During the rapid spread of COVID-19,first responders are at risk of being exposed to COVID-19 due to their role in providing first aid and responding to an unspecified number of people.This uncertainty can have advers...During the rapid spread of COVID-19,first responders are at risk of being exposed to COVID-19 due to their role in providing first aid and responding to an unspecified number of people.This uncertainty can have adverse mental health effects,such as increased anxiety and fear.This study aimed to investigate the degree of association between fear of COVID-19,obsession with COVID-19,and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)in emergency rescue firefighters.The participants were 150 emergency rescue firefighters working in Region S,Korea.They filled out self-report questionnaires:The data obtained through the Fear of COVID-19 Scale,Obsession with COVID-19 Scale,and Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean version were subjected to nonparametric statistical analysis using SPSS WIN 25.0.The study found a significant correlation between emergency rescue firefighters’fear of COVID-19,obsession with COVID-19,and PTSD.Fear and obsession with COVID-19 were higher among first responder firefighters who were directly involved in COVID-19-related tasks.Furthermore,a one-point increase in obsession was associated with a 2.837-point increase in PTSD.Based on the results,we found that there is a need for effective control of obsessions and fears among first responder firefighters during COVID-19,and we suggest that there is a need for mental health care for first responder firefighters during the pandemic through the development and support of programs to prevent and mitigate obsessions.展开更多
Underground mine fire always exists since the mining activity was practiced.It poses a severe safety hazard to the mine workers and may also cause a tremendous economic loss to the mines.Methods for controlling and ex...Underground mine fire always exists since the mining activity was practiced.It poses a severe safety hazard to the mine workers and may also cause a tremendous economic loss to the mines.Methods for controlling and extinguishing fires in underground mine have long been studied and there have been significant improvements.In order to know clearly about the firefighting technology used,this paper summarizes most of the underground mine firefighting methods used in the United States the past 150 years.This paper describes not only the accepted firefighting theories,but also the technologies,both direct and indirect attacking,in accordance to regulations or codes,with special attention is given to the indirect attack method and its related technologies.Further research needed is also briefly discussed at the end of this paper.展开更多
Background Due to the restriction of display mode,in most of the virtual reality systems with multiple people in the same physical space,the program renders the scene based on the position and perspective of the one u...Background Due to the restriction of display mode,in most of the virtual reality systems with multiple people in the same physical space,the program renders the scene based on the position and perspective of the one user,so that other users just see the same scene,resulting in vision disorder.Methods To improve experience of multi-user co-located collaboration,in this study,we propose a fire drill system supporting co-located collaboration,in which three co-located users can collaborate to complete the virtual firefighting mission.Firstly,with multi-view stereoscopic projective display technology and ultra wideband(UWB)technology,co-located users can roam independently and watch virtual scenes through the correct perspective view based on their own position by wearing dedicated shutter glasses,thus carrying out different virtual tasks,which improves the flexibility of co-located collaboration.Secondly,we design simulated firefighting water-gun using the micro-electromechanical system sensor,through which users can interact with virtual environment,and thus provide a better interactive experience.Finally,we develop a workbench including a holographic display module and multi touch operation module for virtual scene assembly and virtual environment control.Results The controller can use the workbench to adjust the virtual layout in real time,and control the virtual task process to increase the flexibility and playability of system.Conclusions Our work can be employed in a wide range of related virtual reality applications.展开更多
The spread of fire and smoke during a fire incident plays a crucial role in rescuing people from the burning building. So it is important for the decision makers (the head of rescue staff) to get a prediction about th...The spread of fire and smoke during a fire incident plays a crucial role in rescuing people from the burning building. So it is important for the decision makers (the head of rescue staff) to get a prediction about the spread of fire inside the building through computational techniques like numerical fire simulations. But these techniques require advanced mathematical knowledge and are very time consuming. This paper presents a new method which employs a set of pre-simulated and model-based scenarios to find the closest one to the real fire and present its results to the decision makers. For this purpose, we shift the performance consuming numerical fire simulations into a former phase by integration of these simulations into the planning process of the building. This is realized by enhancing the methods of Building Information Modeling (BIM). To provide the fire simulation results during a real case, our new concept includes a scenario database where all simulated fire scenarios will be collected. In a real case, a special search algorithm will go through this database to find the closest pre-simulated fire scenario to the real fire on the basis of reported information from the burning building.展开更多
Aim: This study aimed to assess the quality of the psychological experience of mobile emergency teams, in particular firefighters (FF) in Togo and to identify the psychotraumatic interventions (PI) they face. Method: ...Aim: This study aimed to assess the quality of the psychological experience of mobile emergency teams, in particular firefighters (FF) in Togo and to identify the psychotraumatic interventions (PI) they face. Method: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, statistical analysis and discourse content analysis study on the PIs of the Lomé FFs. Results: PIs were found to be: road accidents;defenestrations;self-immolation murders;bloody and non-bloody suicides;well interventions with or without drowning;extensive burns;and paediatric procedures. Adults aged 25 to 45 were at a percentage of 69.1% and with a sex ratio of 7.1. More than half of the respondents (53%) had PTSD. Conclusion: More than half of the respondents had PTSD, however, coping strategies were not explored, suggesting the need for further research.展开更多
Forest fires pose a significant threat to human life and property,so the utilization of unmanned aircraft systems provides new ways for forest firefighting.Given the constrained load capacities of these aircraft,aeria...Forest fires pose a significant threat to human life and property,so the utilization of unmanned aircraft systems provides new ways for forest firefighting.Given the constrained load capacities of these aircraft,aerial refueling becomes crucial to extend their operational time and range.In order to address the complexities of firefighting missions involving multi-receiver and multi-tanker deployed from various airports,first,a fuel consumption calculation model for aerial refueling scheduling is established based on the receiver path.Then,two distinct methods,including an integrated one and a decomposed one,are designed to address the challenges of establishing refueling airspace and allocating tasks for tankers.Both methods aim to optimize total fuel consumption of the receivers and tankers within the aerial refueling scheduling framework.The optimization problem is established as nonlinear optimization models along with restrictions.The integrated method seamlessly combines refueling rendezvous point scheduling and tanker task allocation into unified process.It has a complete solution space and excels in optimizing total fuel consumption.The decomposed method,through the separation of rendezvous point scheduling and task allocation,achieves a reduced computational complexity.However,this comes at the cost of sacrificing optimality by excluding specific feasible solutions.Finally,numerical simulations are carried out to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.These simulations yield insights crucial for the practical engineering application of both the integrated and decomposed methods in real-world scenarios.This comprehensive approach aims to enhance the efficiency of forest firefighting operations,mitigating the risks posed by forest fires to human life and property.展开更多
This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of pressure-dependent models in the design of ship piping systems.For this purpose,a complex ship piping system is designed to operate in firefighting and bilge services thr...This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of pressure-dependent models in the design of ship piping systems.For this purpose,a complex ship piping system is designed to operate in firefighting and bilge services through jet pumps.The system is solved as pressure-dependent model by the piping system analysis software EPANET and by a mathematical approach involving a piping network model.This results in a functional system that guarantees the recommendable ranges of hydraulic state variables(flow and pressure)and compliance with the rules of ship classification societies.Through this research,the suitability and viability of pressure-dependent models in the simulation of a ship piping system are proven.展开更多
Coalfield fires are considered a global crisis that contributes significantly to environmental destruction and loss of coal resources and poses a serious threat to human safety and health. In this paper, research rela...Coalfield fires are considered a global crisis that contributes significantly to environmental destruction and loss of coal resources and poses a serious threat to human safety and health. In this paper, research related to the initiation, development, and evolution of coalfield fires is reviewed. The existing detection and control techniques of coalfield fires are also reviewed. Traditional firefighting is associated with waste of resources, potential risks of recrudescence, potential safety hazards, extensive and expensive engineering works, and power shortages. Recently,coalfield fires have been recognized as having significant potential for energy conservation and heat energy recovery. Thermoelectric power generation is regarded as a suitable technology for the utilization of heat from coalfield fires. The extraction of heat from coalfield fires can also control coalfield fires and prevent reignition leading to combustion. Technologies for absorbing heat from burning coal and overlying rocks are also analyzed. In addition, the control mode of "three-region linkage" is proposed to improve firefighting efficiency. Integrating heat energy recovery with firefighting is an innovative method to control coalfield fires.展开更多
Background Virtual reality(VR)applications can be used to provide comprehensive training scenarios that are difficult or impossible to represent in physical configurations.This includes team training for emergency ser...Background Virtual reality(VR)applications can be used to provide comprehensive training scenarios that are difficult or impossible to represent in physical configurations.This includes team training for emergency services such as firefighting.Creating a high level of immersion is essential for achieving effective virtual training.In this respect,motion-capture systems offer the possibility of creating highly immersive multi-user training experiences,including full-body avatars.Methods This study presents a preliminary prototype that helps extin-guish a virtual fire on a container ship as a VR training scenario.The prototype provides a full-body and multi-user VR experience based on the synthesis of position data provided by the motion-capture system and orientation data from the VR headsets.Moreover,the prototype facilitates an initial evaluation of the results.Results The results confirm the value of using VR for training procedures that are difficult to implement in the real world.Furthermore,the results show that motion-capture-based VR technologies are particularly useful for firefighting training,in which participants can collaborate in difficult-to-access environments.However,this study also indicates that increasing the immersion in such training remains a challenge.Conclusions This study presents a prototypical VR application that enables the multi-user training of maritime firefighters.Future research should evaluate the initial results,provide more extensive training scenarios,and measure the training progress.展开更多
Fluorosurfactants are the key ingredients in the formulations of aqueous film-forming foams(AFFFs)for extinguishing flammable liquids,thus developing high-efficient and low-toxic fluorosurfactants is desirable in AFFF...Fluorosurfactants are the key ingredients in the formulations of aqueous film-forming foams(AFFFs)for extinguishing flammable liquids,thus developing high-efficient and low-toxic fluorosurfactants is desirable in AFFFs application.Herein,a series of hyperbranched polymeric fluorosu rfactants(HPFs)were successfully synthesized through sequentially modifying hyperbranched polyethylenimine(PEI)with the hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)chains and the hydrophobic C6/C4-based perfluoroalkyl chains,which were verified by FTIR,^(1)H-and^(19)F-NMR.The surface tensions of all the HPFs in water were measured,and the corresponding physicochemical parameters were interpreted.It was found that the surface activities of HPFs could be tuned through adjusting the ratio of PEG to perfluoroalkyl chains,the length of perfluoroalkyl chains,the molecular weight of PEI core,but not the PEG chain length.In the binary mixture of HPFs with the commercial small molecule fluorosurfactant Capstone^(TM)1157(C1157),a strong synergism led to the elevation of surface activity,which was attributed to the efficient encapsulation of C1157 guests by the compact hyperbranched HPFs as the hosts.The utilization of HPF/C1157 as fluorosurfactant ingredients in AFFF formulations could realize much higher fire-extinguishing efficiency towards flammable oils than the control AFFFs prepa red from the polymeric Capstone^(TM)1460 or the neat C1157.展开更多
Traditional fire safety management in the electric power industry has significant drawbacks,including a lack of data,difficulty of maintenance,lack of supervision,and lack of interaction.This type of management lags b...Traditional fire safety management in the electric power industry has significant drawbacks,including a lack of data,difficulty of maintenance,lack of supervision,and lack of interaction.This type of management lags behind current advanced safety management concepts such as“gate advancement”and“full process man-agement”,and it fails to meet the needs of future energy internet construction and development.In response to these problems,an internet of things system for smart firefighting in the electric power industry was constructed in this study.This system defines a centralized information window,trains a power intelligent firefighting brain,establishes a firefighting cloud management and control system,constructs a power firefighting interaction mech-anism,and performs multi-party coordination of firefighting mechanisms to realize concept of“a whole network on one screen and everything in one network”for managing fires.展开更多
Firefighters’low back disorders(LBDs)are closely related to excessive spine loading when using the self-contained breathing apparatus(SCBA)continuously.The purpose of this study was to quantify firefighters’spine lo...Firefighters’low back disorders(LBDs)are closely related to excessive spine loading when using the self-contained breathing apparatus(SCBA)continuously.The purpose of this study was to quantify firefighters’spine loading and evaluate the effects of strap lengths of SCBA on altering spine loading.Computer-based musculoskeletal models of three varying-strapped SCBA conditions and a control condition(CC)with no SCBA equipped were developed.The model was driven using three-dimensional(3 D)inertial motion capture data from twelve male subjects performing a walking task and the predicted ground reaction force(GRF).Electromyography(EMG)activities were also recorded to validate the results from the model.The 4 th-5 th lumbar vertebra(L4/L5)joint reaction forces,as well as erector spinae and rectus abdominis forces,were finally obtained.Results demonstrated that carrying SCBA significantly increased the compressive force and anteroposterior shear force at the spine.The risk of potential LBDs increased by about 17.77%.Dynamic balance of erector spinae and rectus abdominis contraction was also disturbed when carrying SCBA,indicating a higher risk of spine muscle strain.Adjustment of SCBA strap length was an efficient method to influence spine loading.The medium-fitting strap(MS)with a length of around 101 cm generated minimum joint reaction forces and achieved the optimum dynamic balance of spine muscle contraction,which was recommended for firefighters.展开更多
Objective: The purpose of the investigation is to examine urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure among firefighters and asphalt workers. Methods: Average concentrations of urinary PAHs we...Objective: The purpose of the investigation is to examine urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure among firefighters and asphalt workers. Methods: Average concentrations of urinary PAHs were used for comparative analysis between groups of firefighters and asphalt pavers. Microsoft Excel was used to perform calculations and the t-test was utilized for statistical analysis. Results: When compared to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard for smokers and non-smokers, firefighters demonstrated various statistically significant differences in urinary PAH concentrations. Asphalt workers had statistically significant higher urinary concentrations in three PAHs as compared to the NIST smoker mean. Conclusions: Firefighters did not demonstrate a substantial change in urinary PAH metabolite levels when compared to controls. Asphalt pavers experienced concentrations that were in some cases increased by orders of magnitude compared to controls.展开更多
To date, few studies have investigated the impact of organizational factors such as organizational status or the rank of firefighters on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a terrorist at...To date, few studies have investigated the impact of organizational factors such as organizational status or the rank of firefighters on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a terrorist attack. To fill this gap in the scientific literature, this field study aimed to investigate the consequences of terrorist attacks on firefighters’ psychological health in terms of PTSD. Data were collected in France following two terrorist attacks. PTSD was assessed with the PCL-S (DSM-IV) 3 to 6 months after the events. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) with existing PTSD models were inconclusive, leading us to find a two-factor model via an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). A cluster analysis showed different symptom profiles that were influenced by the exposure level. Elements for a structural model explaining PTSD symptoms are proposed and suggest a central role of the exposure level. Firefighters I/II represented an at-risk sub-population, suggesting that PTSD was mainly experienced among those who performed tasks not common to their occupation.展开更多
Strongly affected by the escalating impacts of climate change,wildfires have been increasing in frequency and severity around the world.The primary aim of this study was the development of specific territorial measure...Strongly affected by the escalating impacts of climate change,wildfires have been increasing in frequency and severity around the world.The primary aim of this study was the development of specific territorial measures—estimating the optimal locations of firefighting resources—to enhance the spatial resilience to wildfires in the fire-prone region of Chalkidiki Prefecture in northern Greece.These measures focus on the resistance to wildfires and the adaptation of strategies to wildfire management,based on the estimation of burn probability,including the effect of anthropogenic factors on fire ignition.The proposed location schemes of firefighting resources such as vehicles consider both the susceptibility to fire and the influence of the topography on travel simulation,highlighting the impact of road slope on the initial firefighting attack.The spatial scheme,as well as the number of required firefighting forces is totally differentiated due to slope impact.When we ignore the topography effect,a minimum number of fire vehicles is required to achieve the maximization of coverage(99.2%of the entire study area)giving priority to the most susceptible regions(that is,employing 18 of 24 available fire vehicles).But when we adopt more realistic conditions that integrate the slope effect with travel time,the model finds an optimal solution that requires more resources(that is,employing all 24 available fire vehicles)to maximize the coverage of the most vulnerable regions within 27 min.This process achieves 80%of total coverage.The proposed methodology is characterized by a high degree of flexibility,and provides optimized solutions to decision makers,while considering key factors that greatly affect the effectiveness of the initial firefighting attack.展开更多
Faced with the rupture of the Vale S.A.tailings dam that hit the city of Brumadinho(MG),the article sought to better understand the organisation of work of military firefighters who participated in the search and resc...Faced with the rupture of the Vale S.A.tailings dam that hit the city of Brumadinho(MG),the article sought to better understand the organisation of work of military firefighters who participated in the search and rescue operation and the relationship between work and health present in this scenario.This is qualitative research with a focus on the subjective production of the speeches of seven firefighters who were interviewed individually with a semi-structured script,using as a basis of analysis the ergological perspective and the productions of the psychodynamics of work.The firefighters experienced a scenario with risks of injury,contamination,and even death.In the interviews,they showed that the more than twelve hours of work were responsible for sleep problems during and after the performance,as well as the food provided and the lack of time for physical exercise proved to be aggravating factors for their health.Working in the tailing’s mud combined the development of musculoskeletal problems and anxiety,due to the possibility of contamination by metals present in the mud.The work relationships show a high degree of trust and recognition between the firefighters and the affected population,which helped in the motivation and continuation of the operation until the present moment.The work in this operation that gained national prominence was responsible for the feeling of pride and for feeling more capable and prepared to act in other disasters.This research is expected to broaden the discussion about the work-health relationship of military firefighters exposed to disasters,as well as serve as a subsidy to encourage the creation of public policies focused on the health of these workers.展开更多
In the present study,a multi-objective optimization of a flow straightener in a firefighting water cannon is performed by using the surrogate modeling and a hybrid multi-objective genetic algorithm to increase the jet...In the present study,a multi-objective optimization of a flow straightener in a firefighting water cannon is performed by using the surrogate modeling and a hybrid multi-objective genetic algorithm to increase the jet range of the water cannon.Based on analysis using the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations,the optimization is carried with a surrogate model and the radial basis neural network.Three geometric design variables,i.e.,the lengt扎 the thickness of the blade,and the radius of the outer pipe of the flow straightener,are selected for the optimization.The pressure drop through the water can non and the area-averaged turbulent kinetic energy at the outlet of the water cannon,which are closely related to the jet range of the water cannon,are selected as the objective functions to be minimized.The design space is determined through a parametric study,and the Latin hypercube sampling method is used to select the design points in the design space.The Pareto-optimal solutions are obtained through the optimization.Five representative Pareto-optimal solutions are selected to study the trade-off between two objectives.展开更多
In view of the fire problems left in dense historical settlements in China,such as fire hazards that are prone to fires,difficulties in fighting fires,and the incomplete applicability of current fire codes due to the ...In view of the fire problems left in dense historical settlements in China,such as fire hazards that are prone to fires,difficulties in fighting fires,and the incomplete applicability of current fire codes due to the high historical value of buildings,this paper proposes a scientific and systematic performance-based fire protection method that gives priority to value preservation.This method is applied to dense historical settlements,and the effectiveness of this method is verified by evaluating the results of fire protection planning and renovation through multiple rounds of computer numerical simulation.The results show that in a connected cluster of buildings,one of the fire retrofitting requirements in the horizontal or vertical direction needs to be met between two adjacent buildings to ensure that the fire does not spread,and the retrofitting direction has to be selected based on the value and risk assessment results.When dense historical clusters are renovated for fire prevention planning,the optimal renovation path to meet fire safety can be effectively selected based on the method proposed in this paper.展开更多
Fire-based emergency management service(EMS)personnel are dispatched to various incidents daily,many of which have unique occupational risks.To fully understand the variability of incident types and how to best pre-pa...Fire-based emergency management service(EMS)personnel are dispatched to various incidents daily,many of which have unique occupational risks.To fully understand the variability of incident types and how to best pre-pare and respond,an exploration of the U.S.coding system of incident types is necessary.This study uses potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2 as a case example to understand if and how coding categories for incident call types may be updated to improve data standardization and emergency response decision making.Researchers received emergency response incident data generated by three fire department computer-aided dispatch(CAD)systems between March and September 2020.Each incident was labeled EMS,Fire,or Other.Of the 162,766 incidents,approximately 8.1%(n=13,144)noted potential SARS-CoV-2 exposure within their narrative descriptions of which 86.3%were coded as EMS,9.9%as Fire,and 3.9%as Other.To assess coding variability across incident types,researchers used the original 3-incident type variable and a new 5-incident type variable reassigned by researchers into EMS,Fire,Other,Hazmat,and Motor Vehicle.Logit regressions compared differences in potential exposure using the 3-and 5-incident type variables.When evaluating the 3-incident type variable,those respond-ing to a Fire versus an EMS incident were 84%less likely to be associated with potential exposure to SARS-Cov-2.For the 5-incident type variable,those responding to Fire incidents were 77%less likely to be associated with a potential exposure than those responding to EMS incidents.Changes in potential exposure between the 3-and 5-incident type models show the need to understand how incident types are assigned.This demonstrates the need for data standardization to accurately categorize incident types to improve emergency preparedness and response.Results have implications for incident type coding at fire department municipality and national levels.展开更多
The extreme temperature induced by fire and hot toxic smokes in tunnels threaten the trapped personnel and firefighters.To alleviate the potential casualties,fast while reasonable decisions should be made for rescuing...The extreme temperature induced by fire and hot toxic smokes in tunnels threaten the trapped personnel and firefighters.To alleviate the potential casualties,fast while reasonable decisions should be made for rescuing,based on the timely prediction of fire development in tunnels.This paper targets to achieve a real-time prediction(within 1 s)of the spatial-temporal temperature distribution inside the numerical tunnel model by using artificial intelligence(Al)methods.A CFD database of 100 simulated tunnel fire scenarios under various fire location,fire size,and ventilation condition is established.The proposed Al model combines a Long Short-term Memory(LSTM)model and a Transpose Convolution Neural Network(TCNN).The real-time ceiling temperature profile and thousands of temperature-field images are used as the training input and output.Results show that the predicted temperature field 60 s in advance achieves a high accuracy of around 97%.Also,the Al model can quickly identify the critical temperature field for safe evacuation(i.e.,a critical event)and guide emergency responses and firefighting activities.This study demonstrates the promising prospects of Al-based fire forecasts and smart firefighting in tunnel spaces.展开更多
基金the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIP)(No.NRF-2020R1A2B5B0100208).
文摘During the rapid spread of COVID-19,first responders are at risk of being exposed to COVID-19 due to their role in providing first aid and responding to an unspecified number of people.This uncertainty can have adverse mental health effects,such as increased anxiety and fear.This study aimed to investigate the degree of association between fear of COVID-19,obsession with COVID-19,and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)in emergency rescue firefighters.The participants were 150 emergency rescue firefighters working in Region S,Korea.They filled out self-report questionnaires:The data obtained through the Fear of COVID-19 Scale,Obsession with COVID-19 Scale,and Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean version were subjected to nonparametric statistical analysis using SPSS WIN 25.0.The study found a significant correlation between emergency rescue firefighters’fear of COVID-19,obsession with COVID-19,and PTSD.Fear and obsession with COVID-19 were higher among first responder firefighters who were directly involved in COVID-19-related tasks.Furthermore,a one-point increase in obsession was associated with a 2.837-point increase in PTSD.Based on the results,we found that there is a need for effective control of obsessions and fears among first responder firefighters during COVID-19,and we suggest that there is a need for mental health care for first responder firefighters during the pandemic through the development and support of programs to prevent and mitigate obsessions.
文摘Underground mine fire always exists since the mining activity was practiced.It poses a severe safety hazard to the mine workers and may also cause a tremendous economic loss to the mines.Methods for controlling and extinguishing fires in underground mine have long been studied and there have been significant improvements.In order to know clearly about the firefighting technology used,this paper summarizes most of the underground mine firefighting methods used in the United States the past 150 years.This paper describes not only the accepted firefighting theories,but also the technologies,both direct and indirect attacking,in accordance to regulations or codes,with special attention is given to the indirect attack method and its related technologies.Further research needed is also briefly discussed at the end of this paper.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC0831003)Key R&D project of Shandong Province(2016GGX106001).
文摘Background Due to the restriction of display mode,in most of the virtual reality systems with multiple people in the same physical space,the program renders the scene based on the position and perspective of the one user,so that other users just see the same scene,resulting in vision disorder.Methods To improve experience of multi-user co-located collaboration,in this study,we propose a fire drill system supporting co-located collaboration,in which three co-located users can collaborate to complete the virtual firefighting mission.Firstly,with multi-view stereoscopic projective display technology and ultra wideband(UWB)technology,co-located users can roam independently and watch virtual scenes through the correct perspective view based on their own position by wearing dedicated shutter glasses,thus carrying out different virtual tasks,which improves the flexibility of co-located collaboration.Secondly,we design simulated firefighting water-gun using the micro-electromechanical system sensor,through which users can interact with virtual environment,and thus provide a better interactive experience.Finally,we develop a workbench including a holographic display module and multi touch operation module for virtual scene assembly and virtual environment control.Results The controller can use the workbench to adjust the virtual layout in real time,and control the virtual task process to increase the flexibility and playability of system.Conclusions Our work can be employed in a wide range of related virtual reality applications.
文摘The spread of fire and smoke during a fire incident plays a crucial role in rescuing people from the burning building. So it is important for the decision makers (the head of rescue staff) to get a prediction about the spread of fire inside the building through computational techniques like numerical fire simulations. But these techniques require advanced mathematical knowledge and are very time consuming. This paper presents a new method which employs a set of pre-simulated and model-based scenarios to find the closest one to the real fire and present its results to the decision makers. For this purpose, we shift the performance consuming numerical fire simulations into a former phase by integration of these simulations into the planning process of the building. This is realized by enhancing the methods of Building Information Modeling (BIM). To provide the fire simulation results during a real case, our new concept includes a scenario database where all simulated fire scenarios will be collected. In a real case, a special search algorithm will go through this database to find the closest pre-simulated fire scenario to the real fire on the basis of reported information from the burning building.
文摘Aim: This study aimed to assess the quality of the psychological experience of mobile emergency teams, in particular firefighters (FF) in Togo and to identify the psychotraumatic interventions (PI) they face. Method: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, statistical analysis and discourse content analysis study on the PIs of the Lomé FFs. Results: PIs were found to be: road accidents;defenestrations;self-immolation murders;bloody and non-bloody suicides;well interventions with or without drowning;extensive burns;and paediatric procedures. Adults aged 25 to 45 were at a percentage of 69.1% and with a sex ratio of 7.1. More than half of the respondents (53%) had PTSD. Conclusion: More than half of the respondents had PTSD, however, coping strategies were not explored, suggesting the need for further research.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61833013,61473012 and 62103335)Key Research Program of Jiangxi Province in China(No.20192BBEL50005).
文摘Forest fires pose a significant threat to human life and property,so the utilization of unmanned aircraft systems provides new ways for forest firefighting.Given the constrained load capacities of these aircraft,aerial refueling becomes crucial to extend their operational time and range.In order to address the complexities of firefighting missions involving multi-receiver and multi-tanker deployed from various airports,first,a fuel consumption calculation model for aerial refueling scheduling is established based on the receiver path.Then,two distinct methods,including an integrated one and a decomposed one,are designed to address the challenges of establishing refueling airspace and allocating tasks for tankers.Both methods aim to optimize total fuel consumption of the receivers and tankers within the aerial refueling scheduling framework.The optimization problem is established as nonlinear optimization models along with restrictions.The integrated method seamlessly combines refueling rendezvous point scheduling and tanker task allocation into unified process.It has a complete solution space and excels in optimizing total fuel consumption.The decomposed method,through the separation of rendezvous point scheduling and task allocation,achieves a reduced computational complexity.However,this comes at the cost of sacrificing optimality by excluding specific feasible solutions.Finally,numerical simulations are carried out to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.These simulations yield insights crucial for the practical engineering application of both the integrated and decomposed methods in real-world scenarios.This comprehensive approach aims to enhance the efficiency of forest firefighting operations,mitigating the risks posed by forest fires to human life and property.
文摘This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of pressure-dependent models in the design of ship piping systems.For this purpose,a complex ship piping system is designed to operate in firefighting and bilge services through jet pumps.The system is solved as pressure-dependent model by the piping system analysis software EPANET and by a mathematical approach involving a piping network model.This results in a functional system that guarantees the recommendable ranges of hydraulic state variables(flow and pressure)and compliance with the rules of ship classification societies.Through this research,the suitability and viability of pressure-dependent models in the simulation of a ship piping system are proven.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Nos.2017CXNL02 and 2652018098)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0808100)+1 种基金the 111 Project(No.B17041)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20170277)
文摘Coalfield fires are considered a global crisis that contributes significantly to environmental destruction and loss of coal resources and poses a serious threat to human safety and health. In this paper, research related to the initiation, development, and evolution of coalfield fires is reviewed. The existing detection and control techniques of coalfield fires are also reviewed. Traditional firefighting is associated with waste of resources, potential risks of recrudescence, potential safety hazards, extensive and expensive engineering works, and power shortages. Recently,coalfield fires have been recognized as having significant potential for energy conservation and heat energy recovery. Thermoelectric power generation is regarded as a suitable technology for the utilization of heat from coalfield fires. The extraction of heat from coalfield fires can also control coalfield fires and prevent reignition leading to combustion. Technologies for absorbing heat from burning coal and overlying rocks are also analyzed. In addition, the control mode of "three-region linkage" is proposed to improve firefighting efficiency. Integrating heat energy recovery with firefighting is an innovative method to control coalfield fires.
基金Supported by Authority for Science, Research and Equality of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg。
文摘Background Virtual reality(VR)applications can be used to provide comprehensive training scenarios that are difficult or impossible to represent in physical configurations.This includes team training for emergency services such as firefighting.Creating a high level of immersion is essential for achieving effective virtual training.In this respect,motion-capture systems offer the possibility of creating highly immersive multi-user training experiences,including full-body avatars.Methods This study presents a preliminary prototype that helps extin-guish a virtual fire on a container ship as a VR training scenario.The prototype provides a full-body and multi-user VR experience based on the synthesis of position data provided by the motion-capture system and orientation data from the VR headsets.Moreover,the prototype facilitates an initial evaluation of the results.Results The results confirm the value of using VR for training procedures that are difficult to implement in the real world.Furthermore,the results show that motion-capture-based VR technologies are particularly useful for firefighting training,in which participants can collaborate in difficult-to-access environments.However,this study also indicates that increasing the immersion in such training remains a challenge.Conclusions This study presents a prototypical VR application that enables the multi-user training of maritime firefighters.Future research should evaluate the initial results,provide more extensive training scenarios,and measure the training progress.
基金the Key Research and Development Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2022YFC3004900)。
文摘Fluorosurfactants are the key ingredients in the formulations of aqueous film-forming foams(AFFFs)for extinguishing flammable liquids,thus developing high-efficient and low-toxic fluorosurfactants is desirable in AFFFs application.Herein,a series of hyperbranched polymeric fluorosu rfactants(HPFs)were successfully synthesized through sequentially modifying hyperbranched polyethylenimine(PEI)with the hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)chains and the hydrophobic C6/C4-based perfluoroalkyl chains,which were verified by FTIR,^(1)H-and^(19)F-NMR.The surface tensions of all the HPFs in water were measured,and the corresponding physicochemical parameters were interpreted.It was found that the surface activities of HPFs could be tuned through adjusting the ratio of PEG to perfluoroalkyl chains,the length of perfluoroalkyl chains,the molecular weight of PEI core,but not the PEG chain length.In the binary mixture of HPFs with the commercial small molecule fluorosurfactant Capstone^(TM)1157(C1157),a strong synergism led to the elevation of surface activity,which was attributed to the efficient encapsulation of C1157 guests by the compact hyperbranched HPFs as the hosts.The utilization of HPF/C1157 as fluorosurfactant ingredients in AFFF formulations could realize much higher fire-extinguishing efficiency towards flammable oils than the control AFFFs prepa red from the polymeric Capstone^(TM)1460 or the neat C1157.
文摘Traditional fire safety management in the electric power industry has significant drawbacks,including a lack of data,difficulty of maintenance,lack of supervision,and lack of interaction.This type of management lags behind current advanced safety management concepts such as“gate advancement”and“full process man-agement”,and it fails to meet the needs of future energy internet construction and development.In response to these problems,an internet of things system for smart firefighting in the electric power industry was constructed in this study.This system defines a centralized information window,trains a power intelligent firefighting brain,establishes a firefighting cloud management and control system,constructs a power firefighting interaction mech-anism,and performs multi-party coordination of firefighting mechanisms to realize concept of“a whole network on one screen and everything in one network”for managing fires.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2232022G-08)。
文摘Firefighters’low back disorders(LBDs)are closely related to excessive spine loading when using the self-contained breathing apparatus(SCBA)continuously.The purpose of this study was to quantify firefighters’spine loading and evaluate the effects of strap lengths of SCBA on altering spine loading.Computer-based musculoskeletal models of three varying-strapped SCBA conditions and a control condition(CC)with no SCBA equipped were developed.The model was driven using three-dimensional(3 D)inertial motion capture data from twelve male subjects performing a walking task and the predicted ground reaction force(GRF).Electromyography(EMG)activities were also recorded to validate the results from the model.The 4 th-5 th lumbar vertebra(L4/L5)joint reaction forces,as well as erector spinae and rectus abdominis forces,were finally obtained.Results demonstrated that carrying SCBA significantly increased the compressive force and anteroposterior shear force at the spine.The risk of potential LBDs increased by about 17.77%.Dynamic balance of erector spinae and rectus abdominis contraction was also disturbed when carrying SCBA,indicating a higher risk of spine muscle strain.Adjustment of SCBA strap length was an efficient method to influence spine loading.The medium-fitting strap(MS)with a length of around 101 cm generated minimum joint reaction forces and achieved the optimum dynamic balance of spine muscle contraction,which was recommended for firefighters.
文摘Objective: The purpose of the investigation is to examine urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure among firefighters and asphalt workers. Methods: Average concentrations of urinary PAHs were used for comparative analysis between groups of firefighters and asphalt pavers. Microsoft Excel was used to perform calculations and the t-test was utilized for statistical analysis. Results: When compared to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard for smokers and non-smokers, firefighters demonstrated various statistically significant differences in urinary PAH concentrations. Asphalt workers had statistically significant higher urinary concentrations in three PAHs as compared to the NIST smoker mean. Conclusions: Firefighters did not demonstrate a substantial change in urinary PAH metabolite levels when compared to controls. Asphalt pavers experienced concentrations that were in some cases increased by orders of magnitude compared to controls.
文摘To date, few studies have investigated the impact of organizational factors such as organizational status or the rank of firefighters on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a terrorist attack. To fill this gap in the scientific literature, this field study aimed to investigate the consequences of terrorist attacks on firefighters’ psychological health in terms of PTSD. Data were collected in France following two terrorist attacks. PTSD was assessed with the PCL-S (DSM-IV) 3 to 6 months after the events. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) with existing PTSD models were inconclusive, leading us to find a two-factor model via an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). A cluster analysis showed different symptom profiles that were influenced by the exposure level. Elements for a structural model explaining PTSD symptoms are proposed and suggest a central role of the exposure level. Firefighters I/II represented an at-risk sub-population, suggesting that PTSD was mainly experienced among those who performed tasks not common to their occupation.
基金This scientific publication took place within the framework of the project “Grant for Post-Doctoral Research” of the University of Thessaly, which is being implemented by the University of Thessaly and financed by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation
文摘Strongly affected by the escalating impacts of climate change,wildfires have been increasing in frequency and severity around the world.The primary aim of this study was the development of specific territorial measures—estimating the optimal locations of firefighting resources—to enhance the spatial resilience to wildfires in the fire-prone region of Chalkidiki Prefecture in northern Greece.These measures focus on the resistance to wildfires and the adaptation of strategies to wildfire management,based on the estimation of burn probability,including the effect of anthropogenic factors on fire ignition.The proposed location schemes of firefighting resources such as vehicles consider both the susceptibility to fire and the influence of the topography on travel simulation,highlighting the impact of road slope on the initial firefighting attack.The spatial scheme,as well as the number of required firefighting forces is totally differentiated due to slope impact.When we ignore the topography effect,a minimum number of fire vehicles is required to achieve the maximization of coverage(99.2%of the entire study area)giving priority to the most susceptible regions(that is,employing 18 of 24 available fire vehicles).But when we adopt more realistic conditions that integrate the slope effect with travel time,the model finds an optimal solution that requires more resources(that is,employing all 24 available fire vehicles)to maximize the coverage of the most vulnerable regions within 27 min.This process achieves 80%of total coverage.The proposed methodology is characterized by a high degree of flexibility,and provides optimized solutions to decision makers,while considering key factors that greatly affect the effectiveness of the initial firefighting attack.
文摘Faced with the rupture of the Vale S.A.tailings dam that hit the city of Brumadinho(MG),the article sought to better understand the organisation of work of military firefighters who participated in the search and rescue operation and the relationship between work and health present in this scenario.This is qualitative research with a focus on the subjective production of the speeches of seven firefighters who were interviewed individually with a semi-structured script,using as a basis of analysis the ergological perspective and the productions of the psychodynamics of work.The firefighters experienced a scenario with risks of injury,contamination,and even death.In the interviews,they showed that the more than twelve hours of work were responsible for sleep problems during and after the performance,as well as the food provided and the lack of time for physical exercise proved to be aggravating factors for their health.Working in the tailing’s mud combined the development of musculoskeletal problems and anxiety,due to the possibility of contamination by metals present in the mud.The work relationships show a high degree of trust and recognition between the firefighters and the affected population,which helped in the motivation and continuation of the operation until the present moment.The work in this operation that gained national prominence was responsible for the feeling of pride and for feeling more capable and prepared to act in other disasters.This research is expected to broaden the discussion about the work-health relationship of military firefighters exposed to disasters,as well as serve as a subsidy to encourage the creation of public policies focused on the health of these workers.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51379090).
文摘In the present study,a multi-objective optimization of a flow straightener in a firefighting water cannon is performed by using the surrogate modeling and a hybrid multi-objective genetic algorithm to increase the jet range of the water cannon.Based on analysis using the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations,the optimization is carried with a surrogate model and the radial basis neural network.Three geometric design variables,i.e.,the lengt扎 the thickness of the blade,and the radius of the outer pipe of the flow straightener,are selected for the optimization.The pressure drop through the water can non and the area-averaged turbulent kinetic energy at the outlet of the water cannon,which are closely related to the jet range of the water cannon,are selected as the objective functions to be minimized.The design space is determined through a parametric study,and the Latin hypercube sampling method is used to select the design points in the design space.The Pareto-optimal solutions are obtained through the optimization.Five representative Pareto-optimal solutions are selected to study the trade-off between two objectives.
基金This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China under Grant No.2019YFD1100904 and No.2020YFC1522304the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.52178010).
文摘In view of the fire problems left in dense historical settlements in China,such as fire hazards that are prone to fires,difficulties in fighting fires,and the incomplete applicability of current fire codes due to the high historical value of buildings,this paper proposes a scientific and systematic performance-based fire protection method that gives priority to value preservation.This method is applied to dense historical settlements,and the effectiveness of this method is verified by evaluating the results of fire protection planning and renovation through multiple rounds of computer numerical simulation.The results show that in a connected cluster of buildings,one of the fire retrofitting requirements in the horizontal or vertical direction needs to be met between two adjacent buildings to ensure that the fire does not spread,and the retrofitting direction has to be selected based on the value and risk assessment results.When dense historical clusters are renovated for fire prevention planning,the optimal renovation path to meet fire safety can be effectively selected based on the method proposed in this paper.
文摘Fire-based emergency management service(EMS)personnel are dispatched to various incidents daily,many of which have unique occupational risks.To fully understand the variability of incident types and how to best pre-pare and respond,an exploration of the U.S.coding system of incident types is necessary.This study uses potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2 as a case example to understand if and how coding categories for incident call types may be updated to improve data standardization and emergency response decision making.Researchers received emergency response incident data generated by three fire department computer-aided dispatch(CAD)systems between March and September 2020.Each incident was labeled EMS,Fire,or Other.Of the 162,766 incidents,approximately 8.1%(n=13,144)noted potential SARS-CoV-2 exposure within their narrative descriptions of which 86.3%were coded as EMS,9.9%as Fire,and 3.9%as Other.To assess coding variability across incident types,researchers used the original 3-incident type variable and a new 5-incident type variable reassigned by researchers into EMS,Fire,Other,Hazmat,and Motor Vehicle.Logit regressions compared differences in potential exposure using the 3-and 5-incident type variables.When evaluating the 3-incident type variable,those respond-ing to a Fire versus an EMS incident were 84%less likely to be associated with potential exposure to SARS-Cov-2.For the 5-incident type variable,those responding to Fire incidents were 77%less likely to be associated with a potential exposure than those responding to EMS incidents.Changes in potential exposure between the 3-and 5-incident type models show the need to understand how incident types are assigned.This demonstrates the need for data standardization to accurately categorize incident types to improve emergency preparedness and response.Results have implications for incident type coding at fire department municipality and national levels.
基金This work is funded by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme(T22-505/19-N)the PolyU Emerging Frontier Area(EFA)Scheme of RISUD(P0013879).
文摘The extreme temperature induced by fire and hot toxic smokes in tunnels threaten the trapped personnel and firefighters.To alleviate the potential casualties,fast while reasonable decisions should be made for rescuing,based on the timely prediction of fire development in tunnels.This paper targets to achieve a real-time prediction(within 1 s)of the spatial-temporal temperature distribution inside the numerical tunnel model by using artificial intelligence(Al)methods.A CFD database of 100 simulated tunnel fire scenarios under various fire location,fire size,and ventilation condition is established.The proposed Al model combines a Long Short-term Memory(LSTM)model and a Transpose Convolution Neural Network(TCNN).The real-time ceiling temperature profile and thousands of temperature-field images are used as the training input and output.Results show that the predicted temperature field 60 s in advance achieves a high accuracy of around 97%.Also,the Al model can quickly identify the critical temperature field for safe evacuation(i.e.,a critical event)and guide emergency responses and firefighting activities.This study demonstrates the promising prospects of Al-based fire forecasts and smart firefighting in tunnel spaces.