COMPARISON OF FOOD COMPOSITION OF CLUPEID FISHES IN THE BOHAI SEA

Analysis of stomach contents of samples of clupeid fiishes (Japanese anchovy, half-fin anchovy, zunas’ scaled sardine, rednosed glassnose and tapertail anchovy) collected from the catches of a 1982-1984 fishery resource survey showed they are zooplanktonivorous. Similar food groups, such as copepoda, Chaetognatha, Amphipoda and Mysidacea were found in the stomach. Dietary similarity coefficients were studied to evaluate the degree of similarity in the dietary species-pairs.Sea-sonal variation is discussed.

Evaluation of the “fishing down marine food web” process in the north-west of Persian Gulf(Khuzestan Province) during the period of 2002–2011

The worldwide increase in commercial fisheries and its impact on ecosystems as well as inefficient fishery management have led to overfishing and frequent breakdown of traditional fish stocks. In this context, an analysis of Khuzestan inshore fisheries data covering the years 2002-2011, was conducted in reliance on testing for occurrence of the fishing down marine food webs （FDMFW） phenomenon in the North of Persian Gulf Large Marine Ecosystem （LME）. In this study, the mean trophic level （mTL） and the fishing-in-balance （FIB）-index of Khuzestan landings during this period of time were estimated using the trophic level of 47 fishery resources. Increase in total landings （I1） was observed, which explained the high fishing yield in major fishery resources （especially demersal）. Moreover, the moderates decreasing trend in mTL per decade, and the increasing trend in FIB-index were observed. The status of fishery resources in Khuzestan inshore waters （under exploited but not overexploited）, the rise in Y, FIB and slightly drop in mTL can be considered as indirect indicators of the fishing impacts on the trophic structure of marine communities. Based on this result, probability occurrence of FDMFW process in Khuzestan inshore waters is low to some extent. However, we suggest that the goal of management programs in Khuzestan inshore waters should prevent the continuance of this trend in the long-term using an ecosystem-based approach.

Utilization of Small Size Bolti (<i>Talibia nilotica</i>) and Sardine (<i>Sardina pilchardus</i>) Fish in Preparing Canned Weaning Food Purees

Utilize small size of bolti and sardine fish in preparing fish based weaning foods rich in protein, essential amino acids, fat high in omega 3 fatty acids, minerals and vitamins was investigated. The proximate composition, nutritional value, physical and sensorial properties were evaluated, The results of the chemical composition showed that the moisture content of fish based weaning food purees ranged from 67.73% to 72.05%. On dry weight basis, the five prepared formulations considered rich in protein (37.39% - 44.86%), fat (26.55% - 30.43%), ash (6.53% - 12.23%) and low in carbohydrates (20.70% - 22.18%). Using fish bones with muscles in preparing weaning food puree caused a marked rise in its content of Ca, P, Fe, and Zn levels especially in purees formulated from bolti. Weaning food purees containing sardine fish rich, in fat, were higher in vitamin A and D than those formulated from bolti one. Palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and myristic acid (C14:0) represented the major saturated fatty acids in the prepared formulations. Weaning food purees containing sardine fish had relatively higher levels of sulfur-containing amino acids and slight lower values of lysine, alanine and glycine than these including bolti fish. The In vitro protein digestibility index (IVPDI) of the different formulations was found to be 100%. The visual colour of such products can be described as yellowish. Except hardness, the other texture characteristics;cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of the weaning food purees did not significantly change. The children’s mothers accepted the appearance, flavor, and mouth feel of all weaning food purees prepared in this study.

An assessment of “fishing down marine food webs” in coastal states during 1950–2010

Mean trophic level of fishery landings（MTL） is one of the most widely used biodiversity indicators to assess the impacts of fishing. Based on the landing data compiled by Food and Agriculture Organization combined with trophic information of relevant species in Fish Base, we evaluated the status of marine fisheries from 1950 to 2010 for different coastal states in Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. We found that the phenomenon of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ occurred in 43 states. Specifically, 27 states belonged to ＂fishing-through＂ pattern, and 16 states resulted from ＂fishing-down＂ scenario. The sign of recovery in MTL was common in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans（occurred in 20 states）, but was generally accompanied by significantly decreased catches of traditional low trophic level species. In particular, 11 states showed significant declining catches of lower trophic levels. The MTL-based assessment of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ needs to be interpreted cautiously.

不同复热方式对预制烤鱼品质的影响

为探究预制菜产品复热后的品质差异,以预制烤鱼为原料,采用3种复热方式(微波复热、蒸汽复热、烘烤复热)进行热加工,通过分析剪切力、色差、硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(thiobarbituric acid reaction substances,TBARS)值、水分含量及分布,以及挥发性风味物质并结合感官评价,研究不同复热方式对预制烤鱼品质的影响。结果表明,相比于蒸汽复热和烘烤复热,微波复热后烤鱼剪切力最小,嫩度最高;烘烤复热后鱼的剪切力约为微波复热3.16倍;微波复热后水分含量最高,约为烘烤复热后水分含量的1.04倍;TBARS值最高,约为蒸汽复热的1.52倍;挥发性风味物质种类多,且醛类化合物含量最高;微波复热的感官评价得分最高;在复热时长方面,微波加热时间最短。综合各项指标,微波复热是预制烤鱼较为合适的复热方式。该研究为预制菜的复热加工提供理论支持。

原子荧光光谱法检测食用鱼中汞、砷含量

目的:建立原子荧光光谱法同时测定食用鱼中汞、砷含量的方法。方法:采用微波消解法对样品进行预处理,原子荧光光谱法同时测定食用鱼(淡水鱼、海水鱼)中汞、砷含量,分析其检测结果。结果:汞在0~10.0μg·mL^(-1)时线性关系良好,砷在0~40.0μg·mL^(-1)时线性关系良好,相关系数> 0.999。汞的检出限在2.50~3.83μg·mL^(-1),回收率为94.1%~99.0%,精密度为2.9%;砷的检出限在2.30~3.68μg·mL^(-1),回收率为93.3%~99.2%,精密度为2.0%。对比发现食用海水鱼中汞、砷含量显著高于淡水鱼(P <0.05)。结论:原子荧光光谱法操作简单、检测灵敏度较高,可同时测定食用鱼汞、砷含量。

不同转食策略对花斑副沙鳅仔鱼和稚鱼生长及存活率的影响

为研究不同转食策略对花斑副沙鳅(Parabotia fasciata)仔鱼和稚鱼生长及存活率的影响,探寻其最佳转食策略,设置5个转食起始点,分别为孵化出膜后第7天(W7组)、第9天(W9组)、第11天(W11组)、第13天(W13组)和第15天(W15)组,设计5个转食过渡时间,分别为2 d(W9-1组)、4 d(W9-2组)、6 d(W9-3组)、8 d(W9-4组)和10 d(W9-5组)。结果表明,孵化出膜23 d时,W13组试验鱼存活率最高,为83.33%,明显高于其余各组;孵化出膜11~15 d、15~19 d时,各组试验鱼特定生长率无显著差异(P>0.05),孵化出膜19~23 d时,W13组试验鱼特定生长率显著小于其余各组(P<0.05);W15组试验鱼体长和体重明显高于其余各组。W9-5组试验鱼存活率明显高于其余各组,孵化出膜25 d时,W9-5组试验鱼存活率为89.30%;孵化出膜21~25 d时,W9-1、W9-2组试验鱼特定生长率明显高于其余各组(P<0.05);W9-5组试验鱼体长和体重最大,其次是W9-4组,其余各组试验鱼体长和体重都随转食过度时间的缩短而降低。综合分析,推荐花斑副沙鳅仔鱼和稚鱼在孵化出膜13 d时开始转食,且以8 d作为转食的最佳过渡时间。

线粒体Cyt b基因在鲑科品种鉴定中的可靠性分析

为探究Cyt b基因在鲑科鱼类品种鉴定中的可靠性,本研究从GenBank数据库中下载9种鲑科鱼类品种的Cyt b基因序列共997条。以Cyt b全基因和文献报道的两组Cyt b基因短片段(359和200 bp)为研究对象,对其序列变异和分子系统进化树进行分析,并筛选鲑科鱼类品种的微型DNA条形码。结果表明,仅当选用200 bp片段时,银鲑的最大种内遗传距离大于最小种间遗传距离,不存在条形码间隙(barcode gap)。同时,根据分子系统进化树分析,同一品种在基于不同Cyt b基因片段的邻接树中均聚为单系,且每一个分支的结点置信度均大于70%。因此,Cyt b可以作为条形码基因用于鲑科鱼类品种鉴定。本研究筛选获得的微型DNA条形码对鲑科鱼类品种具有良好的特异性。

Dietary and Nutritional Value of Fish Oil,and Fermented Products

Present review article explains the dietary and nutritional value of various fish derived natural food products.Fish is a good source of important nutrients such as proteins,fats,vitamins and minerals.Fish oil contains polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs)mainly omega-3 fatty acids,eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA),docosahexaenoic acid(DHA),and eicosanoids.Fish contains high-quality protein(~14-16 percent)and is consumed worldwide.This article also emphasizes therapeutic uses of fish nutrients and oil in healing of wounds,hyper pigmentation,dermatitis,and in cardiovascular risks.Fish oil polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs)are highly beneficial in cardiovascular problems and dermatitis.Fish oil is good for skin-related diseases such as photo-ageing and melanogenesis These also affect anticancer,wound healing and anti-depressant activity.In the present review various local,national,and international processed fish derived food currently available in the market fish dishes have been mentioned.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp.in raw retail frozen imported freshwater fish to Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Objective:To determine the proportion of imported frozen fish contaminated with Salmonella among retail food stores and supermarkets in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.Methods:A total of 223 frozen freshwater fish purchased from different supermarkets and grocery stores were analyzed for the presence of foodborne pathogen Salmonella.The isolation of Salmonella was determined and confirmed by using the methods of US Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual.CHROMagar Salmonella plus,biochemical tests and API 20E strips.Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella isolates were determined by the disk diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar,as described by Kirby-Bauer.in accordance with the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Results:Out of the total 223 fish samples(20 of catfish,18 of carfu,20 of mirgal,25 of milkfish,35 of mackerel,75 of tilapia,and 30 of rohu),89(39.9%)were tested positive for Salmonella.The prevalence of positive samples were reported for the freshwater fish of pangas(60.0%,n=12),carfu(27.7%,n=5),mirgal(35.0%,n=7),milkfish(52.0%,n=13),mackerel(31.4%,n=11),tilapia imported from Thailand(64.0%,n=16),tilapia imported from India(28.0%,n=14),rohu imported from Thailand(26.6%,n=4)and rohu imported from Myanmar(46.6%,n=7).A total of 140 isolates of Salmonella spp.were yielded from at least seven different types of frozen freshwater fish imported from 5 different countries and were tested for their susceptibility to 16 selected antimicrobial agents.The highest antibiotic resistance was observed to tetracycline(90.71%)followed by ampicillin(70%)and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid(45%).Conclusions:The obtained results of this study shows that these raw retail imported frozen freshwater fish are contaminated with potentially pathogenic Salmonella spp.And the study recommend and suggest that there is a need for adequate consumer measures.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake,China

The Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb contents were determined in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, Carassius auratus Linnaeus, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis, which were caught from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, a large, shallow and eutrophic lake of China. The results showed that： （1） the Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd contents in the edible parts of the four fish species were much lower than Chinese Food Health Criterion （1994）, but the Zn contents were higher than the Criterion; （2） Cd contents were the highest in the liver of fish, Pb contents were almost the same in all organs of fish, Cr contents mainly enriched in the skin and gonads, Zn contents were the highest in the gonad （♀）, and Cu contents were the highest in the liver; （3） the total metal accumulation was the greatest in the liver and the lowest in the muscle. The total metal accumulation was the highest in C. auratus L. This investigation indicated that fish products in Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption, but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Zn.

Development and Validation of an Australian Database for Estimating the Seafood Content of Canned Products

Canned fish products are of increasing popularity in Australia;however current Australian nutrient databases do not include data on the percentage fish in these products. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a database of the percentage fish and seafood contained in common canned fish and seafood products, for use in clinical trials. Six major supermarkets in the Illawarra region, NSW were audited for canned seafood products, and a database of reported percentage fish and seafood was developed. Mean + SD of each type of product was then determined. To validate the database, a representative sample of canned tuna products were weighed according to Codex Alimentarius methods. The weighed percentage fish was compared to reported percentage via independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Percentage fish data was collected for n = 214 canned fish products. The mean percentage fish in tuna products was 60.4% + 11.3% (n = 144), 72.0% + 14.7% in salmon products (n = 31) and 70.9% + 9.3% in sardine products (n = 23). There was no significant difference between the reported and weighed percentage fish. This database highlighted the substantial proportion of additional ingredients found in canned fish products. Given the popularity of such products, future studies measuring fish consumption should use a similar database to accurately measure fish intake.

Effects of Body Weight and Water Temperature on Maximum Food Consumption of JuvenileSebastodes fuscescens (Houttuyn)

Maximum rate of food consumption (C max) was determined for juvenile Sebastodes fuscescens (Houttuyn) at water temperature of 10, 15, 20 and 25℃. The relationships of C max to the body weight (W) at each temperature were described by a power equation: lnC max = a + b lnW. Covariance analysis revealed significant interaction of the temperature and body weight. The relationship of adjusted C max to water temperature (T) was described by a quadratic equation: C max =-0.369 + 0.456T - 0.0117T 2. The optimal feeding temperature calculated from this equation was 19.5℃. The coefficients of the multiple regression estimation relating C max to body weight (W) and water temperature (T) were given in the Table 2.

Preliminary Discussion on the Evolution of the Food Pattern of Human Society

Human food consists of 2 major parts: plants and animals. Primitive people collected food by fishing,hunting and gathering,and later they developed primitive agriculture and animal husbandry about near to 10 thousand years ago. Due to different natural conditions,the distribution of plants,wild animals which were suitable for domestication are unbalanced in the world; therefore species of domesticated crops and animals vary throughout the world,which leads to the differences in the food patterns of human society. The Great Discovery of Geography ushered in the ear of exchanges among people,one of which is the exchange in agriculture. Crops from America were introduced to the old continent while poultry and livestock of the old continent were also brought to America; later,domesticated crops and animals were spread to the newly-discovered Oceania. Since then,the differences in people's food pattern have begun to narrowdown and started on the path to convergence,and the whole process is basically a saddle-shaped development.

Simple Detection Method of Biogenic Amines in Decomposed Fish by Intramolecular Excimer Fluorescence

Biogenic amines are known to have various biological functions such as not only neurotransmitter and cell proliferation but also food poisoning. Bacterially-decomposed amines such as histamine, agmatine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine cause allergic symptoms. We developed simple method for measurement of polyamine as indicator of food decomposition with a fluorometer by using 4-(1-Pyrene)butyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (PSE). PSE reacts with primary and secondary amino moieties of polyamines and produces the intramolecular excimer fluorescence. Excimer fluorescence with broad peak at around 470 nm was clearly detected in linear type biogenic amines such as putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine at 10 mM. However neither histamine nor trimethylamine altered the fluorescence. Decomposed sardine and mackerel by improper storage showed stronger intensity than fresh ones. Comparing with OPA-method, PSE method was useful for screening biogenic amines present in food, esp. fish since the analysis was simple after one-step purification procedure. An inexpensive system which can rapidly detect biogenic amines from food is necessary in a medium and small-sized food business. The technique using excimer has potential to realize the high through-put screening system for evaluation of food freshness and is expected to bring the public interests such as food security and safety of consumer.

Spatial and temporal characteristics of trophic structure of the southern Huanghai Sea fish communities

The spatial and temporal characteristics of trophic structure of fish communities in the southern Huanghai Sea were examined based on the data sampled from bottom trawl surveys conducted during the autumn of 2000 and the spring of 2001. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster method and bootstrap randomization were used to identify significant trophic groups for each fish assemblage in the southern Huanghai Sea. A total of six major trophic groups were identified within this system, which classified predators based upon location in the water column or prey size （ i. e. , benthic to pelagic predators or fish to small invertebrate prey predators）. The similarity level used to identify significant trophic groups in each assemblage ranged from 24% to 34%. Although planktivores were the dominant trophic group in each assemblage （60% - 79% ）, there were spatial and temporal variations in the trophic structure, which reflected the differences in the abundance and availability of dominant preys. Simplified food webs were constructed to evaluate the most important trophic relationships between the dominant prey taxa and the fishes in each assemblage within this system. Although there were some differences in the key prey species among different food webs, pelagic prey items （mainly euphausiids and copepods） represent the most important energetic link between primary producers and higher trophic level predators. The trophic level for most fishes was between 3 and d, and the weighted mean trophic level for each assemblage ranged from 3.3 to 3.4. Compared with previous study in the mid-1980s, there was an obvious downward trend in the trophic level for most fish species, which resulted mainly from the fluctuation in key prey species in the Huanghai Sea. The decrease in the importance of Japanese anchovy seems to be offset by other abundant prey species such as Euphausia pacifica and copepods （ mainly Calanus sinicus ） .

Diet of fish populations in posidonia oceanica meadows off the Island of Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italy):

The gut contents of fish in three Posidonia oceanica meadows off the island of Ischia (Bay of Naples, Italy) were investigated. A total of 926 individual fish belonging to 28 species was sampled by bottom trawl in the leaf canopy. Labridae, Pomacentridae, Scorpaenidae, and Serranidae were the best represented families (41%, 38%, 8% and 6% of the total number of individuals, respectively). Of the 94 taxa detected in the gut contents, 42 were identified to the species level. The most common food items were decapod crustaceans (15% of the gut contents, on average), copepods (13%), amphipods (14%), brown fragments of P. oceanica (6%), and ostracods (6%). The most abundant species of labridae, Symphodus ocellatus and S. rostratus, showed a broad spectrum of prey. This generalist feeding may positively influence their numerical abundance. Seasonal variations in the diets of fish, also at prey-species level, were demonstrated. The fish taxon plays essentially a macro-carnivore trophic role. In the investigated seagrass meadows the main trophic fluxes start from plant detritus, macrophyta, and microphyta (as primary producers) towards crustacean decapods, copepods, ostracods, and gammarid amphipods (as secondary producers) to fish. A low recycling rate (4%) within the fish community was observed. Larger fish predators (e.g., Sparidae), swimming over the leaf canopy, are the main exporters to adjacent coastal systems.

Fish sauce and gastric cancer:an ecological study in Fujian Province,China

AIM To explore the relationship betweenconsumption of fish sauce and the risk of gastriccancer in Fujian Province.METHODS An ecological study was carriedout.A total of 11000 subjects from 55 townshipswere randomly selected from 10 counties withinFujian Province.All subjects were localresidents who had been living in Fujian Provincefor more than 20 years,within the age group of45-74 years.Trained interviewers conductedface-to-face interviews with a standardizedquestionnaire,which covered the frequency andamount of food intake,dietary habit,tobaccoand alcohol consumption and history of chronicgastric diseases.Univariate and multivariateanalyses were performed using Epi-info and SASstatistical packages,respectively.RESULTS A significant correlation betweenmonthly consumption of fish sauce and mortalityof gastric cancer was found.Pearson’scoefficient of correlation was statisticallysignificant with r=0.7356 for males,r=0.5246for females(P【0.01).In the multivariateanalysis,consumption of fish sauce still showedan association with the risk of gastric cancer.No significant positive correlation betweenesophagus cancer,liver cancer,colon cancerand consumption of fish sauce were observed.CONCLUSION Long-term intake of fish saucemay be related to high mortality of gastriccancer.Consumption of fish sauce might be oneof important and unique etiologic factors ofgastric cancer in Fujian Province.Furtherstudies are needed to confirm this ecologicalstudy.