Estimation of Landfill Gas and Its Renewable Energy Potential from the Polesgo Controlled Landfill Using First-Order Decay (FOD) Models

Methane generation in landfills and its inadequate management represent the major avoidable source of anthropogenic methane today. This paper models methane production and the potential resources expected (electrical energy production and potential carbon credits from avoided CH4 emissions) from its proper management in a municipal solid waste landfill located in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The modeling was carried out using two first-order decay (FOD) models (LandGEM V3.02 and SWANA) using parameters evaluated on the basis of the characteristics of the waste admitted to the landfill and weather data for the site. At the same time, production data have been collected since 2016 in order to compare them with the model results. The results obtained from these models were compared to experimental one. For the simulation of methane production, the SWANA model showed better consistency with experimental data, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.59 compared with the LandGEM model, which obtained a coefficient of 0.006. Thus, despite the low correlation values linked to the poor consistency of experimental data, the SWANA model models methane production much better than the LandGEM model. Thus, despite the low correlation values linked to the poor consistency of the experimental data, the SWANA model models methane production much better than the LandGEM V3.02 model. It was noted that the poor consistency of the experimental data justifies these low coefficients, and that they can be improved in the future thanks to ongoing in situ measurements. According to the SWANA model prediction, in 27 years of operation a biogas plant with 33% electrical efficiency using biogas from the Polesgo landfill would avoid 1,340 GgCO2e. Also, the evaluation of revenues due to electricity and carbon credit gave a total revenue derived from methane production of US$27.38 million at a cost of US$10.5/tonne CO2e.

Development of a first-order kinetics-based model for the adsorption of nickel onto peat

The use of peat for the removal of nickel from aqueous solutions has been investigated at various pH values by means of static conditions. The present research shows that the ability of Ni to bind to peat increases as the pH value increases. The solutions reach adsorption equilibrium rapidly. A reasonable kinetic model, first-order in nickel concentration, has been developed and fitted to the adsorption of nickel （Ⅱ） onto peat. The first-order model provides a good correlation to the experimental data. The characteristic parameters of the Langmuir isotherm were determined at various temperatures. The relationship between kinetics and equilibrium isotherms was established through the forward- and backward-rate-constants, k~ and k2, and the equilibrium constant, K.

基于新的改进Bouc-Wen模型的预制RC桥墩滞回模型研究

Bouc-Wen-Baber-Noori(BWBN)模型是改进的Bouc-Wen模型。BWBN模型可以较好地描述钢筋混凝土结构在强震作用下的捏缩效应,但由于BWBN模型中“捏缩效应”函数复杂且参数较多,其计算效率较低。针对该问题,该文基于近似狄拉克δ函数构建更简单、高效的“捏缩效应”函数,进而提出了新的改进Bouc-Wen(MBW)模型,它可以用更少的参数来实现捏缩效应。基于预制RC桥墩的拟静力试验数据来验证MBW模型的有效性,利用MATLAB遗传算法工具箱对BWBN模型和MBW模型进行参数识别,结果表明,该文提出的MBW模型具有更高的计算精度。

CFRP布加固RC柱细观力学分析模型及抗扭分析

为了探究配纤率、截面形状、截面尺寸、轴压比对碳纤维增强复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)加固钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)柱抗扭性能的影响,采用了可以同时考虑混凝土材料非均质性、钢筋与混凝土间黏结-滑移关系、CFRP布与混凝土间界面关系的细观力学分析方法。首先,建立了用于CFRP布加固RC柱抗扭性能分析的三维数值模型;进而,将基于该模型的数值模拟结果与试验结果对比,验证了模型中加载方式、外贴CFRP布方法的合理性及材料参数的准确性;最后,基于建立的细观力学分析模型,探讨了配纤率、截面形状、截面尺寸、轴压比对扭转作用下CFRP布加固RC柱破坏模式和力学性能的影响机制。分析结果表明:CFRP布加固RC柱抗扭承载力随配纤率增大而提高,但提高幅度随配纤率增大而降低;受到围压分布的影响,圆形截面的有效约束面积大于方形截面,使得CFRP布对圆柱的约束效果好于方柱;CFRP布加固RC柱的名义扭转强度存在尺寸效应;轴压比的增大使其抗扭承载力先增大后减小,在轴压比为0.4时达到最大值。进一步,采用叠加规范公式方法提出了FRP布加固RC构件抗扭承载力计算公式,与数值模拟结果对比发现,该公式可给出安全储备冗余度30.2%的设计值,可初步用于CFRP布加固RC柱抗扭承载力的安全设计。

近海大气环境下RC框架结构时变地震易损性分析

由于近海大气环境中存在的氯离子会侵蚀RC框架结构,造成材料性能不断劣化,最终降低了RC框架结构的抗震性能。为研究近海大气环境下RC框架结构地震损伤风险变化规律,基于钢筋均匀锈蚀模型及混凝土开裂前后钢筋锈蚀速率的变化规律,提出了一种改进的钢筋锈蚀率概率模型,并构建材料性能劣化模型。在此基础上,根据解析易损性分析理论,建立考虑氯离子侵蚀的近海大气环境RC框架结构时变易损性分析方法,并构建典型结构,分析不同损伤状态下的时变易损性曲线,评估其时变易损性与损伤状态。研究结果表明:当地震动强度指标取值相同时,各损伤状态结构在服役龄期内的地震易损性呈现出非线性增大趋势,抗震性能不断退化;以易损性指数作为结构损伤指标时,按照我国规范设计的RC框架结构,在30 a服役龄期内能够满足我国三性能抗震设防水准。

基于混凝土损伤塑性模型的弯曲损伤RC/PC桥梁动力学特性研究

基于混凝土损伤塑性模型,通过数值模拟研究了带有弯曲损伤的RC/PC桥梁动力学特性的退化情况.首先,提出了适用于RC/PC桥梁非线性振动分析的数值模型构建方法.其次,通过RC简支梁受弯破坏试验,将试验结果与数值模拟结果进行比较,验证了数值模型的准确性.最后,基于厦门快速公交系统中某一联三跨PC连续梁桥建立了三维有限元模型,研究其在不同弯曲损伤程度下前三阶频率和振型的变化情况.结果表明,带有弯曲损伤的RC/PC桥梁的动力学特性会随着损伤程度的增加而呈现不同程度的改变.带有混凝土裂缝的桥梁的微幅振动仍然是线性的,然而随着振幅的增大频率开始降低,使振动呈现出非线性.此外,当裂缝闭合时,前三阶自振频率与振型变化不明显,难以用于识别弯曲损伤;当裂缝张开时,前三阶自振频率与振型出现明显变化,可作为损伤检测指标来识别损伤.

Comparative efficiency analysis of different nonlinear modelling strategies to simulate the biaxial response of RC columns

The performance of different nonlinear modelling strategies to simulate the response of RC columns subjected to axial load combined with cyclic biaxial horizontal loading is compared. The models studied are classified into two categories according to the nonlinearity distribution assumed in the elements： lumped-plasticity and distributed inelasticity. For this study, results of tests on 24 columns subjected to cyclic uniaxial and biaxial lateral displacements were numerically reproduced. The analyses show that the global envelope response is satisfactorily represented with the three modelling strategies, but significant differences were found in the strength degradation for higher drift demands and energy dissipation.

Experimental investigation on dynamic response and damage models of circular RC columns subjected to underwater explosions

Reinforced concrete(RC) columns are widely used as supporting structures for high-piled wharfs.The study of damage model of a RC column due to underwater explosion is a critical issue to assess the wharfs antiknock security.In this study,the dynamic response and damage model of circular RC columns subjected to underwater explosions were investigated by means of scaled-down experiment models.Experiments were carried out in a 10.0 m diameter tank with the water depth of 2.25 m,under different explosive quantities(0.025 kg-1.6 kg),stand-off distances(0.0 m-7.0 m),and detonation depths(0.25 m-2.0 m).The shock wave load and dynamic response of experiment models were measured by configuring sensors of pressure,acceleration,strain,and displacement.Then,the load distribution characteristics,time history of test data,and damage models related to present conditions were obtained and discussed.Three damage models,including bending failure,bending-shear failure and punching failure,were identified.In addition,the experie nce model of shock wave loads on the surface of a RC column was proposed for engineering application.

预应力UHPC-RC无腹筋组合梁足尺模型抗弯试验及极限弯矩计算研究

为了解预应力UHPC-RC无腹筋组合梁(简称组合梁)的抗弯性能,以2座组合梁桥实际工程为背景,分别制作25 m长工字形组合梁及30 m长箱形组合梁足尺模型进行抗弯试验,研究组合梁在弯曲荷载下的裂缝发展形态、荷载~挠度曲线及不同截面高度应变等。结果表明:2种组合梁最终受弯破坏时,1条主裂缝快速发展为贯穿弯曲裂缝,组合梁裂缝细密;荷载~挠度曲线较为饱满,刚度折减较普通预应力混凝土梁明显推迟,结构性能更为优良;开裂前组合梁截面受力发展满足平截面假定,出现主裂缝后逐渐不满足平截面假定。为考虑组合梁截面在极限状态不满足平截面假定的情形,基于UHPC材料本构关系,提出采用体外预应力筋极限理论推导组合梁极限弯矩计算方法,并将该方法与平截面假定理论计算结果及试验结果进行对比。结果表明:提出的组合梁极限弯矩计算方法较平截面假定理论计算方法能更好地反映结构受力。

Analytical Modeling for Corrosion-Induced Cover Cracking of Corrosive Reinforced Concrete Structures

An analytical model for predicting the corrosion-induced cracking of concrete cover of reinforced concrete(RC) structures was developed.The effects of influence factors such as practical initial defects,corrosion rate,strength and elastic modulus of concrete on the corrosion-induced cracking of concrete cover were investigated.It was found that the size of practical initial defects was the most effective factor.Therefore,improving the compactness of concrete is an effective way to improve the durability of RC structures.It was also demonstrated that the accelerated corrosion tests may be unfavorable in the study of the relationship between cracking time and crack width.

Nonlinear damage model for seismic damage assessment of reinforced concrete frame members and structures

A nonlinear damage model based on the combination of deformation and hysteretic energy and its validation with experiments are presented.Also,a combination parameter is defined to consider the mutual effect of deformation and hysteretic energy for different types of components in different loading stages.Four reinforced concrete (RC) columns are simulated and analyzed using the nonlinear damage model.The results indicate that the damage evolution evaluated by the model agrees well with the experimental phenomenon.Furthermore,the seismic damage evolution of a six-story RC frame was analyzed,revealing four typical failure modes according to the interstory drift distribution of the structure;the damage values calculated using the nonlinear damage model agree well with the four typical failure modes.

BALANCED TRUNCATED MODELS OF C INTERCONNECT CIRCUITS AND THEIR SIMULATION

The Balanced Truncation Method (BTM) is applied to an even distributed RC interconnect case by using Wang's closed-forms of even distributed RC interconnect models. The results show that extremely high order RC interconnect can be high-accurately approximated by only third order balanced model. Related simulations are executed in both time domain and frequency domain. The results may be applied to VLSI interconnect model reduction and design.

Parameter estimation of GTD model and RCS extrapolation based on a modified 3D-ESPRIT algorithm

The noise robustness and parameter estimation performance of the classical three-dimensional estimating signal parameter via rotational invariance techniques(3D-ESPRIT)algorithm are poor when the parameters of the geometric theory of the diffraction(GTD)model are estimated at low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).To solve this problem,a modified 3D-ESPRIT algorithm is proposed.The modified algorithm improves the parameter estimation accuracy by proposing a novel spatial smoothing technique.Firstly,we make cross-correlation of the auto-correlation matrices;then by averaging the cross-correlation matrices of the forward and backward spatial smoothing,we can obtain a novel equivalent spatial smoothing matrix.The formula of the modified algorithm is derived and the performance of this improved method is also analyzed.Then we compare root-meansquare-errors(RMSEs)of different parameters and the locating accuracy obtained by different algorithms.Furthermore,radar cross section(RCS)of radar targets is extrapolated.Simulation results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the modified 3DESPRIT algorithm.

Achievements of Truss Models for Reinforced Concrete Structures

Achievements are presented for truss models of RC structures developed in previous years: 1. Two constitutive models, biaxial and triaxial, are based on regular trusses, with bars obeying nonlinear uniaxial σ-ε laws of material under simulation;both models have been compared with test results and show a dependence of Poisson ratio on curvature of σ-ε law. 2. A truss finite element has been used in the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of plane RC frames;it has been compared with test results and describes, in a simple way, the formation of plastic hinges. 3. Thanks to the very simple geometry of a truss, the equilibrium equations can be easily written and the stiffness matrix can be easily updated, both with respect to the deformed truss, within each step of a static incremental loading or within each time step of a dynamic analysis, so that to take into account geometric nonlinearities. So the confinement of a RC column is interpreted as a structural stability effect of concrete. And a significant role of the transverse reinforcement is revealed, that of preventing, by its close spacing and sufficient amount, the buckling of inner longitudinal concrete struts, which would lead to a global instability of the RC column. 4. The proposed truss model is statically indeterminate, so it exhibits some features, which are not met by the “strut-and-tie” model.

RC梁柱节点抗剪机理及承载力计算方法综述

对国内外关于框架结构中梁柱节点抗震性能研究成果进行总结归纳,分析了加载过程中节点的破坏形态及其抗剪机理,总结了典型的梁柱节点抗剪承载力计算模型,并基于各国规范对比了现有的抗剪承载力计算模型的适用性。对比了美国规范ACI 318-19、欧洲规范EC2的抗剪承载力计算的差异,指出了《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010—2010)(2015年版)建议的梁柱节点抗剪承载力计算结果相对保守。建议适量增加节点核心区配箍率,从而提高钢筋与核心区混凝土的粘结性能,减少纵筋的粘结滑移现象。

Geometrical Modeling by NURBS Surface and RCS Computing by Visualization for Complex Targets

A novel approach to compute the high frequency radar cross-section (RCS) of complex targets is described in this paper.From the three views or the sectional views of the target, target is geometrically modeled by non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) parametric surfaces using the software CNFEOV developed by oneself which constructs NURBS representation of complex target from engineering orthographic views. RCS is obtained through PO, PTD, MEC and IBC techniques. When calculating RCS of the target, it is necessary to get the unit normal vector to surface illumi- nated by radar and the value Z which is the distance from the point on the surface to radar. ln this novel approach, the unit normal vector to the surface can be obtained either by the Phong rendering model, in which the color components (RGB) of every pixel on the image are equal to the coordinate components of the normal, or by the NURBS expressions. The value Z can be achieved by software or hardware Z-buffer. The effects of the size of image on the RCS of target are discussed and the correct method is recommended. The RCS of the perfect conducting sphere, cylinder and dihedral as well as the coated cylinder, as some examples, are computed. The accuracy of the method is verified by comparing the numerical results with those obtained by using other methods.

UHPC-RC节段组合梁的抗弯性能分析

为研究低预应力度条件下,不同节段接缝的超高性能混凝土-钢筋混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete-reinforced concrete,UHPC-RC)组合梁的抗弯性能,文章基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立UHPC-RC节段组合梁的基准有限元模型,并利用已有的试验数据验证该模型的合理性。节段接缝分别为平面干接缝、平面胶接缝、齿键干接缝和齿键胶接缝,在基准有限元模型的基础上,进一步研究节段接缝类型对组合梁抗弯性能的影响。研究发现,在四点受弯加载方式下,接缝的几何特征(平面或齿键)对组合梁的极限荷载和开裂荷载影响较小,环氧树脂胶的使用对组合梁的抗弯性能影响较大。

基于机器学习的填充墙RC框架震后损伤快速评估

填充墙钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架是最常见的结构形式之一,实际震害和试验研究中发现填充墙对RC框架的抗震性能影响很大。为实现填充墙RC框架震后损伤状态准确、快速评估,首先根据不同的建筑结构信息(设防烈度、建造年代、层数、层高、跨数和填充率)设计了660个填充墙RC框架,结合10条地震动在OpenSees中对660个结构进行非线性时程分析,得到了6600个数据点,形成了填充墙RC框架震损评估模型建立的数据集。基于该数据集,采用朴素贝叶斯(naive Bayes,NB),K最近邻(K-nearest neighbors,KNN),决策树(decision tree,DT),人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN),随机森林(random forest,RF),自适应提升(adaptive boosting,AdaBoost),极端梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost),轻量级梯度提升(light gradient boosting machine,LightGBM),类别提升(category boosting,CatBoost)共9种机器学习的算法,建立了预测填充墙RC框架震后损伤的预测模型。研究结果表明:RF和CatBoost模型对损伤等级预测的精度最高,在测试集的准确率均达到0.93。紧随其后的是LightGBM和XGBoost模型,这些模型的准确率均超过了0.90。与实际震损数据对比,RF和CatBoost模型预测准确率均为47%,但CatBoost模型的预测误差在1个损伤等级范围内的准确率为76%,高于RF模型。基于CatBoost模型进行了不同输入变量的重要性分析,发现对填充墙RC框架震损影响最大的是设防烈度(seismic design intensity,SDI)、峰值地面速度(peak ground velocity,PGV)、0.4 s的谱加速度S_(a)(0.4 s)。此外,随着结构层数越多,楼层数量(n_(s))对结构的震损等级影响也越大。

截面尺寸和箍筋对RC短柱抗震性能的影响

为了研究钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)短柱的抗震性能,通过低周反复破坏试验对其抗震性能的尺寸效应进行了分析。试验主要考虑了截面尺寸和箍筋形式的影响,RC短柱的截面分别设计为200 mm×200 mm、400 mm×400 m和600 mm×600 mm,箍筋主要分为普通方形箍筋和井字箍筋。结果表明:配有普通方箍筋的RC短柱均表现出斜拉破坏特征,脆性破坏特征明显,而配有井字箍筋较大尺寸的RC短柱(边长为400 mm和600 mm)为剪压破坏;随着RC短柱截面边长的增加,其名义抗剪强度、延性和平均耗能系数均逐渐减小,并且配有井字箍筋的RC短柱相对于配有普通方形箍筋的短柱,其减小的速率逐渐变小。通过考虑截面尺寸和箍筋的影响作用,提出了修正的RC短柱的抗剪承载计算模型,并建立了考虑尺寸效应的RC短柱恢复力模型,计算结果与试验结果较吻合。

BFRP模壳不排水加固RC墩柱恢复力模型

为研究玄武岩纤维增强聚合物(basalt fiber reinforced polymer, BFRP)模壳不排水加固钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete, RC)墩柱抗震恢复力模型,在拟静力试验基础上,采用OpenSees有限元软件对模壳加固墩柱进行数值分析,主要研究参数为填充层混凝土强度、模壳厚度、加固高度、轴压比。研究表明:填充层混凝土强度等级越高,墩柱抗震性能有所增强,但C40以上的填充层混凝土强度等级墩柱的抗震性能较为接近;模壳加固厚度较大墩柱的抗震性能优于厚度较小墩柱;当模壳加固高度较高时,墩柱的抗震性能较好,当加固高度大于2~3倍原墩柱塑性铰高度时,抗震性能提升效果趋于稳定;轴压比越大,墩柱的刚度退化较快,不利延性发展。后通过数据回归分析,建立了BFRP模壳加固RC墩柱恢复力模型,对比可知,恢复力模型与试验曲线拟合较好,能有效反映加固墩柱的滞回性能,可为此类结构的抗震性能分析提供参考。