In permissioned blockchain networks,the Proof of Authority(PoA)consensus,which uses the election of authorized nodes to validate transactions and blocks,has beenwidely advocated thanks to its high transaction throughp...In permissioned blockchain networks,the Proof of Authority(PoA)consensus,which uses the election of authorized nodes to validate transactions and blocks,has beenwidely advocated thanks to its high transaction throughput and fault tolerance.However,PoA suffers from the drawback of centralization dominated by a limited number of authorized nodes and the lack of anonymity due to the round-robin block proposal mechanism.As a result,traditional PoA is vulnerable to a single point of failure that compromises the security of the blockchain network.To address these issues,we propose a novel decentralized reputation management mechanism for permissioned blockchain networks to enhance security,promote liveness,and mitigate centralization while retaining the same throughput as traditional PoA.This paper aims to design an off-chain reputation evaluation and an on-chain reputation-aided consensus.First,we evaluate the nodes’reputation in the context of the blockchain networks and make the reputation globally verifiable through smart contracts.Second,building upon traditional PoA,we propose a reputation-aided PoA(rPoA)consensus to enhance securitywithout sacrificing throughput.In particular,rPoA can incentivize nodes to autonomously form committees based on reputation authority,which prevents block generation from being tracked through the randomness of reputation variation.Moreover,we develop a reputation-aided fork-choice rule for rPoA to promote the network’s liveness.Finally,experimental results show that the proposed rPoA achieves higher security performance while retaining transaction throughput compared to traditional PoA.展开更多
Enhancing the security of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)improves the usability of their applications.Therefore,finding solutions to various attacks,such as the blackhole attack,is crucial for the success of WSN applic...Enhancing the security of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)improves the usability of their applications.Therefore,finding solutions to various attacks,such as the blackhole attack,is crucial for the success of WSN applications.This paper proposes an enhanced version of the AODV(Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)protocol capable of detecting blackholes and malfunctioning benign nodes in WSNs,thereby avoiding them when delivering packets.The proposed version employs a network-based reputation system to select the best and most secure path to a destination.To achieve this goal,the proposed version utilizes the Watchdogs/Pathrater mechanisms in AODV to gather and broadcast reputations to all network nodes to build the network-based reputation system.To minimize the network overhead of the proposed approach,the paper uses reputation aggregator nodes only for forwarding reputation tables.Moreover,to reduce the overhead of updating reputation tables,the paper proposes three mechanisms,which are the prompt broadcast,the regular broadcast,and the light broadcast approaches.The proposed enhanced version has been designed to perform effectively in dynamic environments such as mobile WSNs where nodes,including blackholes,move continuously,which is considered a challenge for other protocols.Using the proposed enhanced protocol,a node evaluates the security of different routes to a destination and can select the most secure routing path.The paper provides an algorithm that explains the proposed protocol in detail and demonstrates a case study that shows the operations of calculating and updating reputation values when nodes move across different zones.Furthermore,the paper discusses the proposed approach’s overhead analysis to prove the proposed enhancement’s correctness and applicability.展开更多
Currently,data security and privacy protection are becoming more and more important.Access control is a method of authorization for users through predefined policies.Token-based access control(TBAC)enhances the manage...Currently,data security and privacy protection are becoming more and more important.Access control is a method of authorization for users through predefined policies.Token-based access control(TBAC)enhances the manageability of authorization through the token.However,traditional access control policies lack the ability to dynamically adjust based on user access behavior.Incorporating user reputation evaluation into access control can provide valuable feedback to enhance system security and flexibility.As a result,this paper proposes a blockchain-empowered TBAC system and introduces a user reputation evaluation module to provide feedback on access control.The TBAC system divides the access control process into three stages:policy upload,token request,and resource request.The user reputation evaluation module evaluates the user’s token reputation and resource reputation for the token request and resource request stages of the TBAC system.The proposed system is implemented using the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain.The TBAC system is evaluated to prove that it has high processing performance.The user reputation evaluation model is proved to be more conservative and sensitive by comparative study with other methods.In addition,the security analysis shows that the TBAC system has a certain anti-attack ability and can maintain stable operation under the Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)attack environment.展开更多
Adding a reputation incentive system to peer-to-peer(P2P)energy transactions can encourage prosumers to regulate their trading behavior,which is important for ensuring the efficiency and reliability of P2P transaction...Adding a reputation incentive system to peer-to-peer(P2P)energy transactions can encourage prosumers to regulate their trading behavior,which is important for ensuring the efficiency and reliability of P2P transactions.This study proposed a P2P transaction mechanism and game optimization model for prosumers involved in distributed energy sources considering reputation-value incentives.First,the deviation of P2P transactions and the non-consumption rate of distributed renewable energy in P2P transactions were established as indicators to quantify the influencing factors of the reputation value,and a reputation incentive model of P2P transactions for prosumers was constructed.Then,the penalty coefficient was applied to the cost function of the prosumers,and a non-cooperative game model of P2P transactions based on the complete information of multi-prosumers was established.Furthermore,the Nash equilibrium problem was transformed into a nonlinear optimization problem by constructing the modified optimal reaction function,and the Nash equilibrium solution of the game was obtained via a relaxation algorithm.Finally,the modified IEEE 33-node test system based on electricity market P2P and an IEEE 123-node test system were used to analyze and verify the cost and P2P participation of prosumers considering the reputation value.The results show that the addition of the reputation incentive system can encourage prosumers to standardize their interactive transaction behavior and actively participate in P2P transactions.It can also improve the operation efficiency of the power grid and promote the perfection of the P2P transaction mechanism.展开更多
As 5G becomes commercial,researchers have turned attention toward the Sixth-Generation(6G)network with the vision of connecting intelligence in a green energy-efficient manner.Federated learning triggers an upsurge of...As 5G becomes commercial,researchers have turned attention toward the Sixth-Generation(6G)network with the vision of connecting intelligence in a green energy-efficient manner.Federated learning triggers an upsurge of green intelligent services such as resources orchestration of communication infrastructures while preserving privacy and increasing communication efficiency.However,designing effective incentives in federated learning is challenging due to the dynamic available clients and the correlation between clients'contributions during the learning process.In this paper,we propose a dynamic incentive and reputation mechanism to improve energy efficiency and training performance of federated learning.The proposed incentive based on the Stackelberg game can timely adjust optimal energy consumption with changes in available clients during federated learning.Meanwhile,clients’contributions in reputation management are formulated based on the cooperative game to capture the correlation between tasks,which satisfies availability,fairness,and additivity.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly motivate high-performance clients to participate in federated learning and improve the accuracy and energy efficiency of the federated learning model.展开更多
Young children’s reputation management is closely related to their social development.The purpose of our study is to examine the interaction between theory of mind and partner choice on children’s reputation managem...Young children’s reputation management is closely related to their social development.The purpose of our study is to examine the interaction between theory of mind and partner choice on children’s reputation management.Participants consisted of 270 children who were 3 to 5 years old.First,we measured participants’theory of mind capabilities using the unexpected location task and unexpected content task and then randomly divided the participants into the control group,non-partner–choice group,and partner-choice group.We measured reputation management by comparing children’s willingness to share and sharing behavior between these groups.Thefindings are as follows:(1)Children from ages 3 to 5 demonstrated reputation management,and their reputation management followed a significant developmental trend.The reputation management of 4-to 5-year-old children was significantly better than that of 3-year-old children.(2)Scores on the theory of mind tasks positively predicted children’s reputation management.(3)Partner choice affected children’s reputation management.In the partner-choice group,children’s reputation management was more apparent.(4)Partner choice did moderate the relationship between theory of mind and children’s reputation management.In the partner-choice group,theory of mind had a stronger predictive effect on children’s reputation management.展开更多
Food hygiene incidents in hot pot restaurants were studied,and a relationship model between corporate reputation and consumers behavioral intention was established.Hot pot consumers of hot pot restaurants were surveye...Food hygiene incidents in hot pot restaurants were studied,and a relationship model between corporate reputation and consumers behavioral intention was established.Hot pot consumers of hot pot restaurants were surveyed through questionnaires.The results show that corporate reputation positively affects service recovery and repurchase intention,and service recovery positively influences repurchase intention,while corporate reputation affects repurchase intention through service recovery.In other words,under the situation of enterprise crises,the service recovery of an enterprise can restore its image and reputation.Therefore,when an enterprise has a crisis,it should positively respond to the crisis incident,and take timely crisis recovery to maintain its positive image.展开更多
A self-contained connection of wireless links that functions without any infrastructure is known as Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANET).A MANET’s nodes could engage actively and dynamically with one another.However,MAN-ETs,...A self-contained connection of wireless links that functions without any infrastructure is known as Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANET).A MANET’s nodes could engage actively and dynamically with one another.However,MAN-ETs,from the other side,are exposed to severe potential threats that are difficult to counter with present security methods.As a result,several safe communication protocols designed to enhance the secure interaction among MANET nodes.In this research,we offer a reputed optimal routing value among network nodes,secure computations,and misbehavior detection predicated on node’s trust levels with a Hybrid Trust based Reputation Mechanism(HTRM).In addition,the study designs a robust Public Key Infrastructure(PKI)system using the suggested trust evaluation method in terms of“key”generation,which is a crucial component of a PKI cryptosystem.We also concentrate on the solid node authenticating process that relies on pre-authentication.To ensure edge-to-edge security,we assess safe,trustworthy routes to secure computations and authenticate mobile nodes,incorporating uncertainty into the trust management solution.When compared to other protocols,our recommended approach performs better.Finally,we use simulations data and performance evaluation metrics to verify our suggested approach’s validity Our approach outperformed the competing systems in terms of overall end-to-end delay,packet delivery ratio,performance,power consumption,and key-computing time by 3.47%,3.152%,2.169%,and 3.527%,3.762%,significantly.展开更多
Firms are embedded in complex networks,where diverse ideas combine and generate new ideas.Shareholders of firms are of-ten seen as critical external resources that have significant influence on firm innovation.The cur...Firms are embedded in complex networks,where diverse ideas combine and generate new ideas.Shareholders of firms are of-ten seen as critical external resources that have significant influence on firm innovation.The current literature tends to focus on the rela-tionship between firms and their shareholders,while paying less attention to the connections between firms with the same shareholders.This article identifies two types of network spillover effects,intra-city network effect and inter-city network effect,by visualizing the co-ownership networks in China’s electric vehicle(EV)industry.We find that firms with the same shareholders,which are defined as co-owned EV firms,are more innovative than non-co-owned ones.Furthermore,there are two dominant types of firm co-ownership ties formed by corporate and financial institution shareholders.While corporate shareholders help exploiting local tacit knowledge,financial institutions are more active in bridging inter-city connections.The conclusion is confirmed at both firm and city levels.This paper theor-izes the firm co-ownership network as a new form of institutional proximity and tested the result empirically.For policy consideration,we have emphasized the importance of building formal or informal inter-firm network,and the government should further enhance the knowledge flow channel by institutional construction.展开更多
A reputation mechanism is introduced in P2P- based Semantic Web to solve the problem of lacking trust. It enables Semantic Web to utilize reputation information based on semantic similarity of peers in the network. Th...A reputation mechanism is introduced in P2P- based Semantic Web to solve the problem of lacking trust. It enables Semantic Web to utilize reputation information based on semantic similarity of peers in the network. This approach is evaluated in a simulation of a content sharing system and the experiments show that the system with reputation mechanism outperforms the system without it.展开更多
In recent years, the Chinese government has highlighted the importance of adopting hog safety/quality traceability, and a growing amount of research continues to entice firms to adopt traceability systems. In this stu...In recent years, the Chinese government has highlighted the importance of adopting hog safety/quality traceability, and a growing amount of research continues to entice firms to adopt traceability systems. In this study, a survey was conducted on a sample of pig slaughtering and processing firms in Zhejiang, China through personal interviews and emails. The aim of this study was to examine the determinants of firm behavior on the implementation of voluntary traceability systems with more stringent standards and controls than those of the mandatory system in China. The results revealed that motivation based on product quality improvement, capital ability and role perception (business type) had significantly positive relationships with a firm's voluntary traceability. Other incentives, such as operation improvement, recall risk reduction, reduced occurrence of safety issues, and technical strength were not found to be supportive in our study. This study provides an opportunity to better understand the determinants of firm behavior on voluntary traceability, particularly in light of the fact that some Chinese firms are facing the threat of criminal action for the use of illegal additives and the abuse of Clenbuterol. Policy recommendations on encouraging the implementation of pork safety voluntary traceability by hog slaughtering and processing firms are also discussed.展开更多
In this paper, a formal system is proposed based on beta reputation for the development of trustworthy wireless sensor networks (FRS-TWSN). Following this approach, key concepts related to reputation are formal desc...In this paper, a formal system is proposed based on beta reputation for the development of trustworthy wireless sensor networks (FRS-TWSN). Following this approach, key concepts related to reputation are formal described step by step for wireless sensor networks where sensor nodes maintain reputation for other sensors and use it to evaluate their trustworthiness. By proving some properties of beta reputation system, the beta distribution is founded to fit well to describe reputation system. Also, a case system is developed within this framework for reputation representation, updates and integration. Simulation results show this scheme not only can keep stable reputation but also can prevent the system from some attacks as bad mouthing and reputation cheating.展开更多
Identifying malicious users accurately in cognitive radio networks(CRNs) is the guarantee for excellent detection performance. However, existing algorithms fail to take the mobility of secondary users into considerati...Identifying malicious users accurately in cognitive radio networks(CRNs) is the guarantee for excellent detection performance. However, existing algorithms fail to take the mobility of secondary users into consideration. If applied directly in mobile CRNs, those conventional algorithms would overly punish reliable users at extremely bad or good locations, leading to an obvious decrease in detection performance. To overcome this problem, we divide the whole area of interest into several cells to consider the location diversity of the network. Each user's reputation score is updated after each sensing slot and is used for identifying whether it is malicious or not. If so, it would be removed away. And then our algorithm assigns users in cells with better channel conditions, i.e. larger signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs), with larger weighting coefficients, without requiring the prior information of SNR. Detailed analysis about the validity of our algorithm is presented. The simulation results show that in a CRN with 60 mobile secondary users, among which, 18 are malicious, our solution has an improvement of detection probability by 0.97-d B and 3.57-d B when false alarm probability is 0.1, compared with a conventional trust-value-based algorithm and a trusted collaborative spectrum sensing for mobile CRNs, respectively.展开更多
In wireless sensor networks(WSNs),nodes are usually powered by batteries.Since the energy consumption directly impacts the network lifespan,energy saving is a vital issue in WSNs,especially in the designing phase of c...In wireless sensor networks(WSNs),nodes are usually powered by batteries.Since the energy consumption directly impacts the network lifespan,energy saving is a vital issue in WSNs,especially in the designing phase of cryptographic algorithms.As a complementary mechanism,reputation has been applied to WSNs.Different from most reputation schemes that were based on beta distribution,negative multinomial distribution was deduced and its feasibility in the reputation modeling was proved.Through comparison tests with beta distribution based reputation in terms of the update computation,results show that the proposed method in this research is more energy-efficient for the reputation update and thus can better prolong the lifespan of WSNs.展开更多
It is well known that the reputation is the basis of a seller to survive and gain trust from customers in a competitive business environment. But as the existence of information asymmetry between buyer and seller, the...It is well known that the reputation is the basis of a seller to survive and gain trust from customers in a competitive business environment. But as the existence of information asymmetry between buyer and seller, the moral hazard problem is the key obstacle that impedes the benefits of related shareholders and reduces the efficiency of total market. It is crucial to design a control mechanism to avoid the negative impact of moral hazard. This paper studies the principal and agent relationship between buyer and seller in C2C e-market;because of the influence of information asymmetry, many customers suffered from being cheated by sellers with defective products in practice. These frequent cases will deteriorate long term relationship between sellers and buyers. Here we focus on the analysis of the causes of moral risks and the effect of reputation on oral risk with repeated game theory. The purpose of this paper is to help both firms and customers effectively avoid morality risk and realize a win-win situation.展开更多
Because of the anonymity and openness of online transactions and the richness of network resources, the problems of the credibility of the online trading and the exact selection of network resources have become acute....Because of the anonymity and openness of online transactions and the richness of network resources, the problems of the credibility of the online trading and the exact selection of network resources have become acute. For this reason, a reputation-based multi-agent model for network resource selection (RMNRS) is presented. The model divides the network into numbers of trust domains. Each domain has one domain-agent and several entity-agents. The model prevents the inconsistency of information that is maintained by differ-ent agents through the periodically communication between the agents. The model enables the consumers to receive responses from agents significantly quicker than that of traditional models, because the global reputation values of service providers and consumers are evaluated and updated dynamically after each transaction. And the model allocates two global reputation values to each entity and takes the recognition value that how much the service provider knows the service into account. In order to make users choose the best matching services and give users with trusted services, the model also takes the similarity between services into account and uses the similarity degree to amend the integration reputation value with harmonic-mean. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of this model is illustrated by the experiment.展开更多
In recent years,Blockchain is gaining prominence as a hot topic in academic research.However,the consensus mechanism of blockchain has been criticized in terms of energy consumption and performance.Although Proof-of-A...In recent years,Blockchain is gaining prominence as a hot topic in academic research.However,the consensus mechanism of blockchain has been criticized in terms of energy consumption and performance.Although Proof-of-Authority(PoA)consensus mechanism,as a lightweight consensus mechanism,is more efficient than traditional Proof-of-Work(PoW)and Proof-of-Stake(PoS),it suffers from the problem of centralization.To this end,on account of analyzing the shortcomings of existing consensus mechanisms,this paper proposes a dynamic reputation-based consensus mechanism for blockchain.This scheme allows nodes with reputation value higher than a threshold apply to become a monitoring node,which can monitor the behavior of validators in case that validators with excessive power cause harm to the blockchain network.At the same time,the reputation evaluation algorithm is also introduced to select nodes with high reputation to become validators in the network,thus increasing the cost of malicious behavior.In each consensus cycle,validators and monitoring nodes are dynamically updated according to the reputation value.Through security analysis,it is demonstrated that the scheme can resist the attacks of malicious nodes in the blockchain network.By simulation experiments and analysis of the scheme,the result verifies that the mechanism can effectively improve the fault tolerance of the consensus mechanism,reduce the time of consensus to guarantee the security of the system.展开更多
This study examines the impact of family control on the dividend policy of firms in Pakistan,covering the period from 2009 to 2016.It also investigates whether family control moderates the impact of firm-specific fact...This study examines the impact of family control on the dividend policy of firms in Pakistan,covering the period from 2009 to 2016.It also investigates whether family control moderates the impact of firm-specific factors on the dividend policy.The GMM model for panel data estimation is used.The mean difference univariate analysis shows that family firms differ from nonfamily firms based on financial characteristics.The multivariate analysis shows that family firms pay lower dividends than nonfamily firms.Besides,firm size inversely affects the dividend policy,whereas tangibility positively affects it.Moreover,family control does not moderate the impact of all firm-specific factors on the dividend policy.Overall,family control,size,and tangibility are found to be the main determinants of the dividend policy in Pakistan.展开更多
针对Reputation机制中缺乏对高信誉值节点的奖励,以及Credit机制中静止的虚拟银行(VB:Virtual Bank)部署困难,同时交易价格无区分性等导致的激励效果不佳的问题,文中提出了一种新的基于Reputation和Credit的混合激励算法RCH(Reputation ...针对Reputation机制中缺乏对高信誉值节点的奖励,以及Credit机制中静止的虚拟银行(VB:Virtual Bank)部署困难,同时交易价格无区分性等导致的激励效果不佳的问题,文中提出了一种新的基于Reputation和Credit的混合激励算法RCH(Reputation and Credit based Hybrid incentive algorism)。RCH主要是采取一种P2P的模式(无需VB),根据提供转发服务节点与消息目的节点的亲密度以及接受转发服务节点的自私度来完成对不同服务质量,不同服务对象的区别定价,从而鼓励理性地自私节点更多的去帮助其他节点转发消息。通过理论分析和仿真实验得出:该算法与Reputation机制和Credit机制相比,在激励效果方面得到了较大的改善,最终都体现在交付率,平均延迟等指标的优化上。展开更多
基金supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program under Grants KCXST20221021111404010,JSGG20220831103400002,JSGGKQTD20221101115655027,JCYJ 20210324094609027the National KeyR&DProgram of China under Grant 2021YFB2700900+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62371239,62376074,72301083the Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professor Program 2021.
文摘In permissioned blockchain networks,the Proof of Authority(PoA)consensus,which uses the election of authorized nodes to validate transactions and blocks,has beenwidely advocated thanks to its high transaction throughput and fault tolerance.However,PoA suffers from the drawback of centralization dominated by a limited number of authorized nodes and the lack of anonymity due to the round-robin block proposal mechanism.As a result,traditional PoA is vulnerable to a single point of failure that compromises the security of the blockchain network.To address these issues,we propose a novel decentralized reputation management mechanism for permissioned blockchain networks to enhance security,promote liveness,and mitigate centralization while retaining the same throughput as traditional PoA.This paper aims to design an off-chain reputation evaluation and an on-chain reputation-aided consensus.First,we evaluate the nodes’reputation in the context of the blockchain networks and make the reputation globally verifiable through smart contracts.Second,building upon traditional PoA,we propose a reputation-aided PoA(rPoA)consensus to enhance securitywithout sacrificing throughput.In particular,rPoA can incentivize nodes to autonomously form committees based on reputation authority,which prevents block generation from being tracked through the randomness of reputation variation.Moreover,we develop a reputation-aided fork-choice rule for rPoA to promote the network’s liveness.Finally,experimental results show that the proposed rPoA achieves higher security performance while retaining transaction throughput compared to traditional PoA.
文摘Enhancing the security of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)improves the usability of their applications.Therefore,finding solutions to various attacks,such as the blackhole attack,is crucial for the success of WSN applications.This paper proposes an enhanced version of the AODV(Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)protocol capable of detecting blackholes and malfunctioning benign nodes in WSNs,thereby avoiding them when delivering packets.The proposed version employs a network-based reputation system to select the best and most secure path to a destination.To achieve this goal,the proposed version utilizes the Watchdogs/Pathrater mechanisms in AODV to gather and broadcast reputations to all network nodes to build the network-based reputation system.To minimize the network overhead of the proposed approach,the paper uses reputation aggregator nodes only for forwarding reputation tables.Moreover,to reduce the overhead of updating reputation tables,the paper proposes three mechanisms,which are the prompt broadcast,the regular broadcast,and the light broadcast approaches.The proposed enhanced version has been designed to perform effectively in dynamic environments such as mobile WSNs where nodes,including blackholes,move continuously,which is considered a challenge for other protocols.Using the proposed enhanced protocol,a node evaluates the security of different routes to a destination and can select the most secure routing path.The paper provides an algorithm that explains the proposed protocol in detail and demonstrates a case study that shows the operations of calculating and updating reputation values when nodes move across different zones.Furthermore,the paper discusses the proposed approach’s overhead analysis to prove the proposed enhancement’s correctness and applicability.
基金supported by NSFC under Grant No.62341102National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No.2018YFA0701604.
文摘Currently,data security and privacy protection are becoming more and more important.Access control is a method of authorization for users through predefined policies.Token-based access control(TBAC)enhances the manageability of authorization through the token.However,traditional access control policies lack the ability to dynamically adjust based on user access behavior.Incorporating user reputation evaluation into access control can provide valuable feedback to enhance system security and flexibility.As a result,this paper proposes a blockchain-empowered TBAC system and introduces a user reputation evaluation module to provide feedback on access control.The TBAC system divides the access control process into three stages:policy upload,token request,and resource request.The user reputation evaluation module evaluates the user’s token reputation and resource reputation for the token request and resource request stages of the TBAC system.The proposed system is implemented using the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain.The TBAC system is evaluated to prove that it has high processing performance.The user reputation evaluation model is proved to be more conservative and sensitive by comparative study with other methods.In addition,the security analysis shows that the TBAC system has a certain anti-attack ability and can maintain stable operation under the Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)attack environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2066211,52177124,52107134)the Institute of Electrical Engineering,CAS(E155610101)+1 种基金the DNL Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL202023)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2019143).
文摘Adding a reputation incentive system to peer-to-peer(P2P)energy transactions can encourage prosumers to regulate their trading behavior,which is important for ensuring the efficiency and reliability of P2P transactions.This study proposed a P2P transaction mechanism and game optimization model for prosumers involved in distributed energy sources considering reputation-value incentives.First,the deviation of P2P transactions and the non-consumption rate of distributed renewable energy in P2P transactions were established as indicators to quantify the influencing factors of the reputation value,and a reputation incentive model of P2P transactions for prosumers was constructed.Then,the penalty coefficient was applied to the cost function of the prosumers,and a non-cooperative game model of P2P transactions based on the complete information of multi-prosumers was established.Furthermore,the Nash equilibrium problem was transformed into a nonlinear optimization problem by constructing the modified optimal reaction function,and the Nash equilibrium solution of the game was obtained via a relaxation algorithm.Finally,the modified IEEE 33-node test system based on electricity market P2P and an IEEE 123-node test system were used to analyze and verify the cost and P2P participation of prosumers considering the reputation value.The results show that the addition of the reputation incentive system can encourage prosumers to standardize their interactive transaction behavior and actively participate in P2P transactions.It can also improve the operation efficiency of the power grid and promote the perfection of the P2P transaction mechanism.
文摘As 5G becomes commercial,researchers have turned attention toward the Sixth-Generation(6G)network with the vision of connecting intelligence in a green energy-efficient manner.Federated learning triggers an upsurge of green intelligent services such as resources orchestration of communication infrastructures while preserving privacy and increasing communication efficiency.However,designing effective incentives in federated learning is challenging due to the dynamic available clients and the correlation between clients'contributions during the learning process.In this paper,we propose a dynamic incentive and reputation mechanism to improve energy efficiency and training performance of federated learning.The proposed incentive based on the Stackelberg game can timely adjust optimal energy consumption with changes in available clients during federated learning.Meanwhile,clients’contributions in reputation management are formulated based on the cooperative game to capture the correlation between tasks,which satisfies availability,fairness,and additivity.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly motivate high-performance clients to participate in federated learning and improve the accuracy and energy efficiency of the federated learning model.
文摘Young children’s reputation management is closely related to their social development.The purpose of our study is to examine the interaction between theory of mind and partner choice on children’s reputation management.Participants consisted of 270 children who were 3 to 5 years old.First,we measured participants’theory of mind capabilities using the unexpected location task and unexpected content task and then randomly divided the participants into the control group,non-partner–choice group,and partner-choice group.We measured reputation management by comparing children’s willingness to share and sharing behavior between these groups.Thefindings are as follows:(1)Children from ages 3 to 5 demonstrated reputation management,and their reputation management followed a significant developmental trend.The reputation management of 4-to 5-year-old children was significantly better than that of 3-year-old children.(2)Scores on the theory of mind tasks positively predicted children’s reputation management.(3)Partner choice affected children’s reputation management.In the partner-choice group,children’s reputation management was more apparent.(4)Partner choice did moderate the relationship between theory of mind and children’s reputation management.In the partner-choice group,theory of mind had a stronger predictive effect on children’s reputation management.
基金Supported by the Innovative Training Program Project for Students of Zhaoqing University"The Influence of Corporate Image of Hotpot Restaurants on Repurchase Intention" (X202310580161).
文摘Food hygiene incidents in hot pot restaurants were studied,and a relationship model between corporate reputation and consumers behavioral intention was established.Hot pot consumers of hot pot restaurants were surveyed through questionnaires.The results show that corporate reputation positively affects service recovery and repurchase intention,and service recovery positively influences repurchase intention,while corporate reputation affects repurchase intention through service recovery.In other words,under the situation of enterprise crises,the service recovery of an enterprise can restore its image and reputation.Therefore,when an enterprise has a crisis,it should positively respond to the crisis incident,and take timely crisis recovery to maintain its positive image.
文摘A self-contained connection of wireless links that functions without any infrastructure is known as Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANET).A MANET’s nodes could engage actively and dynamically with one another.However,MAN-ETs,from the other side,are exposed to severe potential threats that are difficult to counter with present security methods.As a result,several safe communication protocols designed to enhance the secure interaction among MANET nodes.In this research,we offer a reputed optimal routing value among network nodes,secure computations,and misbehavior detection predicated on node’s trust levels with a Hybrid Trust based Reputation Mechanism(HTRM).In addition,the study designs a robust Public Key Infrastructure(PKI)system using the suggested trust evaluation method in terms of“key”generation,which is a crucial component of a PKI cryptosystem.We also concentrate on the solid node authenticating process that relies on pre-authentication.To ensure edge-to-edge security,we assess safe,trustworthy routes to secure computations and authenticate mobile nodes,incorporating uncertainty into the trust management solution.When compared to other protocols,our recommended approach performs better.Finally,we use simulations data and performance evaluation metrics to verify our suggested approach’s validity Our approach outperformed the competing systems in terms of overall end-to-end delay,packet delivery ratio,performance,power consumption,and key-computing time by 3.47%,3.152%,2.169%,and 3.527%,3.762%,significantly.
基金Under the auspices of Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42122006,41971154)。
文摘Firms are embedded in complex networks,where diverse ideas combine and generate new ideas.Shareholders of firms are of-ten seen as critical external resources that have significant influence on firm innovation.The current literature tends to focus on the rela-tionship between firms and their shareholders,while paying less attention to the connections between firms with the same shareholders.This article identifies two types of network spillover effects,intra-city network effect and inter-city network effect,by visualizing the co-ownership networks in China’s electric vehicle(EV)industry.We find that firms with the same shareholders,which are defined as co-owned EV firms,are more innovative than non-co-owned ones.Furthermore,there are two dominant types of firm co-ownership ties formed by corporate and financial institution shareholders.While corporate shareholders help exploiting local tacit knowledge,financial institutions are more active in bridging inter-city connections.The conclusion is confirmed at both firm and city levels.This paper theor-izes the firm co-ownership network as a new form of institutional proximity and tested the result empirically.For policy consideration,we have emphasized the importance of building formal or informal inter-firm network,and the government should further enhance the knowledge flow channel by institutional construction.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (60173026) the Ministry of Education Key Project(105071) Foundation of E-Institute of Shanghai HighInstitutions(200301)
文摘A reputation mechanism is introduced in P2P- based Semantic Web to solve the problem of lacking trust. It enables Semantic Web to utilize reputation information based on semantic similarity of peers in the network. This approach is evaluated in a simulation of a content sharing system and the experiments show that the system with reputation mechanism outperforms the system without it.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71273234)the Development of Chinese Farmer Cooperatives under Globalization:Operation Pattern,Governance Structure+2 种基金Comparative Analysis under National Natural Science Foundation of China(71020107028)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LZ12G03003)Extending Agricultural Standardization and Study on the Management System of Agricultural Product Quality and Safety under Key Project of Zhejiang Provincial Government Office for the Coordination of Agricultural Product Safety
文摘In recent years, the Chinese government has highlighted the importance of adopting hog safety/quality traceability, and a growing amount of research continues to entice firms to adopt traceability systems. In this study, a survey was conducted on a sample of pig slaughtering and processing firms in Zhejiang, China through personal interviews and emails. The aim of this study was to examine the determinants of firm behavior on the implementation of voluntary traceability systems with more stringent standards and controls than those of the mandatory system in China. The results revealed that motivation based on product quality improvement, capital ability and role perception (business type) had significantly positive relationships with a firm's voluntary traceability. Other incentives, such as operation improvement, recall risk reduction, reduced occurrence of safety issues, and technical strength were not found to be supportive in our study. This study provides an opportunity to better understand the determinants of firm behavior on voluntary traceability, particularly in light of the fact that some Chinese firms are facing the threat of criminal action for the use of illegal additives and the abuse of Clenbuterol. Policy recommendations on encouraging the implementation of pork safety voluntary traceability by hog slaughtering and processing firms are also discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60573043)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (06025838)
文摘In this paper, a formal system is proposed based on beta reputation for the development of trustworthy wireless sensor networks (FRS-TWSN). Following this approach, key concepts related to reputation are formal described step by step for wireless sensor networks where sensor nodes maintain reputation for other sensors and use it to evaluate their trustworthiness. By proving some properties of beta reputation system, the beta distribution is founded to fit well to describe reputation system. Also, a case system is developed within this framework for reputation representation, updates and integration. Simulation results show this scheme not only can keep stable reputation but also can prevent the system from some attacks as bad mouthing and reputation cheating.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61671183the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Space-Ground Integrated Information Technology under Grant No. 2015_SGIIT_KFJJ_TX_02major consulting projects of Chinese Academy of Engineering under Grant No. 2016-ZD-05-07
文摘Identifying malicious users accurately in cognitive radio networks(CRNs) is the guarantee for excellent detection performance. However, existing algorithms fail to take the mobility of secondary users into consideration. If applied directly in mobile CRNs, those conventional algorithms would overly punish reliable users at extremely bad or good locations, leading to an obvious decrease in detection performance. To overcome this problem, we divide the whole area of interest into several cells to consider the location diversity of the network. Each user's reputation score is updated after each sensing slot and is used for identifying whether it is malicious or not. If so, it would be removed away. And then our algorithm assigns users in cells with better channel conditions, i.e. larger signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs), with larger weighting coefficients, without requiring the prior information of SNR. Detailed analysis about the validity of our algorithm is presented. The simulation results show that in a CRN with 60 mobile secondary users, among which, 18 are malicious, our solution has an improvement of detection probability by 0.97-d B and 3.57-d B when false alarm probability is 0.1, compared with a conventional trust-value-based algorithm and a trusted collaborative spectrum sensing for mobile CRNs, respectively.
基金National Natural Science Foundations of China (No.61073177,60905037)
文摘In wireless sensor networks(WSNs),nodes are usually powered by batteries.Since the energy consumption directly impacts the network lifespan,energy saving is a vital issue in WSNs,especially in the designing phase of cryptographic algorithms.As a complementary mechanism,reputation has been applied to WSNs.Different from most reputation schemes that were based on beta distribution,negative multinomial distribution was deduced and its feasibility in the reputation modeling was proved.Through comparison tests with beta distribution based reputation in terms of the update computation,results show that the proposed method in this research is more energy-efficient for the reputation update and thus can better prolong the lifespan of WSNs.
文摘It is well known that the reputation is the basis of a seller to survive and gain trust from customers in a competitive business environment. But as the existence of information asymmetry between buyer and seller, the moral hazard problem is the key obstacle that impedes the benefits of related shareholders and reduces the efficiency of total market. It is crucial to design a control mechanism to avoid the negative impact of moral hazard. This paper studies the principal and agent relationship between buyer and seller in C2C e-market;because of the influence of information asymmetry, many customers suffered from being cheated by sellers with defective products in practice. These frequent cases will deteriorate long term relationship between sellers and buyers. Here we focus on the analysis of the causes of moral risks and the effect of reputation on oral risk with repeated game theory. The purpose of this paper is to help both firms and customers effectively avoid morality risk and realize a win-win situation.
文摘Because of the anonymity and openness of online transactions and the richness of network resources, the problems of the credibility of the online trading and the exact selection of network resources have become acute. For this reason, a reputation-based multi-agent model for network resource selection (RMNRS) is presented. The model divides the network into numbers of trust domains. Each domain has one domain-agent and several entity-agents. The model prevents the inconsistency of information that is maintained by differ-ent agents through the periodically communication between the agents. The model enables the consumers to receive responses from agents significantly quicker than that of traditional models, because the global reputation values of service providers and consumers are evaluated and updated dynamically after each transaction. And the model allocates two global reputation values to each entity and takes the recognition value that how much the service provider knows the service into account. In order to make users choose the best matching services and give users with trusted services, the model also takes the similarity between services into account and uses the similarity degree to amend the integration reputation value with harmonic-mean. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of this model is illustrated by the experiment.
基金This work is supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Sichuan Province(No.2021YFSY0012,No.2020YFG0307,No.2021YFG0332)the Key Research and Development Project of Chengdu(No.2019-YF05-02028-GX)+1 种基金the Innovation Team of Quantum Security Communication of Sichuan Province(No.17TD0009)the Academic and Technical Leaders Training Funding Support Projects of Sichuan Province(No.2016120080102643).
文摘In recent years,Blockchain is gaining prominence as a hot topic in academic research.However,the consensus mechanism of blockchain has been criticized in terms of energy consumption and performance.Although Proof-of-Authority(PoA)consensus mechanism,as a lightweight consensus mechanism,is more efficient than traditional Proof-of-Work(PoW)and Proof-of-Stake(PoS),it suffers from the problem of centralization.To this end,on account of analyzing the shortcomings of existing consensus mechanisms,this paper proposes a dynamic reputation-based consensus mechanism for blockchain.This scheme allows nodes with reputation value higher than a threshold apply to become a monitoring node,which can monitor the behavior of validators in case that validators with excessive power cause harm to the blockchain network.At the same time,the reputation evaluation algorithm is also introduced to select nodes with high reputation to become validators in the network,thus increasing the cost of malicious behavior.In each consensus cycle,validators and monitoring nodes are dynamically updated according to the reputation value.Through security analysis,it is demonstrated that the scheme can resist the attacks of malicious nodes in the blockchain network.By simulation experiments and analysis of the scheme,the result verifies that the mechanism can effectively improve the fault tolerance of the consensus mechanism,reduce the time of consensus to guarantee the security of the system.
文摘This study examines the impact of family control on the dividend policy of firms in Pakistan,covering the period from 2009 to 2016.It also investigates whether family control moderates the impact of firm-specific factors on the dividend policy.The GMM model for panel data estimation is used.The mean difference univariate analysis shows that family firms differ from nonfamily firms based on financial characteristics.The multivariate analysis shows that family firms pay lower dividends than nonfamily firms.Besides,firm size inversely affects the dividend policy,whereas tangibility positively affects it.Moreover,family control does not moderate the impact of all firm-specific factors on the dividend policy.Overall,family control,size,and tangibility are found to be the main determinants of the dividend policy in Pakistan.
文摘针对Reputation机制中缺乏对高信誉值节点的奖励,以及Credit机制中静止的虚拟银行(VB:Virtual Bank)部署困难,同时交易价格无区分性等导致的激励效果不佳的问题,文中提出了一种新的基于Reputation和Credit的混合激励算法RCH(Reputation and Credit based Hybrid incentive algorism)。RCH主要是采取一种P2P的模式(无需VB),根据提供转发服务节点与消息目的节点的亲密度以及接受转发服务节点的自私度来完成对不同服务质量,不同服务对象的区别定价,从而鼓励理性地自私节点更多的去帮助其他节点转发消息。通过理论分析和仿真实验得出:该算法与Reputation机制和Credit机制相比,在激励效果方面得到了较大的改善,最终都体现在交付率,平均延迟等指标的优化上。