The concept of sUAS/DL-based system for detecting and classifying abandoned small firearms

Military object detection and identification is a key capability in surveillance and reconnaissance.It is a major factor in warfare effectiveness and warfighter survivability.Inexpensive,portable,and rapidly deployable small unmanned aerial systems(s UAS)in conjunction with powerful deep learning(DL)based object detection models are expected to play an important role for this application.To prove overall feasibility of this approach,this paper discusses some aspects of designing and testing of an automated detection system to locate and identify small firearms left at the training range or at the battlefield.Such a system is envisioned to involve an s UAS equipped with a modern electro-optical(EO)sensor and relying on a trained convolutional neural network(CNN).Previous study by the authors devoted to finding projectiles on the ground revealed certain challenges such as small object size,changes in aspect ratio and image scale,motion blur,occlusion,and camouflage.This study attempts to deal with these challenges in a realistic operational scenario and go further by not only detecting different types of firearms but also classifying them into different categories.This study used a YOLOv2CNN(Res Net-50 backbone network)to train the model with ground truth data and demonstrated a high mean average precision(m AP)of 0.97 to detect and identify not only small pistols but also partially occluded rifles.

Therapeutic Strategies and Evolution in the Short Term: Fractures by Firearms in Civilian Practice about 35 Operated Lesions

Fracture by firearms is a surgical emergency. The aim of our study was to report our experience in the management of open fractures by firearms and monitoring with a decline of 6 months the lesions observed in peacetime. This retrospective study over 3 years (January 2007-November 2010), supplemented by a prospective (December 2010-November 2011) is based on an analysis of operative reports and clinical records of patients admitted to the Yaoundé Central Hospital. 29 cases were selected, including 35 lesions were observed. Our series consists of 27 men and 2 women, mean age 30 years. 40% of our patients were initially supported (debridement) before the 6th hour and 51.42% between the 6th and 24th hours. In terms of internal fixation, these figures were 66% between the 25th and 96th hours. The type of material was used as the external fixate (64.9%). Conversion processing by the establishment of an internal hardware, after 3 - 6 weeks and control NFS (numeration of blood count or blood count), VS (rate of sedimentation), CRP (C reactive protein). Unfortunately this has been possible only in two cases because of financial means. In 40% of cases, surgical outcome was simple, and complications to a type of osteomyelitis, shortening, suppuration in 42.7% of cases.

Fractures by Firearms in Conflict Town

For nearly two decades, the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been plagued by war and abnormal movement of firearms is commonplace. The consequence of this is the increasing number of victim patients from gunshot wound at the hospitals. The aim of this study is to make an assessment of fractures caused by firearms and their management in a post conflict town. This is a retrospective, descriptive, multicenter study involving 123 cases with 128 fractures by firearms recorded during a period of 24 months from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2012. Patients were recruited from 3 major hospitals in Bukavu town having a unit of fractures management. One hundred and six (86.9%) patients were males with the modal age in the ranks from 20 to 40 years old (mean 29.9 years). Seventy-one (57.7%) were civilians and 52 (42.3%) patients were soldiers;86 (78.2%) came from countryside. The reprisal was implicated in 77 (62.6%) cases. In 62.5% of cases, fractures were localized in the lower limbs and were treated orthopedically in ?50% of cases. The gunshot fractures in eastern DRC were mainly concerning the civilian young people living in the countryside and necessarily affected the bones of low limb. A study on fracture by firearms should be carried in the area where people have been wounded. Reducing the flow of gunshot could reduce the rate of fractures by firearms.

A clinical study of penetrating craniocerebral injuries caused by firearms

Penetrating craniocerebral firearm injuries remains one of the most lethal of all head traumas and are common in both war and peace time. Data were reviewed for 6487 moderately, severely head injuring patients (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores 3 to 12) tre

An Ensemble Approach to Identify Firearm Listing on Tor Hidden-Services

The ubiquitous nature of the internet has made it easier for criminals to carry out illegal activities online.The sale of illegal firearms and weaponry on dark web cryptomarkets is one such example of it.To aid the law enforcement agencies in curbing the illicit trade of firearms on cryptomarkets,this paper has proposed an automated technique employing ensemble machine learning models to detect the firearms listings on cryptomarkets.In this work,we have used partof-speech(PoS)tagged features in conjunction with n-gram models to construct the feature set for the ensemble model.We studied the effectiveness of the proposed features in the performance of the classification model and the relative change in the dimensionality of the feature set.The experiments and evaluations are performed on the data belonging to the three popular cryptomarkets on the Tor dark web from a publicly available dataset.The prediction of the classification model can be utilized to identify the key vendors in the ecosystem of the illegal trade of firearms.This information can then be used by law enforcement agencies to bust firearm trafficking on the dark web.

The European Source of Firearm Knowledge in Bing lu (Records of Military Art)

European firearms entered China from the sixteenth century and played a significant role in the warfare of the Ming and Qing dynasties.Some Chinese military books,which include contents on European firearms,appeared in the early seventeenth century and helped to expand the weapons’influence.Certain parts in these books concerning European artilleries are highly similar,indicating that they might have been extracted from a mutual source.Bing lu兵錄(Records of military art)is a typical example of such Chinese military treatises.Its illustrations and data demonstrate that Pratica manuale di arteglieria written by Luys Collado in 1586 is an important source of the Western knowledge in certain chapters of Bing lu.

Thoracic Wounds by Firearm at the University Hospital Yalgado Ouedraogo (YO)

Introduction: Thoracic wounds by firearms are frequent and severe. They may involve the patient’s prognosis. Objective: To study the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of the thoracic wounds by firearms. Material and method: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of all patients over the age of 15 who consulted in the university hospital-YO in the department of general and digestive surgery over a period of 5 years. Results: We collected 50 cases of thoracic wounds by firearms on 183 thoracic wounds with a prevalence of 27.3%. There were 48 men (96%). The average age was 30 years. The patients came from urban areas in 66% of cases;the informal sector accounted for 44% of the cases. The pistol was the most involved firearm (46.9%). The consultation period was less than 6 hours in 78% of patients. An unstable hemodynamic state was found in 42% (n = 21). A fluid and mixed pleural effusion syndrome was found in 46% and 26% of patients, respectively. Associated lesions were diaphragm involvement, and lesions of intra-abdominal hollow organs. Thoracic drainage was performed in 24 patients (48%) and was associated with a laparotomy in 8 patients. The average hospital stay was 7.5 days. Mortality was 14%. Conclusion: the thoracic wounds by firearms are frequent in civilian practice. The thoracic CT allows mapping of the lesions and thoracic drainage constitutes the essential part of surgical treatment. The fight against the proliferation of weapons deserves to be promoted.

Trauma of External Genitalia by Firearm: Therapeutic Strategy and Result, about a Case at CHU-YO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Introduction: Ballistic traumas of the external genitalia are rare especially in civil practice. Emergency surgical exploration is the rule. Case Report: Mr. F.Y., 29 years old, a security agent, admitted to the Urological Emergency Unit of Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital of Ouagadougou for trauma of the penile and left purse by firearm. The clinical examination revealed a good hemodynamic status, bladder distension. A suprapubic catheterization was performed. We noted a transfixing and bleeding wound on the penile, and on the left purse which was edematous. The patient was admitted to the operation room 07 hours after trauma. Exploration found a total destruction of the left testicle classified grade 5 of the classification of the American Association of the Surgery of Trauma (AAST). We performed a left orchiectomy. There was a partial rupture of the ventral face of the penile urethra. We performed an end-to-end anastomosis on a Foley catheter CH 18. The Foley catheter was removed after two weeks. Urination was spontaneous without dysuria. Erections were painless and without kinking of penile. Conclusion: Open traumas of the external genitalia are rare and their treatment is an extreme surgical emergency.

Pediatric firearm-associated fractures:Analysis of management and outcomes

BACKGROUND Firearm-associated injuries(FAIs)are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children living in the United States.Most victims of such injuries survive,but may experience compromised function related to musculoskeletal injuries.Although complex firearm-associated fractures(FAFs)often require specialized orthopaedic,vascular,and plastic surgical intervention,there is minimal research describing their management and outcomes.The purpose of this study is to describe the epidemiology and presentation of pediatric FAFs,as well as evaluate the management and outcomes of these injuries.AIM To describe the epidemiology and presentation of pediatric FAFs,as well as evaluate the management and outcomes of these injuries.METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed at a major,pediatric level 1 trauma center.The study included patients aged 18 or younger who presented with FAIs between 2008-2018.Additional data was collected on patients with FAFs including demographic and clinical data such as age,sex,race,payor type,fracture location,injury severity score(ISS),and radiographic and clinical outcomes.The management of FAFs was analyzed as well as need for readmission and reoperation.Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results and univariate analyses were performed to assess differences between groups.RESULTS Between 2008 and 2018,there were a total of 61 patients who presented with FAIs.In this cohort,21 patients(34%)sustained FAFs(25 fractures)with a mean age of 11(Range:10 mo to 18 years old)at the time of presentation.Approximately 52%(n=11)of patients with FAFs were male,76%(n=8 and n=8,respectively)identified as black or other,and 71%(n=15)had government insurance.FAFs were most commonly noted in the upper extremity(n=7)and lower extremity(n=6).In patients with FAFs,the mean ISS at presentation was 11.38(Range:2-38),and 24%of patients(n=5)were classified as having a major trauma.There were no significant differences in age,sex,race,and payor type in FAF patients that presented with and without major trauma(P>0.05).When comparing FAF and non-FAF patients,there was a statistically significant difference in ISS(11.38 vs 14.45,P=0.02).In total,33%(n=7)of patients with FAFs required orthopaedic surgical management,which was most commonly comprised of debridement(n=6/7,86%),and 14%(n=1/7)of these patients required coordinated care with plastic and/or vascular surgery.There were no significant differences in age and payor type in patients with FAFs treated with and without orthopaedic surgery.Of the patients with FAFs,52%(n=11)had a minimum 90-d follow-up,and 48%(n=10)had a minimum 2-year follow-up.Two patients were readmitted within 90-d,while one patient required a reoperation within 2-years.CONCLUSION Over 25%of FAIs in pediatric patients result in FAFs.FAFs often present to pediatric trauma centers and the majority of these injuries occur in non-Caucasian males with government insurance.Most FAFs do not need orthopaedic surgical management;14%of these injuries require subspecialty care by orthopaedic surgery,vascular surgery,or plastic surgery.Patients with FAFs also have lower ISS compared to patients who sustained FAIs without fracture.Thus,these patients should be treated at pediatric trauma centers with specialty care and additional research is needed to focus prevention efforts,understand reasons for poor follow-up,and evaluate outcomes after injury.

Cardiac Perforation by Firearm:Case Report

Heart trauma caused by a firearm projectile is the most fatal of cardiac injuries due to the great potential for death. The increase in the number of cases in recent years is observed, due to the greater urban violence. We report the case of a patient, a victim of firearm perforation, who suffered a cardiac transfixing lesion, with clinical presentation and with an unusual cardiac injury, operated at our service with success.

GUT BARRIER FUNCTION DAMAGE FOLLOWING MULTIPLE FIREARM INJURIES IN A PORCINE MODEL

Objective. To study the characteristics and pathogenesis of gut barrier damage following multiple firearm injuries in a porcine model. Methods. Twenty four small pigs were divided into 4 groups: control group (n=6, group C), group H (n=6, gunshot induced tangential fracture of parietal bone), group L (n=6, gunshot induced comminuted fracture of bilateral femora) and group M (n=6, combined group H+L). Gastric intramucosal pH (pHi), plasma endotoxin levels in portal vein, and plasma D lactate levels were measured and blood samples were cultured at different intervals after trauma. The animals were sacrificed at 72 h following trauma and intestinal tissues were harvested for pathological examination and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity measurement. Results. In group M at 72 h, pHi was significantly lower than that of group H and L (P< 0.01), and plasma endotoxin level was significantly higher than that of group H (P< 0.01) and group L (P< 0.05). Simultaneously, in groupM, D lactate level was markedly higher than that of group H (P< 0.01), and incidence of positive blood culture was much higher than that of group H and L (P<0.05). Necrosis and exfoliation were revealed at ileum villus top in all traumagroups, especially in group M, in which ileum DAO activity declined most significantly as well. Conclusion. Multiple trauma is prone to cause gastrointestinal ischemia even without hemorrhagic shock. The damage of gut barrier in multiple trauma appears to be more severe than that in one site trauma, thereby promoting gut derived endotoxemia and bacterial translocation and contributing to the development of endogenous infection.SURGICAL TREATMENT OF MALIGNANTESOPHAGEAL TUMORS IN PUMC HOSPITAL Guo Huiqin,Li Zejian ,Zhang Fan1 ,Zhang Zhiyong,Xu Letian ,Li Weidong2,Wang Xiuqin2and Wu Min2Department of Thoracic Surgery, PUMC Hospital, CAMS &PUMC, Beijing 100730Key words malignant esophageal tumors; early diagnosis; FHIT geneTo study how to prolong the postoperative survival time of the patientswith malignant esophageal tumors. The clinical data of 1098 patients with malignant esophageal tumors from 1961 to 1992 were retrospectively analyzed. The deletion of fragile histamine triplet (FHIT) gene (a tumor suppressor gene) in 30 fresh esophageal samples obtained in 1996 was detected with PCR and RT PCR method. The resectability was raised gradually and the operative morbidity and mortality decreased year by year, but there was no significant improvement on the postoperative 5 year survival rate. Delayed diagnosis and irradical resection influenced the long term survival. The deletion of cDNA of FHIT gene was 64.2%in esophageal cancer and 20%in the resected margin of the cancer. We believe that high grade atypical hyperplasia in esophageal epithelium and deletion of FHIT gene in esophageal cancer and its resected margin are pathological and molecular markers for early diagnosis of esophageal cancer respectively, and the latter may be one of the molecular markers for the resection. Early diagnosis and treatment, radical resection, and postoperative nutritional support are very important for the improvement of the postoperative survival time of the patients.

Ballistics firearm identification by digital holography

The need for firearm identification systems by police services continues to increase with greater accessibility to weapons in the national and international contexts. The difficulties associated with traditional imaging of ballistics specimens are numerous, and include the smallness of the samples, the nature of the surfaces and shapes for the cartridge cases and projectiles. The digital holography has been introduced to create the 3D image of the fired bullets in order to identify firearms. In digital holography a CCD camera records optically generated holograms which is then reconstructed numerically by a calculation of scalar diffraction in the Fresnel approximation. The digital photography facilitates real time transmission of the message via traditional communication methods. In this paper the principle of digital holography and its application to the 3D image encryption-decryption were reviewed. The experimental results of firearm identification recording using digital holography and their numerical reconstruction were presented.

Total hip arthroplasty for post-firearm hip arthritis complicated by coloarticular fistula:A case report

Hip firearm injuries are rare injuries that could lead to serious complications,such as posttraumatic hip arthritis and coloarticular fistula.We report a case of a 25-year-old male who sustained a pelvic injury caused by a single bullet which led to a bilateral acetabular fracture,concomitant with a colon injury treated on an emergency basis by a diverting colostomy;acetabular fractures were treated conservatively by traction.After the patient recovered from the abdominal injury,he was presented with bilateral hip pain and limited motion;plain radiographs showed bilateral hip arthritis with proximal migration of the femoral head and bilateral acetabular defect classified as Paprosky type IIIA.Reconstruction of the hips was performed using the same technique:impaction bone grafting for acetabular defect reconstruction and a reversed hybrid total hip arthroplasty(THA)6 months apart.The patient presented with loosening of the left THA acetabular cup 3 years later,which was revised;then he presented with a discharging sinus from the left THA with suspicion of coloarticular fistula,which was confirmed using CT with contrast material.A temporary colostomy and fistula excision were performed,and a cement spacer was applied to the hip.After clearing the infection,a final revision THA for the left hip was performed.Treating post-firearm hip arthritis by THA is challenging,especially in the situation of neglected cases with the presence of an acetabular defect.Concomitant intestinal injury increases the risk of infection with the possibility of coloarticular fistula formation,which could present later.Working with a multidisciplinary team is paramount.

略论明朝水师仿制欧洲火器及其击败荷兰军舰的火攻战术

郑成功水师于1661年收复中国台湾的战役中击败荷兰水师,并击沉荷兰主力舰“赫克托号”,这是明朝水师对外战役中最杰出的战绩之一。自从葡萄牙舰队出现于闽粤海面以来,明军一直在研究和仿制欧洲军舰及其火器,在火炮、火枪等方面都有很大的进步。不仅如此,明军还研发了推送火船和抛掷火罐等火攻战术,并将其和明军传统近战战术相结合,这才取得在浅海攻击欧洲军舰的海上优势。因此,明军击沉荷兰主力舰“赫克托号”不是偶然的。

高原寒冷环境猪腹部肠管火器贯通伤后弹道细菌变化及药敏分析

目的探讨高原寒冷环境腹部肠管火器贯通伤后体温、弹道细菌学变化及药敏情况。方法将20只2~3个月龄(体重30~35 kg)实验猪以随机数字法分为高原寒冷组(HC组)及平原常温组(LN组),每组10只。分别将两组实验猪放置于西北特殊环境人工实验舱内,HC组调节海拔高度6000 m(大气压47.33 kPa,空气氧分压为9.87 kPa)温度10℃,LN组调节海拔高度800 m(大气压89.87 kPa,空气氧分压为18.8 kPa)温度25℃,停留48 h;麻醉后将其以腾空站立位悬吊于靶场,用半自动手枪射击实验猪右下腹部,致伤后简单包扎返回实验室,分别在2、4、8、12、24 h取弹道内部1 cm深的组织进行细菌培养、鉴定及药敏实验。结果HC组在伤后2、4、8 h时间点体温均显著高于LN组(P<0.001)。LN组体温在24 h超过HC组但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HC组与LN组伤后弹道入口和弹道出口细菌均大量增殖,除HC组弹道出口12、24 h较前一时间点差异无统计学意义外(P>0.05),其余对比前一时间点细菌增殖差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001)。在同一时间点,HC组和LN组弹道出口处的细菌含量明显高于弹道入口处的细菌含量(P<0.01或P<0.001)。LN组除24 h弹道入口细菌计数与HC组无差异(P>0.05)外,其余相同时间点弹道入口和弹道出口的细菌计数均显著高于HC组(P<0.001)。LN组伤后弹道入口及出口早期主要是以大肠埃希菌为代表的肠道细菌,混合各类表皮细菌;入口12 h起,出口4 h起无表皮细菌检测出。HC组伤后弹道入口及出口早期主要是大肠埃希菌、屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌等为代表的肠道细菌,混合少量表皮细菌;入口24 h,出口8 h起无表皮细菌检测出。HC组检测出的14种细菌中,对氨苄西林、青霉素、亚胺培南、四环素、头孢他啶、氧氟沙星、阿奇霉素、庆大霉素耐药率在50%以上的细菌分别有7、9、1、11、2、6、9、3种。结论高原寒冷环境会降低腹部火器伤弹道细菌的繁殖速度,减少表皮细菌含量及种类,改变肠道菌群结构。高原寒冷环境肠管贯通伤需尽早清创,联合使用抗生素。

一种枪械击发点火系统可靠性分析软件的设计与实现

为了高效便捷地对枪械击发点火系统进行可靠性分析,设计开发了枪械击发点火系统可靠性分析软件。建立了该系统的仿真模型、可靠性分析模型及优化模型,并研究了可靠性分析及优化流程;设计了枪械击发点火系统可靠性分析软件架构,为功能模块的开发建立了基础。对小口径自动步枪击发点火系统可靠度分析进行实例验证并优化,结果表明:应用该软件得出系统可靠度为83.6%,与试验结果相比,在误差范围内;并通过优化可将系统可靠度提高20.48%,验证了该软件的可行性,为系统改进设计提供了技术支撑。

The increase of firearm-related violence in Sweden

Firearm-related violence is common in our contemporary world and causes serious harm to humans as well as to the society.One of the countries in which firearm-related violence is increasing is Sweden and its most southern region,Skane,in which Malmo,Sweden’s third largest city,is highly affected.If not contained and limited,Sweden risks becoming more and more violent.

Pediatric upper extremity firearm injuries:an analysis of demographic factors and recurring mechanisms of injury

Background Little is known regarding risk factors specific to pedialric upper extremity firearm injuries.The purpose of this study is to evaluate pediatric patients treated for these injuries to identify at-risk populations and recurring mechanisms of injury.Methods A 20-year retrospective review was conducted.Patients 17 years of age and younger,with upper extremity injuries related to a firearm,were included.Analysis involved Fisher's exact and Chi-square tests.Results One hundred and eighty patients were included.The mean age was 12.04±4.3 years.Most included patients were male(85%).Interestingly,females were more frequently victims of assault(P=0.03),and males were more frequently injured due to accidental discharge(P<0.001).The most affected race/ethnicity was White-not Hispanic or Latino(48%).The hand was the most frequent location injured(31%)and was more likely to be accidental than proximal injuries(P=0.003).Air rifes were the most common firearm type used(56%).Pistols were implicated in 47(26%)cases,rifles in 17(9%),and.shotguns in 10(6%).Ninety-nine(55%)patients had procedures in the operating room.The most frequent procedure was foreign body removal(55%).Conclusions Risk factors such as male sex,W hite-not Hispanic or Latino race/ethnicity,and adolescent age were attributed to increased risk for injury.Male sex was associated with increased risk of injury by accidental discharge and female sex with intentional assault.Air rifles were the most common firearm type overall,although female sex was associated with increased risk for injury by powder weapon.

负压封闭引流技术在口腔颌面头颈部火器伤救治中的相关研究进展

口腔颌面头颈部火器伤是现代战争中的高发伤、常见伤,它具有着感染风险大,致死率高的特点。负压封闭引流技术(vacuum sealing drainage, VSD)在临床中有着较为成熟的应用且疗效显著。近年来研究发现,VSD技术在火器伤救治中可以有效地促进引流预防伤口感染,VSD有望成为口腔颌面头颈部火器伤救治中的优选方法。本文就VSD技术在口腔颌面头颈部火器伤救治的优势和研究进展做一综述。

基于STM32的智能枪械存储柜

针对现有枪械柜功能单一、安全性不高的问题,基于嵌入式技术设计了智能枪械存储柜。该装置采用指纹和数字密码双重认证的方式结合视频监测技术,保证了枪械存储安全性,结合物联网技术,能远程实时在线监测枪械的在位情况和柜内环境信息、智能控制枪械的取还。若系统监测出柜内环境较恶劣,能及时自动采取相应措施对极端恶劣情进行改善,保证枪械存放事宜的环境,延长枪械的使用寿命。应用结果表明,系统运行稳定,温湿度测量较为准确,且温湿度控制精度达±5%,能够较好地改善枪械存储环境、延长寿命。