同试样质量,测定总能结果差异不显著(P>0.05)。本试验条件下,油脂测定试验无需添加基质,该方法测定总能结果稳定、重复性好。不同试样质量对豆油、调和油、椰子油、月桂酸、鱼油、鸡油1#、鸡油2#、猪油1#、猪油2#等9种油脂表现为差异不显著,适宜试样质量为0.4~1.0 g;对棕榈油表现为差异显著,适宜试样质量为0.6~1.0 g;对磷脂表现为差异极显著,适宜试样质量为0.8~1.0 g。用两种氧弹量热仪测定油脂总能结果无明显差异。

一种套装式子母弹抛撒用燃气发生器的设计研究

为实现子母弹低过载抛撒功能,设计了一种套装式燃气发生器,通过在燃气发生器燃烧室外增加套装壳体形成降压增容辅助室,从而提高抛撒机构的初始作用容积,以达到降低抛撒过载的目的,并通过仿真和试验手段对基于套装式和典型结构燃气发生器的抛撒机构内弹道性能进行了对比研究。结果表明:在相同抛撒速度下,套装式燃气发生器产生的抛撒过载为16.2g,比典型结构燃气发生器的抛撒过载降低了10.4g,降比约39%,过载降低效果明显。本研究为低过载子弹抛撒用燃气发生器设计提供了新的思路。

从“两弹”事业到“科学家精神”

“爱国奉献,艰苦奋斗,协同攻关,求实创新,永攀高峰”,这是我国在核武器事业发展中所形成的“两弹”精神的高度概括。这种精神指引中国人民在“两弹”事业中取得了辉煌成就。如今,立足中国特色社会主义进入新时代的历史方位,“两弹”精神的时代意义愈加重要和深远,对于打造新时代的国家战略科技力量具有重要意义。“两弹”精神可以理解为“科学精神”升华为具有爱国底色的“科学家精神”的具体实践。正是这种在“两弹”事业中孕育出的科学家精神,使得今天的科研工作者有了坚定的时代使命感和严谨的科学态度。他们坚持学术民主和务实作风,成为自主创新的典范和国家安全的科技基石,是中华民族伟大复兴事业的中坚力量。

苏联氢弹研制科学理论基础的奠定——核聚变理论工作(1946—1953)

1946—1953年间,苏联4个科研团队的核聚变理论工作,既是苏联氢弹研制的首要工作,也是苏联核计划的重要组成部分,为氢弹研制奠定了科学理论基础。库尔恰托夫团队负责分析情报信息并向政府提供建议,对其他小组的工作进行管理并开展了少许的理论研究工作;泽利多维奇小组是苏联最早对轻核聚变可行性进行研究的团队,开展了与“管式构型”氢弹相关的核聚变理论工作;朗道小组从工作伊始就探索核聚变理论的实际应用问题,就两种构型的氢弹开展了重要的理论计算工作;塔姆小组提出并完善了“层式构型”氢弹的设计构想,并开展了与此相关的核聚变理论工作,在苏联首枚氢弹的研制中发挥了关键作用。他们开展的核聚变理论工作为苏联氢弹研制的设计理论、技术理论等理论问题提供了科学依据,在热核装药的选择、引爆问题、爆炸过程、能量释放以及试爆工作等实际问题的解决中起到了极其重要的理论指导作用。核聚变理论工作不仅为苏联氢弹研制的成功提供了理论保障,而且在某种程度上还加深了核裂变理论的相关研究,进而构建并强化了苏联核武体系的科学理论基础,而且还进一步改进了对原子弹、氢弹的研发工作,大大增强了苏联的国防力量。

确保民族自决的新中国工业化(1949—1973)

从新中国成立以来至1973年“四三方案”的提出,我国工业化的主要任务一直是确保民族独立和民族自决,即从做好经济建设、提高国防能力、完成战略腹地产业备份等多个方面入手,保障国家安全、确保民族独立。这是通过一系列的战略部署和重大事件来实现的:第一,通过社会主义改造建立社会主义经济制度,为确立国家工业化的社会主义性质奠定基础。第二,做好经济建设,以发展来保安全、保自决,包括确定中国推进工业化是走优先发展重工业的道路,通过以“156项工程”为代表的项目建设、借助技术引进来快速奠定工业体系基础,促进以钢铁工业为代表的基础工业快速发展等。第三,“两弹一星”国防尖端科技产业的突破,一方面从国防实力上真正确保了民族独立;另一方面通过国防尖端产业的引领,带动了整个工业的发展、促进了工业体系的建设。第四,三线建设这个巨大的社会经济工程,一方面通过战略大后方的建设极大地增强了我国面对战争威胁的博弈力量,加大了对国家安全和民族独立的保障能力;另一方面,通过优化地区工业布局推动了区域协调,推进了我国工业化的发展。以上都为下一阶段的发展打下了制度、物质、国际环境的基础。

内生的主体性视角下“两弹一星”精神的弘扬及实践路径探索

自我国科研人员获得“两弹一星”辉煌成就以来,凝聚了那一代人浓郁家国情怀的“两弹一星”精神也应运而生。“两弹一星”精神体现了中国人民在困难时期自力更生、艰苦奋斗、勇往直前的精神风貌。迄今为止,“两弹一星”精神仍然具有突出的时代意义。它不仅是中国科技发展的宝贵财富,更是激励中国人民不断前行、实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。在新时代,我们每一个人要响应党的号召、听从祖国召唤,继续传承弘扬“两弹一星”精神,让其焕发出更加璀璨的光芒。弘扬“两弹一星”精神不仅有助于传承优良传统、激励创新发展,还能增强国家凝聚力、塑造民族精神。文章结合马克思的主体性思想,探讨内生的主体性与“两弹一星”精神之间的关系,从本体论、认识论、价值论和方法论四重维度着手,基于个体对“两弹一星”精神的认知、情感、意志三个心理过程,探索新时代弘扬“两弹一星”精神的实践路径,推进个体自觉弘扬“两弹一星”精神,进而增强国家和民族凝聚力,实现人类社会的共同繁荣与进步。

“两弹一星”精神驱动的国防科技特色学科建设若干思考

该文深入探讨“两弹一星”精神的科学内涵,着眼于国防科技特色学科建设现状与问题。通过分析“两弹一星”精神在国防科技特色学科建设中的引领作用,揭示其在培养爱国主义情感、提升国防科技自主创新能力、推进国防科技创新的整体合力等方面的深远影响。“两弹一星”精神将国防科技特色学科建设相结合,能够激发学生爱国爱军情怀、增强学生的综合国防素养,吸引更多的优秀学生投身国防事业。同时,其中强调的科技创新、学科交叉融合等理念,更为国防科技特色学科体系建设提供坚实基础。通过该研究的深入剖析,将有助于更好地理解“两弹一星”精神驱动下的国防科技特色学科建设,为高校培养国防科技拔尖创新人才提供有益的参考。

李政道的首次美国之行及国籍变迁

1957年,旅美青年才俊李政道和杨振宁一起荣幸地成为最早获得诺贝尔奖的中国人。1946年,李政道受民国政府研制原子弹“种子计划”的派遣赴美研习,1950年获得博士学位,1956年取得美国永久居留权(绿卡),1963年入籍美国。李政道科艺双馨,长期致力于推动科学和艺术的融合,他身在海外,心系祖国,呕心沥血,亲力亲为,竭尽全力地为中国的人才培养以及基础科学的进步与发展出谋划策,贡献卓著。本文介绍了李政道简略生平,借助于家族网(www.familysearch.org)重点梳理了他首次美国之行及国籍变迁的相关情况,澄清了一些常见错讹。

“两弹一星”精神在青海中小学育人教育中的实践路径探索

推进爱国主义教育是落实立德树人根本任务的内在要求与应有之义。“两弹一星”精神是爱国主义教育的重要内容之一,青海省是“两弹一星”伟大精神的发源地,具备丰富的教育资源。而青少年阶段是形成世界观、人生观、价值观的重要时期,因此,因地制宜地提出“两弹一星”精神在青海中小学育人教育中的实践路径,具有重要的育人价值和激励作用,对培养新时代社会主义建设者和接班人具有重要意义。基于大中小学思政课一体化的整体视域,从学生成长发展规律出发,以不同学段对象的特点和教育目标为依据,在中小学思政教育中加强“两弹一星”精神教育。通过加强中小学生对“两弹一星”人物故事和精神的基本认知,升华中小学生的爱国主义、集体主义情感,促进中小学生形成高尚的三观,提高“两弹一星”精神教育的目的性和有效性,充分发挥本土伟大精神对中小学生的育人价值和功能。

复杂场景下工程机器人的机械结构分析与设计

依托于RoboMaster机甲大师赛,提出了一种应用于复杂场景下的工程机器人机械结构分析与设计方法,并基于该原则对工程机器人进行了结构设计,使工程机器人可以实现稳定行走、取弹、登岛、救援等功能。工程机器人的行驶系统采用四轮独立悬挂搭配麦克纳姆轮来进行全方向灵活移动,取弹系统采用一组M3508电机进行夹取和补弹,救援系统采用CDJ-10型迷你气缸和曲柄连杆进行拖车救援。

张爱萍将军研究述评

张爱萍将军在抗日战争时期领导军民创建了皖东北、苏北抗日根据地。中华人民共和国成立后,他是第一支人民海军——华东海军的创建者,我军第一次陆海空三军联合作战的指挥者,“两弹一星”伟大事业的领军人。另外,他还是著名的将军诗人、书法家、摄影家。回顾和总结学者对张爱萍将军研究的有关成果,有助于进一步推动这一课题走向深入。

航空炸弹气动特性及弹道特性仿真研究

为了研究气动布局对航空炸弹弹道特性的影响,设计了不同气动外形的航弹模型;利用ANSYS FLUENT对航弹模型在亚音速、跨音速、超音速时飞行流场进行了数值仿真,并获得了主要气动特性参数;建立了基于水平投弹的直角坐标系下的航弹质心运动数学模型,利用已经获取的气动力参数进行航弹模型的弹道特性分析、弹道轨迹仿真计算。结果表明,气动布局的合理优化可以有效降低航弹飞行阻力进而改善其弹道特性,可提供落点行程变化范围800.4~3 212.8 m;通过弹道系数、标准下落时间、极限速度可以表征航弹弹道特性,但航弹飞行轨迹受到多因素共同影响,其中,在投弹速度与航弹行程之间存在着最佳匹配区间。研究结果可以为航空炸弹气动布局优化设计及其工程应用提供理论基础与技术支撑。

乙醇-氢气-空气混合燃气的层流燃烧速度测定

为了研究乙醇的层流燃烧特性,在定容燃烧弹内,分别研究了初始压力为0.3 MPa,氢气比例为50%时,不同初始温度(370 K和450 K)和当量比(0.7~1.4)下,氢气-乙醇混合燃气的火焰传播规律。计算得到了混合燃气的层流燃烧速度和马克斯坦长度,分析了拉伸率对火焰传播速度的影响,同时将研究结果与文献数据进行了比较,验证了计算模型的可靠性。结果表明:随着初始温度的增加,混合燃气的层流燃烧速度也会随之提升;当量比的增加也会提升混合燃气的层流燃烧速度,在当量比为1.2时达到了峰值,随后开始降低。初始温度的增加会在一定条件下会导致火焰的不稳定;在初始温度370 K下,马克斯坦长度始终大于0,火焰一直处于稳定状态;初始温度450 K、0.7~0.9当量比下的马克斯坦长度小于0,火焰出现了不稳定状态,因为较高的初始温度会产生强烈的对流和湍流效应,这些效应会使火焰的边界层受到扰动,造成火焰不稳定;不同初始温度下的马克斯坦长度都随当量比的增加而增加,火焰的稳定性不断提升。对计算得到的层流燃烧速度进行数据拟合,得到了计算乙醇-氢气-空气混合气层流燃烧速度的关系式。