Controlling effects of forest belts on non-point source pollution of agricultural lands in Taihu Lake area, China

Taihu Lake area is one of the most developed areas in agricultural production. Application of fertilizers and pesticides in large quantities greatly aggravate environmental pollution of this area, and water pollution has worsened to an unbearable condition. Two sampling farms (respectively 1 hm2) under rape-rice rotation and wheat-rice rotation were selected as studied ecosystem and a 5-yr-old Poplar forest and 8-yr-old Metasequoia forest were chosen in the selected areas. By collecting samples of Nitrogen, Phosphorus in water, crops and underground of forest, the transfer and loss of N and P (main water pollutants) in faming ecosystem were studied, and the effects of forest belts on non-point source pollution of agricultural lands was analyzed. The results indicated that the transfer and loss of N and P vary with means of rotation, types of crops and the amount of fertilizer application. Buffering forest belts betweens farmlands and ditches can effectively stop and purify such elements as N and P in soil runoffs, thus controlling non-point source pollution of agricultural lands. When the width ratio of farmland to forest belt is 100 to 40, 50.05% losing N, 29.37% losing P can be absorbed by forest under rape-rice rotation and 30.98% N, 86.73% P can be absorbed by forest under wheat-rice rotation. When the width ratio of farmland to forest belt is 150 to 40, 33.37% losing N, 19.58% losing P can be absorbed by the forest under rape-rice rotation, and under wheat-rice rotation 20.65% lost N and 57.82% lost P can be absorbed. There is only some purification effect when the width ration of farmland to forest belt is 200 to 40. Based on model of buffering forest belts, the width ratio of farmland to forest is determined between 100 to 40 and 150 to 40, because it not only can purify water, but also occupy less farmland. It is suggested that Poplars, with the characteristics of fast-growing and high value, are suitable to be planted as shelter-forest in Taihu Lake Watershed.

The Altitudinal Belts of Subalpine Virgin Forest on Mt.Gongga Simulated by a Succession Model

How to accurately simulate the distribution of forest species based upon their biological attributes has been a traditional biogeographical issue.Forest gap models are very useful tools for examining the dynamics of forest succession and revealing the species structure of vegetation.In the present study,the GFSM(Gongga Forest Succession Model) was developed and applied to simulate the distribution,composition and succession process of forests in 100 m elevation intervals.The results indicate that the simulated results of the tree species,quantities of the different types of trees,tree age and differences in DBH(diameter at breast height) composition were in line with the actual situation from 1400 to 3700 MASL(meters above sea level) on the eastern slope of Mt.Gongga.Moreover,the dominant species in the simulated results were the same as those in the surveyed database.Thus,the GFSM model can best simulate the features of forest dynamics and structure in the natural conditions of Mt.Gongga.The work provides a new approach to studying the structure and distribution characteristics of mountain ecosystems in varied elevations.Moreover,the results of this study suggest that the biogeochemistry mechanism model should be combined with the forestsuccession model to facilitate the ecological model in simulating the physical and chemical processes involved.

Construction of Forest and Grass Industry Economic Belt Using Land Resources in Road Side Slope

The construction of expressway and high-speed rail is at the sacrifice of the soil ecological environment. It brings about much damaged land and bare slope. It is necessary to restore vegetation and rebuild landscape. In the design of target plant community and configuration plants,it is required to select as far as possible plants that can blossom and bear fruit or pods. Then seeds of these plants can be harvested,processed and sold,and applied for other projects,so as to develop into a complete forest and grass seed industry chain. This not only reasonably utilizes land resources,but also provides a new approach to the problem of insufficient fine forest seed sources in China. This paper discussed the use of land resources in road side slope and forest and grass seed selection and breeding technology,and elaborated the industrialized development paths for forest and grass seed industries in road side slope. Finally,it arrived at following recommendations.( i) The construction of forest and grass industry economic belt using land resources in road side slope can realize maximum land value. Building a road can help people there get rich,and the type of land and water cultivates its type of forest and grass.( ii) It can make up for the losses incurred from construction of expressway and high-speed rail or destroying forest land,and it can increase farmers' income.( iii) It can increase the supply of domestic seeds,reduce seed import,save foreign exchange,and partly solve the problem of insufficient supply of forest and grass seeds.( iv) It is able to form a complete forest and grass seed industry economic cycle chain,increase employment,and provide new approaches for enriching and benefiting farmers.

Characteristics of Environment Factors in Secondary Poplar-Birch Forests after Mutual-Belt Selective Cutting

The mutual-belt selective cutting was conducted in the secondary poplar-birch forests. The changes of environmental factors after cutting were observed. The environmental factors of effect belts(cutting belts) of 15m in width had great changes. 10-m effect belts had unnoticed changes in environmental factors. The reserved belts with 10-m effect belts had a greater increase in DBH growth rate and volume growth rate. The reserved belts for 6-m and 8-m effect belts had lower increase in DBH and volume. The environmental factors of 6-m and 8-m effect belts did not change much. comparing with their reserved belts. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis for environmental factors between each two belts were also made. and the results proved that 10-m cutting belt is the best way for management of the secondary poplar-birch forests.

基于机器学习的“一带一路”投资国别风险预测研究

“一带一路”倡议提出十年间,中国对沿线国家的投资规模持续扩大。然而,企业在抓住机遇,进行“一带一路”沿线国家投资的同时,也需要重点关注“一带一路”投资国别风险。本文从政治、经济、社会和对华关系4个维度构建“一带一路”投资国别风险预测指标体系;运用灰色关联分析计算样本国家的综合风险评价值;基于2012~2022年间“一带一路”沿线国家的数据,利用机器学习构建GA-BP神经网络、支持向量回归和随机森林3种预测模型;通过对比预测精度,确定最佳预测模型,利用2021年的指标数据,对2022年的投资国别风险进行预测。研究结果表明:(1)在“一带一路”投资国别风险的研究背景下,支持向量回归模型预测效果最优,证明机器学习模型能够有效应用于风险管理领域;(2)“一带一路”投资国别风险存在明显的地区差异,中东欧地区和东南亚地区投资国别风险普遍较低,而南亚地区投资国别风险普遍较高,但都存在特例。本文研究结果可为“走出去”企业在“一带一路”沿线国家的投资决策提供参考。

Forest resources variation along with the main rivers in typical forest re-gion of Changbai Mountain

The restoration of the riparian vegetation disturbed by human activities is one of the hotspots of watershed ecology. Through interpreting the images of Remote Sensing in 1985 and 1999, the basic information of forest resources of Lushuihe Forest Bureau, which is a typical forest area of Changbai Mountain, was obtained with support of GIS. By dividing Land covers of Lushuihe area into 10 types (water body, residential land, stump land, farming land, wetland, mature conifer forest, midlife conifer forest, mature broadleaf forest, midlife broadleaf forest, and man-made young forest) and dividing the riparian zone into four buffers (in turn, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 m away from the river), the changes of riparian forest resources during 1985-1999 were analyzed. The results showed that the deforestation intension has obviously decreased and the whole environment has been evidently improved, but the riparian ecosystem was still flimsy. In buffer 1, 2, 3, the area of midlife conifer forest increased largely, but the areas of other types of land covers all decreased. Midlife conifer forest had a comparatively good status in the three buffers. In buffer 4, midlife conifer forest, mature conifer forest, and mature broadleaf forest formed a forest-age rank that is helpful to stabilize the forest ecosystem and exert its functions. Area percentage of wetland decreased in buffer 1, buffer 2, and buffer 3, even in buffer 4 in which forest ecosystem rehabilitated comparatively well, so protecting and rehabilitating wetland is a very difficult task.

“一带一路”背景下中国—东盟森林生态建设合作概况与对策

“一带一路”倡议是中国提出的一项重大国际合作倡议,旨在促进沿线国家间的互联互通和经济合作。森林生态建设是“一带一路”倡议中的重要组成部分,涉及森林资源的保护、可持续利用和生态环境的改善。中国与东盟国家都拥有丰富的森林资源,但由于经济发展和人口增长的压力,森林资源面临着被严重破坏和过度利用等一系列问题。基于此,文中总结当前中国-东盟森林生态建设合作的相关经验及面临的困境,并提出对策建议:1)加强政策沟通和合作机制建设;2)加强执法合作和提高执法能力;3)加强科技创新和能力建设;4)加强资金支持和投融资合作。

基于风洞试验的樟子松农田防护林防风效果研究

樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)是我国“三北”地区主要造林树种之一,樟子松防护林具有较强的防风固沙能力。本研究以樟子松防护林为研究对象,开展了5种行带式配置防护林防风效益风洞试验研究,测定了不同配置防护林防护区不同距离范围内风速及其流场特征,研究了樟子松防护林不同行带配置与防护效益关系,为常绿针叶树种农田防护林营造提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)防风效能随着林带行数的增加而增强,且林带后1 H~3 H内风速显著降低,形成风影区,风影区面积随着林带行数的增加而变大。(2)樟子松防护林带后风速流场发生显著变化,在12 m·s^(-1)风速条件下,1~5行1带的5种林带防风效能分别为15.1%、26.2%、37.5%、51.7%和51.9%,4行1带、5行1带结构配置防风效能均在50.0%以上。(3)樟子松防护林具有较强的防风效果,建议在干旱区农田防护林建设与更新中可采用樟子松造林,最适结构配置为4行1带。

和田—若羌铁路大风沙区绿化林带配置的风洞模拟试验

[目的]探究和田—若羌铁路大风沙区铁路科学的防沙林带宽度、间距及体系配置模式,为沙区铁路防护林带配置和建设提供理论依据。[方法]以梭梭和沙拐枣为林木模型,开展防沙林带配置的风洞试验研究。[结果]防护林带宽度为5行,防护林带间距为6 H(H为植物模型高度)时,第2条林带气流减弱效果明显,第3条阻沙林带之后区域,气流衰减显著,且不会随着风速的增大而增加,具有较好的防护效益,3条林带达到较好的防护作用。风速越大,林带背风侧防护区的范围越短。[结论]为保证体系在较大风速作用下有较好的防护作用,林带体系应选择5条防护林配置体系模式。

余姚瀑布仙茗生态茶园营林模式的探析

生态茶园是近年来茶产业发展的栽培趋势和方向,更是注重茶叶品质与安全的需要。而遮荫作为茶园管理中常用的农艺措施,可以改善茶园微环境,从色泽、香气和滋味等方面能提高茶叶的品质。文章以余姚瀑布仙茗为代表,结合其“三色”(黄、白、绿)绿茶品质特点,应用林业上复层林营造技术来综合优化茶园环境和丰富群落内生物链数量,来探析茶树的生理变化和生长势;同时,根据品牌系列产品以春茶为主呈现品质特点,以行道林带的架构,创新出“茶树+常绿乔木型”复层林和“茶树+落叶乔木型”复层林2种营林模式,成林后郁闭度控制在0.3~0.4,实现以生态提质增效及茶旅融合为特色的茶产业发展。

不同带间距对沙区河岸固沙林带的带间土壤水分和植被群落特征的影响

[目的]黄河沿岸地带是水土流失最严重的地区之一。研究沙区河岸固沙林带不同带间距下的土壤水分和植被群落特征,确定最优配置模式下的带间距,为建设沙区河岸固沙林带行带式造林提供依据。[方法]以内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗西柳沟不同带间距行带式固沙林为研究对象,对带间距8,16,22,28m的固沙林样地进行土壤取样和植被调查,统计不同带间距固沙林带的带间土壤物理性质以及植被群落特征,并分析土壤水分与植被间的相关性。[结果]①不同行带式固沙林中的土壤水分与植被指数整体上均随带间距增大而提升。②各样地带间0—100cm范围内不同土层土壤水分也随水平间距增加而升高,至11m后变化趋于稳定。③各样地带间土壤水分均与植被指数大体呈极显著正相关,但均匀度指数与丰富度指数有所差异。带间距越大,植被恢复效果越好,带间距22m时约达峰值。[结论]以低覆盖度行带式固沙林进行沙地治理时,植被恢复效果随带间距增大而增长,但带间距并非越宽越好。22m带间距的行带式固沙林带间植被恢复效应最佳,对沙地的近自然修复效果最优。

北京市绿化隔离地区空气负离子供给能力及影响因素分析

为探析北京市绿化隔离地区(简称“绿隔地区”)空气负离子的供给时空规律及其影响因素,基于植被生长季空气负离子监测数据定量评估了绿隔地区空气负离子供给能力,并分析了气象因子、植物群落因子对其供给影响的差异性。结果表明:①绿隔地区植被生长季空气负离子浓度呈先降后升再降的日变化特征,在14:00左右达到峰值。2022年绿隔地区森林植物群落空气负离子供给量为3.02×10^(21)个,供给能力为0.51×10^(16)个/m^(2),第二道绿化隔离地区(简称“二绿地区”)空气负离子供给能力和供给量均明显优于第一道绿化隔离地区(简称“一绿地区”),主要与森林面积比例、植物群落因子差异有关。②空气负离子浓度主要受温度影响,并与温度呈显著负相关,二绿地区对温度响应更显著,但相对湿度对其影响不显著。③空气负离子浓度受植物群落因子影响显著,植被覆盖度、林分阶段、群落结构为主要影响因子,并均与空气负离子浓度呈显著正相关。不同植物群落因子的空气负离子浓度差异明显,在林分阶段上表现为近自然林>人工林,在林分类型上表现为混交林>纯林,在群落类型上表现为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林,在群落结构上表现为乔灌草>乔灌>乔木>乔草。研究显示,乔灌草结构的针阔混交林的空气负离子供给能力最高,而乔草结构的针叶林供给能力最低,未来应重点加强近自然林营建,构建混交、复层、异龄、多功能森林群落,其中,一绿地区应重点进行林分类型和群落结构调整,二绿地区应重点关注群落类型和群落结构优化以及植被覆盖度提升。

广东省县级生物防火林带阻隔网空间布局与规划

广东省属山地丘陵地区,存在重要火源点与林区接触面广、火情复杂多样等特点,建设以生物防火林带为主体的林火阻隔系统是广东省森林防火重要手段之一。为了有效提升广东省生物防火林带阻隔网建设质量,文章以广东省某县区为例,以林火阻隔系统控制面积为主要衡量指标,设置值为1000 hm^(2),对控制面积大于等于1000 hm^(2)的林地进行生物防火林带规划。规划创新引入“优势树种可燃性”的概念,对易燃性树种进行“包围式规划”,以难燃性树种为节点进行“穿越式规划”,并按照坟墓集中程度选取经济树种油茶Camellia oleifera和茶C.sinensis对坟墓山进行环状包围式林带设计或面状全面覆盖式设计,将可能发生的火灾控制在有限的范围内。该县区最终建设生物防火林带185 km,将所有林地林火阻隔系统控制面积降低至1000 hm^(2)以下,其中最大控制面积为998 hm^(2),完成了降低林火阻隔系统控制面积至1000 hm^(2)以下的既定目标。

“一带一路”视角下我国经济林产品对外贸易空间非均衡分布及动态演进

“一带一路”沿线国家是中国经济林产品的重要进出口贸易伙伴。本文基于2011—2020年中国经济林产品进出口贸易数据,利用Dagum基尼系数和Markov链方法分析了中国与“一带一路”沿线140个国家之间的经济林产品贸易空间非均衡分布及动态演进情况。空间非均衡实证结果显示:中国与“一带一路”沿线国家之间的经济林产品进出口贸易空间分布总体差异较大,大洲间的差异是空间分布总体差异的主要来源,而亚洲地区则是中国经济林产品的主要贸易对象区域;贸易动态实证结果显示:“一带一路”沿线国家与中国经济林产品贸易水平相对稳定,双边贸易呈现上升趋势。

不同树种营林技术在森林防灭火中的应用探究

在森林防火体系建设过程中,通过选择种植一些防火树种,营造森林生物防火林带,不仅能够加强森林的防灭火能力,还能够实现优化森林树木结构,增加森林资源储备的目标。文章介绍了防火树种的功能以及选择的依据,并从科学进行规划设计、选择优质苗木种植、防火林带的树种搭配以及计划火烧等方面提出了具体的对策建议。

生物防火林带阻火机理及应用研究进展

近年来,森林火灾不断增加,威胁日益加剧。为了有效预防和高效控制森林火灾,各国都在寻求解决方案。生物防火林带作为一种有效的手段,能够在火灾发生时阻断或延缓火势的蔓延,从而限制火灾的范围,能有效降低重、特大森林火灾发生的概率,对于保护森林资源和生态环境具有重要意义。本文综述了生物防火林带的阻火机理与实际应用意义,从森林可燃物燃烧性的差异、林带结构与森林小气候的关系、防火林带火环境和生物防火林带阻火机理等方面,研究分析了营造生物防火林带的可行性与必要性。探索生物防火林带未来的研究方向,有助于深化对其阻火机理的理解,并为其应用拓展新的思路。

“水下森林”在深圳沙井河碧道工程中应用

由于点面源污染造成氮磷增多,以河流水系为主的景观水体容易出现富营养化。以深圳市沙井河碧道工程为例,针对沙井河淡水区域及咸淡水交汇区域等典型水体富营养化进行生态治理研究。研究成果将基于国内现有水生态治理技术,提出一套实用的景观水体生态治理研判方法及水生态系统中景观沉水植物典型群落的配置模式,为同类河湖景观水体生态治理提供科学依据。

西南喀斯特地区生物防火阻隔带建设初探——以贵州省毕节市为例

在现有森林防火建设基础上,毕节市紧紧结合国家政策导向、支持方向、资金投向,实施生物防火阻隔带建设,进一步提升和完善林火阻隔系统,补齐当前森林草原防火重要基础设施存在的突出短板,有效制止林火蔓延,减少森林火灾所造成的影响和损失,对西南喀斯特地区生物阻隔带建设,推进森林防火治理建设和发展具有重要作用。

Rebirth after death: forest succession dynamics in response to climate change on Gongga Mountain, Southwest China

Global climate change is having long-term impacts on the geographic distribution of forest species. However, the response of vertical belts of mountain forests to climate change is still little known. The vertical distribution of forest vegetation(vertical vegetation belt) on Gongga Mountain in Southwest China has been monitored for 30 years. The forest alternation of the vertical vegetation belt under different climate conditions was simulated by using a mathematical model GFSM(the Gongga Forest Succession Model). Three possible Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) climate scenarios(increase of air temperature and precipitation by 1.8℃/5%, 2.8℃/10% and 3.4℃/15% for B_1, A_1B and A_2 scenarios, respectively) were chosen to reflect lower, medium and higher changes of global climate. The vertical belts of mountainous vegetation will shift upward by approximately 300 m, 500 m and 600 m in the B_1, A_1B and A_2 scenarios, respectively, according to the simulated results. Thus, the alpine tree-line will move to a higher altitude. The simulation also demonstrated that, in a changing climate, the shift in the vegetation community will be a slow and extended process characterized by two main phases. During the initial phase, trees of the forest community degrade or die, owing to an inability to adapt to a warmer climate. This results in modest environment for the introduction of opportunistic species, consequently, the vegetation with new dominant tree species becomes predominant in the space vacated by the dead trees at the expense of previously dominated original trees as the succession succeed and climate change advance. Hence, the global climate change would dramatically change forest communities and tree species in mountainous regions because that the new forest community can grow only through the death of the original tree. Results indicated that climate change will cause the change of distribution and composition of forest communities on Gongga Mountain, and this change may enhance as the intensity of climate change increases. As a result, the alternation of death and rebirth would finally result in intensive landscape changes, and may strongly affect the eco-environment of mountainous regions.