On Financial Transfer Payment System from the Public Service Equalization Perspective

equalization of public services is not only conducive to the promotion of social justice; it maintains social stability and national unity, but also helps to promote the coordinated development of economy and society. States should give full play to the role of taxation mechanisms to actively promote the use of transfer payments to the equalization of basic public services. In this paper, we focus on China＇ s current system of transfer payments problems and we should deepen mode of transfer payment system＇ s equalization of basic public services under the trend of design.

Escaping from poverty trap:a choice between government transfer payments and public services

Background:Anti-poverty has always been an important issue to be settled.What policies should be selected to help individuals escaping from the poverty trap:by directly offering transfer payments or indirectly providing public services?This paper is among the first to explore the effects of public anti-poverty programs system in China.Methods:We Using unbalanced panel data of China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)from 1989 to 2009,we demonstrate how the individual poverty status is determined through a four-staged simultaneous model.We choose the 3SLS(Three Staged Linear Squared)methodology to do the estimation.Results:GTPs(Government Transfer Payments)don’t have positive effects on poverty reductions.The results demonstrate that GTPs increasing by 10%makes private transfer payments decrease by 3.9%.Meanwhile,GTPs increasing by 10%makes the household income decreased by 27.1%.However,public services(such as medical insurance,health services,hygiene protection etc.)have significantly positive impacts on poverty reduction.Public services share a part of living cost of the poor,and are conducive for people to gain higher household income.Conclusions:GTPs given by governments are not effective in reducing the poverty,as a result of“crowd-out effect”and“inductive effect”.However,public services are suggested to be adopted by governments to help the poor out of the poverty trap.

China's Transfer Payment Mechanism: A Case Study

In this paper, a two-region endogenous growth model is adapted to analyse Western China's development,and regional divergence and convergence processes. Dynamic optimization is utilized to calculate the growth rate of the Chinese economy on the optimal growth path, and backward integration is utilized to simulate the evolvement of some key indicators, including relative GDP per capita of Western China to Eastern China, regional capital growth rate and regional GDP growth rate. The calibrations of this model after 1992 are conducted. The calibration results provide evidence about the speed of Western China's relative development, and also shed some light on the future regional convergence process under the Western Development Programme launched in 2000.

China’s internal and external economic imbalances and fiscal reform

China’s ballooning current account surplus has caused a plethora of adverse effects on the healthy development of its economy.Based on an in-depth analysis of the contributory factors to the swelling current account surplus,this paper purports to demonstrate theoretically and empirically that while the chronic savings-consumption imbalance is an important contributor to China’s huge trade surplus,the fundamental underlying contributor is the income structure and savings structure imbalance stemming from the disproportionate increase in retained earnings relative to stagnant wage bills.Corporate retained earnings keep growing rapidly because corporate profit margins are"overstated"and state-owned enterprises"do not pay dividends."Only when these issues are resolved at the institutional level can the savings rate be reduced to an appropriate level with domestic demand boosted to eliminate excess trade surpluses and fundamentally fix internal and external economic imbalances.

Transfer payment structure and local government fiscal efficiency:The quantile regression by panel data

After revenue-sharing system reform,the proportion of tax refund in fiscal transfer payments continued to decline,and the proportion of categorical grant and condition grant increased.The calculation results used SE-DEA method show that,the financial expenditure efficiency declined continuously from 1995.The paper studies how transfer payment structure effect fiscal efficiency from the perspective of local financial revenue structure.The theoretical and empirical studies indicate that,the tax refund is the most effective policy and the categorical grant is more efficient than condition grant.Because the categorical grant is the fairest policy,we suggest the central government should decrease the condition grant,and increase the tax refund or categorical grant in transfer payment.

Monitoring andevaluatingthepayment-for-performancepremiseofREDD+:the caseofIndia’s ecologicalfiscaltransfers

Introduction:The central premise underlying international payments for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation(REDD+)is that offering governments ex post payments for verified success in reducing emissions will motivate them to protect and restore forests.However,the extent to which performance-based payments motivate governments to protect and restore forests has yet to be evaluated quantitatively.Researchers have only quantitatively evaluated performance-based payments to non-governments for forest outcomes(e.g.payments for ecosystem services)and to governments for non-forest outcomes(e.g.results-based aid).Methods:We describe how researchers now have an opportunity to more easily evaluate performance-based payments to governments for forest outcomes thanks to India’s new ecological fiscal transfers(EFTs),which provide$6-12 billion per year to Indian states in proportion to their forest cover.Discussion:India’s EFTs differ from REDD+programs in that they pay for states’stock of forest area in the recent past rather than reductions in the rate of forest carbon loss in the near-future.Nevertheless,India’s EFTs focus on a single outcome and have many recipient governments,significant financial scale,lack of contemporaneous confounding policy changes,universal participation,and long-term data collection.Conclusion:These features make India’s EFTs especially useful for testing the payment-forperformance premise of REDD+.

Vertical Fiscal Imbalance,Transfer Payment and Local Government Governance

Accelerating the construction of modern fiscal and tax system helps not only free local governments from the shackle of the“competition for growth”development model,but also improve the governance capacity of local governments and realize the good governance of the country in the long term.Firstly,based on the typical fact of Chinese-style fiscal decentralization,this paper theoretically interprets the multiple channels and influencing mechanisms among vertical fiscal imbalance,transfer payment and local government governance.Secondly,it constructs a comprehensive index system to measure the governance capacity of local governments.The result shows that local government governance is relatively low in capacity and slow in improvement,and displays obvious regional heterogeneity.Then,the paper chooses structure and scale of transfer payment as mediator to construct the panel simultaneous equation model,and uses the three-stage least squares estimation(3SLS)for empirical investigation.The study finds that first,both the scale and structure of transfer payment may significantly affect local government governance,but the direction of the effects is opposite;second,the intensified vertical fiscal imbalance and the increase of transfer payment in scale can significantly inhibit local government governance,but the optimization of transfer payment in structure can significantly improve the governance;third,vertical fiscal imbalance not only directly inhibits the improvement of local government governance,but indirectly impedes it through the scale and structure of transfer payment.

Fiscal Transfer, Education Investment and Long-Term Educational Performance

Reasonable allocation of educational powers and expenditure responsibilities between central and local government is crucial to the development of education.The reason lies in the fact that local governments have relatively insufficient incentives to invest in education by using local fiscal revenues,while the central government,which pursues the maximization of the interests of the whole society,could promote education and other public services with spatial spilloves.The fiscal transfer payment has made up for the shortage of local investment in education.This paper uses 2010 census(micro data)and macro fiscal data to verify the effects above.Based on the year of birth and place,this paper constructs the proportion of fiscal transfers for compulsory education in the total fiscal revenue(local fiscal revenue and fiscal transfers)to reflect its structural effect.It is found that every 10%increase in the proportion of fiscal transfers brings at least additional 0.2 year of schoolings for local residents,and the effect of special transfer payments accounts for a larger share,among the three types of transfer payment.In the mechanism test,we find that transfer payment can effectively increase local education expenditure and produce an obvious structural effect.Based on this,in order to further improve the long-term educational performance of individuals,we believe that it is necessary to improve the incentive effect of the transfer payment system on common power and the division of expenditure responsibilities in the field of education.

Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers and County-Level Education Expenditure in China

Purpose-The purpose of the paper is to investigate the impact of various types of intergovernmental fiscal transfers on local public education expenditure at the county level in China and to estimate the leakage of categorical subsidies for rural compulsory education.Design/Approach/Methods-It is a quantitative study.The paper constructs a quantile regression model and adopt data collected in 2007 for 1,985 counties in China to examine the impact of relevant fiscal transfers.Findings-The results reveal that most intergovernmental fiscal transfers exert a substitution effect on the local education expenditure,whereas subsidies for rural compulsory education from the Central Government have a crowding-out effect on education investments from local financial resources.Although the subsidy program generally narrows the education expenditure disparity across counties,there are heterogeneous effects across different regions.Originality/Value-The paper estimates and compares the impact of fiscal transfers on both the level and disparity of local public education in different regions,and provides a possible explanation for the crowding-out effect of fiscal transfers in China.

Transfer payments from the central government to the local governments and the local governments' efforts on taxation: taking China as an example

The influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments＇ efforts on taxation must be taken into consideration by every country for the design of the transfer payments. Based on the theoretical analysis on the influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments＇ on the local governments＇ payments＇, this paper indicates that the local governments＇ efforts on taxation depends on the demand elasticity of the district for public goods, It increases with the increase of the elasticity. Judge the degree of the local govet：nment＇s efforts on taxation by measure 2. After an empirical analysis on the transJer payments from the central government to the local governments＇from 2000 to 2004, this paper gets the con- clusion that the local governments＇ effbrts on taxation ctbates with the increase of supporting payments or with the increase of the ratio of transfer payments to local wiliing public paymentS. Under speCific Circumstances, the higher the ratio of transfer payments to the local fiscal expenditure is. the smaller the local governments＇ efforts＇ on taxation is＂ under the central payments, whereas＇ the higher the local income is, the higher the efforts is under the central pav- ments. Based on this＇, this paper gives the meaning of its eOrresponding pofiCieS. ＂

The impact of transfer payments on urban-rural income gap--Based on fuzzy RD analysis of China’s midwestern counties data

In this paper,using 1054 counties data of 15 provinces in Midwestern China from 2000 to 2007,we analyze the impact of transfer payments on urban-rural income gap.By choosing Develop-the-west Strategy that is a quasi-natural experiment and using regression of discontinuity of location,the result shows that local government in western China pays more transfer payments than in the central region,however,the income gap between urban-rural residents in the western region increases by 20%.The widening effects are robust in different bandwidth situation such as distance or latitude and longitude.Meanwhile,the mechanism analyses find that urban residents benefit more than rural residents from transfer payments.Therefore,we believe that transfer payments should be more targeted to invest in rural areas,at the same time,the central government should rationalize the structure of transfer payments as soon as possible,and correct the urban bias and structure bias of local fiscal expenditure.

财政转移支付制度、财政提质增效与经济增长——基于转移支付不确定性的研究

地方政府财政收入的不确定性对其财税行为会造成影响,进而可能影响到财政支出的经济增长效应。使用1998-2007年中国县级层面的财政数据,以2001年民族地区转移支付制度的确立作为工具变量,估算中国地区层面的财政支出乘数,并研究转移支付不确定性对地区层面财政支出乘数的影响,实证结果表明,县级地区转移支付不确定性每增加1个标准差会导致县级地区财政支出乘数减少0.57,专项转移支付不确定性是导致地方政府财政支出乘数下降的主要因素,而一般性转移支付不确定性对地方政府财政支出乘数没有显著影响。机制研究表明,转移支付不确定性通过影响地方政府的财政收支行为,使得地方政府提高当地企业的实际税率,减少了当地企业的产出,进而影响到地区层面产出。

财税政策促进共同富裕:内在逻辑、现实问题与实现路径

财政是国家治理的基础和重要支柱,在扎实推进共同富裕进程中,财政既要促进做大经济发展的“蛋糕”,更要注重“分好蛋糕”,用好财税政策工具,着力缩小区域差距、城乡差距和收入差距,推动基本公共服务均等化。从聚焦构建全国统一大市场、推进城市群和都市圈协同发展、完善转移支付制度、推进城乡协调发展等方面,阐释财税政策发挥作用的内在逻辑和实现路径,分析存在的制约因素,并提出相关政策建议。

Cooperation among Asymmetric Countries:A Study for the Role of Side Payment in International Environmental Agreements

By a survey of a range of existing literatures, this article makes a rough summary for previous theoretical findings about the role of side payment in international environmental agreements. If countries are symmetric, we can hardly exploit the transfer to enhance international cooperation. On the contrary, under asymmetric countries assumption, the side payment is often helpful to obtaining better global outcome in environmental issues. Even though no general theoretical conclusion can be claimed so far, many meaningful implications will be revealed with the going on of this article.

中国政府间转移支付制度三十年:演进、成效与变迁逻辑

中国政府间转移支付制度的建立是1994年分税制财政体制改革的重要制度创新。这一制度既构成了中国现代财政体制的重要组成部分,也为过去三十年分税制改革取得的巨大成功提供了制度保障。纵观过往的改革历程,政府间转移支付制度的每一次重大调整背后都有着深刻的财政体制和经济体制改革背景,始终服务于财政体制改革全局,并充当了财政体制落实国家战略、保障经济社会改革顺利推进的重要工具。站在分税制改革三十周年这一历史节点上,本文系统回顾中国政府间转移支付制度在过去三十年的历史演进,总结其改革所取得的主要成效,并阐释其制度变迁的内在经济和政治逻辑。这不仅有助于我们深刻理解这一制度的发展历程和运行规律,也为下一阶段进一步优化政府间转移支付制度,并在此基础上完善现代财政制度提供重要的历史借鉴和理论支撑。

中央财政资金直达机制:财政职能优化与治理效能提升

2020年,财政部创新性地建立了中央财政资金直达机制,将部分转移支付资金直达基层财政,此后,直达机制常态化实施并不断扩容。这是建立现代财税制度的重大改革,更是落实党的二十大“应完善转移支付体系,落实好积极的财政政策更加积极有为”的具体体现。本文研究认为,中央财政资金直达机制适配于中国式现代化建设要求,破解了传统转移支付制度中多层委托代理模式存在的弊端,优化了财政的配置职能、分配职能和稳定职能,在不改变政府管理层级体系的前提下,保证了中央财政资金下达时滞最短,支出效率最高,全过程得到监管,使财政政策正效应最大化,体现了稳中求进工作总基调,将有利于促进省以下财政体制改革。

财政压力、转移支付与经济高质量发展

在从理论层面系统诠释财政压力、转移支付与地方经济高质量发展三者之间存在的多重作用机制的基础上,通过构造动态面板联立方程模型和采取三阶段最小二乘法实证考察财政压力与转移支付对地方经济增长质量的影响。结果发现:虽然财政压力对地方经济增长质量的影响效应显著为负,但转移支付结构与地方经济增长质量之间呈现显著正相关关系,其中,转移支付中的一般性转移支付占比提升能够通过直接和间接两种途径促进地方经济增长质量的显著提升。

财政转移支付对新疆经济高质量发展的影响研究

文章从理论层面分析了财政转移支付对新疆经济高质量发展的影响,并运用2013—2022年新疆14个地州市的数据进行实证检验。研究结果表明:转移支付能够直接提高新疆经济高质量发展水平;转移支付通过调整财政支出规模和财政支出结构对新疆经济高质量发展产生间接负向影响,但间接效应有限。异质性分析结果表明:一般性转移支付对新疆经济高质量发展具有积极影响,专项转移支付具有负向影响;转移支付对南疆地区和北疆地区经济高质量发展均呈现显著的正向效应;转移支付对新疆经济高质量发展不同维度的影响效应存在差异。基于此,新疆应尽快出台自治区对下财政转移支付办法,强化对转移支付资金的预算绩效评价,加快构建多元化地方政府考核评价体系,立足新疆资源禀赋,充分发挥转移支付对新疆经济高质量发展的促进作用。

“挤入”抑或“挤出”:财政转移支付对消费的影响——基于家庭债务异质性视角

深刻理解家庭债务异质性背景下财政转移支付对家庭消费的影响及其作用机理,这对政府制定财政转移支付政策具有重要价值。使用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2014、2016和2018年三轮面板数据,以及2006—2021年省级面板数据,实证考察了家庭债务异质性视角下财政转移支付的消费效应。实证结果表明:财政转移支付的增加挤入了家庭消费,随着家庭债务水平的提高,财政转移支付对家庭消费的挤入效应减弱,且家庭债务异质性导致的家庭消费水平和消费结构对财政转移支付冲击的反应存在差异;家庭债务异质性视角下财政转移支付对消费的影响可通过流动性约束和预防性储蓄两个渠道发挥作用;不同区域的家庭债务水平对财政转移支付的消费效应具有不同的影响。因此,政府应该考虑区域债务水平的差异来制定财政转移支付政策,并合理控制家庭部门杠杆水平,降低家庭经济风险,提振消费。

促进共同富裕的转移支付:机制、效应与路径

转移支付作为调节央地关系、平衡地区财力的重要工具,有助于促进共同富裕。本文阐释了转移支付与基本公共服务供给对共同富裕的作用机制,并构建面板联立方程模型与面板门槛模型,实证检验了转移支付对共同富裕的具体影响。实证发现:转移支付有利于促进共同富裕,并通过改善与增加基本公共服务供给来间接提升共同富裕水平。此外,转移支付对共同富裕的影响存在门槛效应。因此,从政策操作层面来看,应进一步健全转移支付激励机制,强化转移支付的“矫正”功能,合理划分央地财权事权关系,明确各自支出责任,增强转移支付对共同富裕的助推作用。