Optimization and Regulation Policy for Land Use Changes Based on Low-carbon Emission in Developed Regions of China

Land use and cover change(LUCC) is one of the important causes of the Earth’s carbon cycle imbalances resulting from failure in optimizing land use. The solution to this problem has been the hotspot of research in land and environmental science. We took 'low carbon', 'energy saving' and 'high-efficiency' as the goals of land use optimization,and integrated Markov-CA(Cellular Automaton),the Grid-Fractal model and GIS,in order to study carbon emission objective function,to establish a simulation method for land use spatial allocation optimization,to evaluate the effect of the method on carbon emissions. Regulation policy on three types of land use spatial allocation was proposed,including 'low-carbon type', 'low-carbon-economic type' and 'economic type'. We applied the method to analyze the land use spatial allocation in Taixing City of the 'Yangtze River Delta' regions in China,and obtained the following results:(i) The three optimization types would improve carbon emissions by 3. 21%,1. 80% and 0. 36% respectively in 2020,compared with 2010;(ii) The actual planning for 2020 was close to the 'low-carbon-economic type';(iii) The optimization method and regulation policy,combining local optimization and global control,could meet the sustainable multi-objective requirements for low-carbon constraints of land use spatial allocation. The result of this research could also serve as a reference for exploration into patterns of regional low-carbon land use and measures for energy saving and emission reduction.

A study on aquaculture industry regulations and policies of globally representative states

Aquaculture has a long history,and has achieved rapid development from 1950 to 2010,especially since the 1990s.Nevertheless,aquaculture has also seen a series of problems emerge.Inevitably,aquaculture interacts with the environment and society.Rapid development requires that close attention be paid to potential environmental and social impacts and their prevention or mitigation.The development and management of aquaculture is related closely with a variety of legal and institutional arrangements.Thus,aquaculture raises numerous legal and institutional issues.This paper explores actual legal and institutional practices of global representative aquaculture countries and provides a comprehensive account of the legislation and policies of different countries.Further,this paper reveals that the optimal legal framework for aquaculture is in line with related international regulations(especially the soft laws)and strictly operational,and the corresponding policy framework should establish early access and warning,as well as post assessment and feedback mechanisms.

Construction of building energy conservation incentive policies under government regulation: Based on the subjects' behavior analysis

Building energy efficiency is a long-term strategy to achieve sustainable development, but the inconsistencies of main interests during the implementation lead to the need for government regulation in building energy conservation. Implementation of building energy efficiency of government regulation covers three aspects of construction and involves relevant participators, so the paper analyzes interests and roles of the related subjects in building energy saving, explore the motivations and its conversion mechanism of each player, and dissect the game relationship of associated earnings of developers' and consumers' behaviors selection under government control. Finally, the paper proposes basic requirements of building incentive policies for related subjects under government control to regulate the main behaviors of subjects in building energy efficient buildings and achieve energy efficiency goals and balance of all parties' benefits.

Central Bank Interest Rate Policy as a Pro-Crisis Instrument of Macroeconomic Regulation

Why does interest rate policy not work in the economy as economic theory suggests?To understand why,you need to look at the economy from a higher level of abstraction.With this approach,only two states of the economy can be distinguished.The first is a“normal”state;the second is crisis and recession.The“normal”state is the period after the recession and before the next crisis.During this period,the basic laws of the market economy work.During a crisis,the relationship between the level of interest rates and borrowing by households and businesses is broken.This explains the ineffectiveness of the policy of lowering interest rates.Different states of the economy have their own laws,and you cannot extrapolate tools that are successful under“normal”market conditions linearly to the crisis state of the economy.Why does the interest rate policy during the period of the“normal”state of the economy not adjust its development in order to prevent the onset of the crisis?Firstly,the conditions for the emergence of crisis phenomena are created by the interest rate policy at the very beginning of the business cycle,when central banks set and maintain low interest rates for a relatively long period.Secondly,by the end of the business cycle,the credit burden in economy reaches its maximum,so there is no further possibility of expanding effective demand by decreasing interest rates.Thirdly,interest rate policy is an instrument for rough adjustment of the economy,indiscriminately affecting all participants in economic relations.In an attempt to stimulate the economy,the central bank creates the conditions for increasing its imbalance.Fourth,at the end of the business cycle,the interest rate policy does not actually support the real economy,but only the stock market.Fifth,the Fed’s policy has formed a pro-crisis conditioned reflex among market participants.Thus,central banks should leave the determination of the level of interest rates to the free market.

Research on the Policies and Means Changes of Macro Regulation and Control of Chinese and Foreign Governments

In the process of economic development, government uses the "visible hand" to achieve macroeconomic regulation and control for "market failure", which has been common knowledge among people after World War II. Comparing policy and means adopted by Chinese and foreign governments in macro regulation and control, we can see that the choice is different in different historical periods and the change of emphasis in macro regulation and control policy and means has the convergence tendency. We can make the following conclusion from research of the change rules of macro regulation and control means in the market economic condition of Chinese and foreign governments: supply-side structural reform in China complies with the basic rules of development of market economy.

Preferential Policy and Tax Regulations Income Tax of Enterprises and Local Income Tax

*Newly-built joint ventures engaged in new and high technological enterprises shall enjoy a 15 percent reduction of income tax for two years, or a 24 percent reduction for two years and a 50 percent reduction in the following three years. A choice between the two may be decided by the said enterprises. **Service industry, those enterprises with a foreign capital of more than US$5 million shall be exempt from the tax

Impact of Mandatory Provisions on the Validity of Juristic Acts: A Path for Legal Policy Analysis

Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards mandatory provisions with effectiveness and administrative characteristics,yet it maintains the legislative philosophy of differentiation.It leaves unspecified whether mandatory provisions that do not explicitly render a juristic act invalid impact the act’s validity,entrusting this determination to the discretion of judges on a case-by-case basis.When judges,under the authority of Paragraph 1,Article 153 of the Civil Code,explore the normative intent of mandatory provisions to assess their effect on the validity of juristic acts,they should engage in legal policy analysis centered on consequence-based argumentation to overcome the limitations of norm typological analysis.This analysis employs a reasoning model predicated on the normative purpose,utilizing a consequencefocused interpretative approach for formulating and arguing propositions of rules applicable to pending cases,thereby arriving at case-specific conclusions.Since the invalidation of juristic acts serves as an auxiliary regulatory tool for the state economy and society,a consequence-oriented interpretation needs to be based on the idea of mutual instrumentalization of public and private laws.This entails predicting the outcomes of negating the validity of a juristic act in industrial regulatory scenarios and assessing these outcomes within the framework of public and private regulatory instruments.

关于加强我国古籍保护法治建设的若干思考

做好古籍保护与利用,对赓续中华文脉、弘扬民族精神、增强国家文化软实力、建设社会主义文化强国具有重要意义。近年来,国家高度重视古籍工作,古籍保护立法工作已经取得一定成效,但仍存在文物保护相关法律法规无法完全适用、古籍相关规定较为宏观或效力较低、实践中仍有大量实际问题需要法律保障等问题。基于此,建议优先选择行政法规作为古籍保护立法的突破口,尽快推动《古籍保护条例》出台;平衡与已有法律法规和政策文件之间的关系;针对古籍保护利用中的实际需求和问题进行立法。表2。参考文献14。

在“同一健康”视角下中国采取的细菌耐药性防控实践

通过描述细菌的抗微生物药物耐药(antimicrobial resistance,AMR)的危害和机制,从“同一健康”视角总结国家层面对AMR监管现状,梳理各项政策法规和国家在临床、动物及公共卫生界面建立的细菌耐药性监测网络现状,对现有监测体系存在的数据共享机制缺乏、监测对象和内容不全面、标准化程度低等问题进行剖析,为我国进一步贯通、整合现有AMR监测体系,打破碎片化、局限化、非标准化的监测困境,构建多领域、全链条、数据共享的AMR监测新模式提出参考。

组态视角下减污降碳政策工具对环境规制效率的驱动机制——基于中国30个省份的fsQCA实证分析

减污降碳是环境规制效率提升的标志,是实现污染控制和环境质量改善的重要抓手和突破口,探究减污降碳政策工具驱动环境规制效率提升的内在机理,对于推进“双碳”目标实现具有重要意义。以2012—2022年中国30个省份数据为研究对象,借助模糊集定性比较分析法(fsQCA)探析命令控制型、市场激励型和自愿参与型政策工具促进环境规制效率提升的多元路径组合。结果发现:减污降碳政策工具在提升全国环境规制效率方面呈现4种组合模式,且分别与中国东、中、西部地区的实施效果相匹配,未来将呈现多元政策工具组合协同发力的态势;命令控制型政策工具在提升中西部地区环境规制效率中发挥主导作用,中部地区尤为明显;自愿参与型工具则更多依赖命令控制型、市场激励型工具发挥政策组合作用,在西部地区发挥效力较弱。不同的环境规制效率驱动效果会带来差异化的政策工具组合,以此为不同地区提供政策建议。

基于知识图谱的ChatGPT研究热点与趋势展望

为系统总结研究热点、分析未来研究趋势,利用CiteSpace软件的可视化分析功能,系统梳理国内外学界关于ChatGPT的研究文献,以期为后续的研究提供借鉴与参考。结果表明,研究的热点和重心集中在ChatGPT应用、风险规制、发展预测等方面,但在ChatGPT的主体界定、ChatGPT技术创新与政策规制的关系协调、ChatGPT多元化研究方法的应用问题上存在不足。未来研究应把握规范引导向善发展的根本理念,在防范应用风险、重构人机关系、变革知识生产等方面重点发力,以推动ChatGPT朝着有利于促进人类幸福的方向发展。

宏观审慎政策宽松实践、效果评估及现实启示

宏观审慎政策不仅要在风险积累时坚定稳妥收紧,而且要在风险显性化时及时有效放松,已有研究多聚焦前者,针对后者的研究相对较少,而后者对于完善宏观审慎政策框架、防范系统性金融风险、提高逆周期调节能力同样具有重要现实意义。本文探讨了宏观审慎政策宽松的内涵、作用机理和制约因素,梳理了新冠疫情前及疫情期间宏观审慎政策宽松的国际实践,并基于66国数据采用计量模型科学评估了政策效果,在此基础上总结了实施宏观审慎政策宽松的有益经验,分析了我国宏观审慎政策宽松实践现状及存在的问题,并提出政策建议。研究发现,宏观审慎政策宽松可通过稳定信贷市场、保障金融运行、引导正向预期、产生外部性等传导渠道实现政策目标,但也面临不少制约因素;总体看,疫情期间实施宏观审慎政策宽松显著缓解了疫情冲击带来的经济压力和金融压力,其中,逆周期资本缓冲工具的宽松效果相对突出;有效积累缓冲、保障缓冲释放、把握好政策尺度是提高宏观审慎政策宽松效果的重要因素;我国探索开展了内容丰富、特色鲜明的宏观审慎政策宽松实践,但还存在政策潜力有待释放、政策工具箱仍需丰富完善、政策视野需要向非银金融部门延伸、政策应对非传统风险能力有待提高等问题。结合我国宏观审慎管理实际,本文从健全完善宏观审慎政策宽松实施机制、疏通宏观审慎政策宽松传导渠道、把握宏观审慎政策宽松操作尺度、夯实宏观审慎政策宽松工具储备等四个方面提出政策建议。

基层政策执行的双重逻辑:权威调控与政策理解——基于四地脱贫攻坚经验考察

基层政策执行一直是社会治理的重要内容,执行结果受中央权威调控和基层政府政策理解能力的双重影响。“刚性—高效”“柔性—有序”“助推—尽力”与“授权—应付”是基层政府执行政策的四种模式,而“权威调控—政策理解”是区分这四种模式的分析框架。以十八洞村、何斯路村、采山坪村、上河村四地脱贫攻坚经验为案例进行考察,总结政策执行类型可以发现:当中央权威调控程度较高时,基层政府政策执行状态就呈现出刚性条件下的职能展示型和强力约束下的能力塑造型;反之则呈现出弱化监督下的完善自身型和柔性条件下的趋利避害型。从权威调控和政策理解的双重逻辑出发,上级政府通过因地制策、精准调控,强化政策调控能力;基层政府通过优化组织结构、加强信息沟通、获得目标群体支持等途径可以有效促进政策执行的效力。

不确定性感知与企业绿色技术创新——基于区域与企业异质性视角的分析

实现碳达峰碳中和是推动高质量发展的内在要求,企业积极开展绿色技术创新有利于实现经济的绿色可持续发展。在面对宏观环境的经济政策不确定时,企业对不确定性的感知能力能否帮助企业发挥抵抗风险作用?能否将外部经济政策不确定性转化为企业的内在发展动力实现绿色技术创新?文章探究企业经济政策不确定性的感知程度对其绿色技术创新的影响,并分析了其中的作用机制。在此基础上使用2007—2020年中国沪深A股上市公司数据和企业层面经济政策不确定性指标等数据进行实证检验,并提出政策建议。研究发现,企业经济政策不确定性感知程度的增加能够促进企业绿色技术创新水平的提高。机制分析表明,从外部融资视角看,经济政策不确定性感知的增加可以通过缩小信息不对称与减小企业融资约束提高企业的绿色技术创新能力;从企业内部管理视角看,经济政策不确定性感知的增加能够通过增强企业战略积极性和提升绿色认知能力来提高企业的绿色技术创新能力。通过企业外部地区特征与内部自身特征异质性分析发现,企业所在地区经济发展水平、数字经济发展程度与地区创新活力越高,越有利于企业经济政策不确定性感知促进绿色技术创新,对于非重污染、社会责任表现较差、自身风险承担水平较低的企业这一促进作用更为明显。进一步分析政企互动关系发挥的作用发现,国有企业与政府环境规制水平较高地区的企业拥有更强的绿色创新能力,而政府环保补贴在这一过程中发挥的作用并不充分。研究结论对我国企业实现绿色技术创新具有重要的启示:企业需要充分把握市场信息与市场机遇,树立可持续发展目标;政府需要积极缩小企业与市场、企业与政府间的信息不对称,强化地区创新活力,针对不同地区与类型企业实施经济政策;政府应当完善经济政策平稳机制,积极引导企业正确认知经济政策不确定性带给企业的机会与风险,发挥好政府调节作用,加快实现企业的绿色技术创新与绿色转型发展。

2023年中国成品油行业运行特点与近期展望

2023年,中国炼油产能再创新高,炼厂开工率回升,成品油产量大幅增长;成品油消费恢复至疫情前水平,不同品种恢复节奏存在差异,航空煤油消费明显恢复;成品油消费结构变化明显,供需差量扩大;在国际原油价格高位宽幅震荡背景下,成品油批发价格小幅增长;成品油商业库存“汽跌柴涨”,油库建设需求旺盛;成品油进口大幅下降,俄罗斯成为中国成品油进口主要来源国,成品油出口量继续增加,主要出口至新加坡;多项市场专项整治方案出台,规范成品油市场运行,推动行业高质量发展。2024年,中国成品油市场监管仍将持续完善,炼油行业将继续扩能,成品油产量将继续增长,成品油消费将回归低速增长通道,国际原油价格将宽幅震荡加剧成品油市场价格波动风险。

生态文明建设背景下“林业政策法规”教学方式的探讨

“林业政策法规”是林学本科教学中重要的专业课程。本文阐述了这门课的特点和存在的问题,并提出利用行业教师入课堂、案例教学、翻转课堂、实践性教学等手段进行教学。通过教学方式的多样化激发学生兴趣、锻炼学生理论应用于实践、解决分析问题的能力,提高教学效果和质量,旨在有助于培养我国生态文明建设的专业人才。

借贷便利创新工具、资产收益率与商业银行信用风险

本文基于2014—2021年中国203家银行的非平衡面板数据,考察借贷便利创新工具对商业银行信用风险的影响。实证分析发现:借贷便利创新操作会显著增加商业银行信用风险,该结论在考虑内生性问题以及进行一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。异质性检验显示,这一政策效应在区域性商业银行、规模较小的商业银行中表现得更为明显。中介效应模型检验表明,借贷便利创新工具通过抑制商业银行资产收益率的渠道增加信用风险。调节效应模型检验结果说明,资本监管力度和银行家乐观度的提高均会减弱借贷便利创新工具对商业银行信用风险的加剧效应。该研究结论对于中央银行适时适量地进行借贷便利操作和商业银行信用风险管理防控具有借鉴意义。

“双减”背景下中小学校外在线教育的监管与规制

为探究“双减”背景下中小学校外在线教育监管与规制的具体情况,从教育法角度,结合行业特点,针对目前中小学校外在线教育监管方面存在的效率低下、环节缺失与规制方面存在的层级较低、内容缺陷问题的成因进行分析。为解决中小学校外在线教育监管与规制的现存问题,可以从以下四个方面着手改进:一是加强顶层设计,包括修改相关法律和完善相关法规;二是完善细节设置,包括完善机构准入、教师资格,以及对教学内容的相关规定;三是提升监管效率,包括提升综合监管的能力和进行分类分级管理;四是健全监管环节,包括健全教师资格、教学内容,以及培训收费等方面的监管。通过研究,以期对深入落实“双减”政策,进而促进中小学校外在线教育健康、稳定、有序发展有所裨益。