Fiscal Expenditure and Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents: An Empirical Study Based on Malmquist Index and Spatial Econometrics

Based on the analysis methods of non-parametric Malmquist index and spatial econometrics as well as the provincial panel data in 2007-2010, this paper estimates the efficiency of fiscal expenditure from local governments in china in terms of reducing the income gap between urban and rural residents for the first time and evaluates the spatial correlation and heterogeneity of this efficiency. The results have shown that the fiscal expenditure of most provinces is of low efficiency in reducing the income gap between urban and rural residents, and the expenditure efficiency of local governments is not relevant to their levels of economic development. Besides, the efficiency on reducing the urban-rural income gap between different regions of China has a tendency of convergence. But this is mainly reflected inside the regional economic belt. There is significant difference between the efficiency of each economic belt. The central region has the highest efficiency in a rising trend, the western region has the lowest efficiency in a downward trend, while the eastern region is relatively stable.

The Changes of Fiscal Agriculture-Supporting Expenditure and Farmers' Income Based on Grey Correlation Theory

According to the relevant data of China Statistical Yearbook and Chinese Rural Statistical Yearbook in the year of 2009,the changes of grey correlation degree of farmers' net income,various items of incomes,national gross agriculture-supporting expenditure and various items of expenditures,farmers' net income and various items of fiscal agriculture-supporting expenditure in the Eighth Five-Year Plan,Ninth Five-Year Plan and Tenth Five-Year Plan by using grey correlation degree and the by choosing seven indicators covering income from wage and salary,income from household business,transfer income and property income,agricultural production-supporting expenditure,agricultural basic construction expenditure,expenses of three items of agricultural technology and the fee of rural relief.The results show that the grey correlation degree of each time period and household net income shows the downward trend;from overall perspective,the grey correlation degree of national gross agriculture-supporting expenditure,agricultural basic construction expenditure and agricultural production-supporting expenditure shows the descending trend;the grey correlation degree of fiscal agricultural supporting expenditure and the expenditure of three items of agricultural technology and fee of rural relief show the upward trend;the influence of agricultural production-supporting expenditure on farmers' income shows downward trend;the influence of agricultural basic construction on farmers' income shows upward trend;the fee of rural relief play an active role in the promoting the farmers' income increase;the role played by fee of rural relief in promoting farmers' income increase should be further increased;the increase of farmers' income shows great reliance on agricultural science and technology.In the end,the relevant suggestions on establishing stable increase mechanism of fiscal agricultural support and insisting on the dynamic adjustment of the structure of fiscal agricultural supporting capital are put forward.

Impacts of household income on beef at-home consumption:Evidence from urban China

Beef consumption in China has increased substantially from 5.0 million tons in 2000 to 7.7 million tons in 2019 thanks to rapid income growth,but still remains low compared to pork and poultry consumption.Improving the understanding about the impacts of household income on beef consumption in China is necessary to forecast future beef demand and inform the domestic beef industry,especially in the context of unprecedented expansion of middle income class in China.Based on survey data of 32878 urban households collected by the National Bureau of Statistics of China,we employed the inverse hyperbolic sine(IHS)double-hurdle model to estimate income elasticities of beef demand across different income groups and simulated possible trends of future beef consumption of Chinese urban residents.The empirical results showed that the unconditional income elasticities of beef consumption at home vary between 0.169 for the lowincome group and 0.671 for the high-income group.The simulated results indicated that beef consumption is expected to increase by 12.0 to 38.8%in 10 years and by 18.6 to 70.5%in 15 years under distinct income growth scenarios.Our findings provide practical insights for policy makers and other stakeholders about future beef demand,such as potential opportunities embedded in rising beef demand for domestic producers and world beef exporters as well as the urgency of improving the supply chain resilience of beef in China.

How did the price and income elasticities of natural gas demand in China evolve from 1999 to 2015? The role of natural gas price reform

As a cleaner,high-efficiency,and low-carbon fuel,natural gas has been an important fuel resource for China.To achieve a substantial increase in natural gas demand,China has sought to reform its natural gas pricing mechanism.Employing a set of unbalanced panel data for China’s 30 provinces covering 1999-2015,this study aims to estimate the evolving price and income elasticities of natural gas demand and explore the effect of natural gas price reform in China.For this purpose,a series of econometric techniques allowing for cross-sectional dependence and slope homogeneity is utilized.The results suggest that although natural gas demand in China still lacks negative price elasticity,the phenomenon is improving.Moreover,the estimates suggest that natural gas demand in China is indeed becoming increasingly sensitive to income changes.Our estimates also provide strong evidence in favor of the effect of natural gas price reform on the change in price elasticity as the price elasticity decreases in five of the seven regions.In addition,the results indicate large variations in the change in price and income elasticities of natural gas demand across China’s regions.Natural gas demand is becoming more price inelastic in Southwest China and Northwest China,while such demand in North China and East China responds less sensitively to income changes.These findings offer several policy suggestions for the reform of China’s natural gas market at the national and regional levels.

New vision on the Relationship between Income and Water Withdrawal in Industry Sector

This paper investigates the relationship between industrial water withdrawal (IWW) and income in selected world countries. The issue is addressed by means of a smooth transition regression (STR) model on cross section data of 132 countries in 2006. The results confirm the nonlinearity of the link between IWW and income. According to the results, the income elasticity of IWW is a bell-shaped curve. Therefore, the policies and management processes in water sector including water allocation between activities and reigns should take into account the development degree and also focus on income level, water scarcity and the economic, social and ecological structure in each country.

Cross-country income disparity and its effect on carbon emissions

This study is motivated by the interesting relationship between the income Kuznets curve and the carbon Kuznets curve.This paper focuses on the interaction effects of income distribution and income per capita on CO_2 emissions using country group panel data over the period of 1980 to 2006 by employing fixed effects(FE),random effects(RE)and feasible generalized least squares(FGLS)estimation methods.The main findings are as follows.(1)There exists an inverted-U relationship between CO_2 emissions per capita and income per capita in all sample countries and high-income groups.(2)The cross-country income disparity has a negative effect on the average level of CO_2 emissions but a positive effect on the aggregate income elasticity of CO_2 emissions.(3)This negative effect of income disparity on the average level of CO_2emissions decreases along with the growth of per capita income.Thus,economic growth contributes to the reduction of this negative impact.

County-Level Tax Sharing:A Statistical Basis for Measuring China's Fiscal Decentralization

Controversies exist in literature regarding what indicators should be employed to measure China's fiscal decentralization. This paper measures China's fiscal decentralization by the sharing ratios of county-level VAT and corporate income tax(CIT). This approach avoids such problems as homogeneous denominator, and reflects the intricate interactions between governments at different levels. Based on extensive sources including the National Fiscal Statistical Information at Prefecture and County Levels and China County(City) Socio-Economic Statistical Yearbook over the 1998-2007 period, our estimation and analysis led to the following findings:(1) Since 2002, counties have retained a falling share of revenues;(2) a multidimensional horizontal comparison reveals a pattern in the county-level tax sharing ratio, i.e. counties in central and eastern regions retain a higher share of tax revenues compared with those in western and northwestern regions.These findings explain the fiscal difficulties at the grassroots level, and can be used to conduct a quantitative analysis of the determinants and economic effects of China's fiscal decentralization."

Analysis of the Dynamic Relationship among Financial Fund for Agriculture, Agricultural Output Value and Farmers' income

By using the methods of co-integration, impulse response function and variance decomposition, I conduct the empirical research on the dynamic relationship among China's financial fund for agriculture, agricultural output value, and farmers' income from the year 1978 to the year 2009. The results indicate that the government's financial fund for agriculture plays the significant role in promoting agricultural output value and farmers' income in the long run, but this role of promoting is not prominent in the short run; in the mean time, agricultural output value plays insignificant role in promoting farmers' income and the government's financial fund for agriculture; farmers' income plays the significant role in promoting agricultural output value and the government's financial fund for agriculture.

Booming local economy a key to whetting rural consumption—Empirical study based on the decomposition of rural household income

Based on the decomposition of China’s rural household income,we made quantitative analyses of the factors affecting rural consumption by using co-integration and other econometric tools.By comparing the results with the ongoing economic stimulus package rolled out by the central government,we analyzed the effects of different policies on rural consumption.The empirical study and policy analysis show that:(1) income from household business operation, wages,and fiscal relief funds are the three main factors affecting rural household consumption;(2) the ongoing stimulus package,which includes both short-term measures like consumption subsidies and long-term policies aiming to increase rural household income and improve the rural consumption environment,are effective in promoting rural consumption;(3) in boosting rural consumption,emphasis should be put on various long-term policies.Fiscal expenditure should put more weight on consumption than on agriculture,forestry and irrigation;and(4) intra-county economies are crucial in kicking off rural consumption.Policies should be stressed for integrating rural consumption and the development of local economies.

Intergenerational Transmission of Income Gap for Chinese Urban and Rural Households

An accurate understanding of the intergenerational transmission of income gap is the foundation for theoretical research and policy formulation to address this issue. This paper has employed the method of two sample instrumental variables to effectively integrate CHIP data and CFPS data and correct the temporal income bias, life-cycle bias and coresidence bias, which are common problems in existing studies, and investigated the tendencies of intergenerational transmission of income gap for China's urban and rural households between 2002 and 2012. Results of empirical study indicate that the intergenerational transmission of income gap for China's urban and rural households has been on the decline yet the level of intergenerational transmission is greater for urban residents than for rural residents. This level of intergenerational transmission of income gap in China is at a medium international level lower than that of countries like the United States, Brazil and Japan and higher than that of Sweden and Chinese Taiwan. Further analysis of the intergenerational mobility of various income groups suggests the following: the intergenerational solidification of the bottom and top income groups of urban residents has significantly improved, which is the source for the reduction of intergenerational transmission of income gap. Rural residents of bottom income group are vulnerable to falling into the trap of intergenerational transmission of low income. In order to mitigate the intergenerational transmission of income gap, efforts must be made to improve educational allowance policy and increase the opportunities for children from poor and underprivileged families to receive education and to eliminate the divide of labor markets to create equal job opportunities for each and every worker.

Fiscal Sustainability:Public Revenue-Expenditure Nexus in a Few Asymmetric Countries in the Globe

This article examines the public revenue and expenditure patterns and its nexus of a few countries.This paper employs panel unit root,panel cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model to analyze the inter-temporal association among the variables of government revenues,expenditures and the growth of GDP through the panel data of ten divergent nations over the period 2001 to 2017.The study exercised three cointegration tests and these estimates find the evidence of long run association among articulated three variables.To know the cross-section status of different nations this paper diverted Phillips-Peron test with bandwidth statistics and it asserted that,all ten countries secured the long run association among the variables.The study uncovered that,growth of GDP has escalated in 0.78%by one percentage increase in revenue expenditure;meanwhile,1.41%lessening in GDP growth by one percentage increase in revenue income.The specified model is supported by a few diagnostic tests.

中国式现代化背景下促进共同富裕的财税政策探讨

财税政策作为国家宏观调控的重要手段,将在推进共同富裕进程中发挥愈加突出的作用。以中国式现代化背景下促进共同富裕财税政策的研究成果和基本情况作为切入点,探究中国式现代化背景下财税政策促进共同富裕的逻辑机理,并剖析中国式现代化背景下促进共同富裕财税政策存在的问题,提出了逐步增强地方财政可持续性、健全纵横财政转移支付政策和优化税制结构增强调控作用等促进共同富裕的财税政策建议。

劳动力成本与技术进步偏向性——来自最低工资调整的证据

技术进步偏向性是影响要素收入份额变化的重要因素,探讨技术进步偏向性变化背后的逻辑对于构建科学合理的要素收入分配体系具有积极意义。本文基于最低工资调整视角探讨影响技术进步偏向性变化的价格效应。理论结果表明,当资本与劳动要素之间存在互补(替代)关系时,最低工资提升促使技术进步偏向劳动(资本)。采用中国城市数据测算技术进步偏向性指数,发现城市技术进步整体偏向资本,而在2004年之后出现偏向劳动的趋势。实证研究显示,随着最低工资水平上升,技术进步倾向于偏向劳动,且这一效应在要素互补样本更为显著,在要素替代样本不显著。考虑内生性问题、技术进步偏向性动态变化等稳健性检验均得到一致结果,且这一效应在2004年之后和在中西部地区尤为明显。进一步考察城市异质性特征发现,最低工资对技术进步偏向性的影响在非省会、中小经济规模、劳动密集型及对外开放度较低的城市更为显著;随着所在省份市场化水平和出口开放度提高而减弱,随着民营化水平提高而加强。本文研究结论为驱动技术进步偏向性变化的价格效应提供了证据支持,为各地区因地制宜实施和完善最低工资制度提供现实借鉴。

教育是如何释放家庭消费潜力的?——来自CHFS的经验证据

受教育程度与家庭消费密切相关,本文基于中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2015年、2017年、2019年三期的数据,以家庭为基本单位,探讨了居民受教育程度对提高家庭消费积极性的有效影响,并从收入效应、非收入效应两个方面解释了作用机制。研究发现:①居民受教育水平的提高有助于提高家庭消费收入弹性,提升边际消费倾向。②其中收入效应是居民受教育程度对消费产生正向显著影响的关键。③相比于女性,男性受教育程度提高更能激发家庭消费的积极性;东中部地区教育对释放家庭潜力的影响程度相当且高于西部地区;农村地区会相对抑制受教育程度对居民购买力的发挥,导致其影响程度不如城镇地区高;教育水平对高、中、低收入家庭消费收入弹性的影响也各不相同。最终从教育的不同角度为如何释放消费潜力提出政策建议。

Women’s empowerment and food consumption:Evidence from female-headed households in Tanzania

Despite the growing recognition of women’s increasing role in the household and corresponding empowerment programs in sub-Saharan Africa,intensive research on the relationship between women’s influence and household food consumption is minimal.Using the most recent(2017-2018)national household survey data from Tanzania,this study examined the influence of women’s empowerment on household food consumption.First,we compared the monthly consumption of eight food categories between female-headed households(FHHs)and male-headed households(MHHs)using both descriptive statistics and the propensity score matching(PSM)method.Furthermore,we adopted the two-stage Linear Expenditure System and Almost Ideal Demand System model(LES-AIDS)to estimate income and price elasticities for the two household types.The results show that FHHs consume bread and cereals,fish,oils and fats,vegetables,and confectionery(sugar,jam,honey,chocolate,etc.)more than MHHs.Moreover,FHHs have a significantly higher income elasticity of demand for all food groups than MHHs.They are also more price elastic than MHHs in meat,fish,oils,fats,sugar,jam,honey,chocolate,etc.

共同富裕背景下扩大中等收入群体的财税制度优化路径

扎实推进共同富裕关键在于扩大中等收入群体,这对现代财税制度的构建提出了更高的要求。财税制度一方面可通过优化收入分配,提高低收入群体收入、稳定中等收入群体、调节高收入群体;另一方面可通过提高生活质量、积累人力资本,达到优化和培育中等收入群体的目的。扩大中等收入群体,需充分发挥财税制度的重要作用,优化个人所得税的税率结构及专项附加扣除政策,探索构建负个人所得税,加强税收监管;加大中央转移支付下沉力度,加强财政支出在住房保障、技能培训、教育方面的倾斜;提升农民养老保险待遇和养老服务水平,解决农民工社会保障问题,不断完善社会救助体系。

消费需求与产业结构转型:基于中国家庭消费数据的微观经验研究

本文基于多部门增长模型和中国城镇住户调查数据估计消费者的偏好特征并分析消费需求影响中国产业结构转型的逻辑。研究表明,样本期内中国消费者的收入每增加1%,农产品、工业产品和服务业产品的需求量各增加约0.51%、1.11%和1.31%。相比于服务业产品,消费者对农产品的低偏好更为明显,这对中国产业结构转型有重要影响。反事实实验表明,1978—2018年需求侧因素(家庭消费)对中国产业结构转型的贡献比例大约为80%。最后,基于理论模型,本文探讨了消费需求对中国数字产业发展的作用。

人口老龄化、产业结构与劳动收入份额

基于1994—2017年中国省际面板数据,利用门槛效应模型,从产业结构视角考察了人口老龄化对劳动收入份额的非线性影响。研究发现:人口老龄化对劳动收入份额的影响呈现由负到正的非线性变化,产业结构发挥了重要调节作用,当第三产业与第二产业比值超过0.871时,人口老龄化对劳动收入份额的影响由负转正;在负向影响阶段,人口老龄化通过劳动资本的“相对价格”渠道与“相对数量”渠道对劳动收入份额产生影响,在正向影响阶段,“相对数量”渠道的作用不再显著,人口老龄化主要通过“相对价格”渠道对劳动收入份额产生影响;异质性检验发现,市场化程度和经济发展水平越高的地区,人口老龄化对劳动收入份额由负转正的影响越显著。

财政事权与支出责任相适应的地方收入体系优化方略

地方收入体系,即地方政府财政收入体系,是我国省、市、县、乡镇各级地方政府为履行政府职能而筹集的一切资金总和及其配套的制度和征管体系。自从党的十八届三中全会提出“财政事权与支出责任相适应”的全新概念后,优化地方收入体系就成为未来国家治理工作的关键要务。在回顾相关文献的基础上,分析当前中国地方收入体系存在事权划分出现“收权放责”且地方政府民生事权偏重现象,税种划分不够合理、地方政府资源经营性收入占比过大、高度依赖非税收入以及地方政府收支缺口较大等主要问题,提出基于财政事权与支出责任相适应的地方收入体系优化方略,即在坚持中央统一框架、以人民为中心等基本原则的基础上,明确政府财政事权、确定支出责任与标准、改进税收分成体制、用转移支付填补地方财力缺口。由此确定新时代地方收入体系由转移支付、地方专享税收入、适量的非税收入和合规的地方债等政府性债务收入等四部分组成的大体设想。希冀通过探讨,进一步弥补地方财政事权和支出责任不适应问题研究的不足,更好地在“财政事权和支出责任相适应”的方针下优化地方收入体系,为持续的财政体制改革提供良好的理论支持。

新疆财政支出对农民收入的空间效应研究——基于空间杜宾模型的实证分析

基于新疆13个地州市2010—2021年的面板数据,采用莫兰指数测度农村居民收入水平的空间分布状况,并构建空间杜宾模型实证检验财政支出对农村居民收入影响的空间效应。结果表明,新疆农民收入水平空间集聚特征明显,表现为“高-高”聚集和“低-低”聚集的空间分布特征;各项财政支出对农民收入的影响存在结构性差异和空间溢出效应;南北疆财政支出对农民收入影响的空间差异性十分明显。提出应根据不同类型财政支出对收入的影响,适当调整财政支出结构;重视和发挥好空间溢出效应,各区域应充分利用好财政支出对农民收入影响效应的空间外溢,制定更加灵活的财政政策;重视财政支出对农民收入影响的空间异质性,做好区域间的政策协调、资源共享,以期促进新疆农民稳步增收。