The aim of the work was to improve the healthy value of milk and cheese fatty acids (FA) by feeding a mix of crude soybean oil sediment (CSOS) combined with fish oil (FO) to grazing dairy cows. The CSOS is a by-produc...The aim of the work was to improve the healthy value of milk and cheese fatty acids (FA) by feeding a mix of crude soybean oil sediment (CSOS) combined with fish oil (FO) to grazing dairy cows. The CSOS is a by-product commonly discarded after oil extraction containing 3.3% moisture, 6% total ash and 70.7% oil, locally available, comparatively economic and easy to mix with other feed ingredients. The experiment lasted 55 days from September 30th to November 23th 2018 and was carried out at the dairy farm “Gacef” provider of milk to the dairy industrial plant “Capilla Del Se<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ñ</span>or” (CDS) located at the Villa María City, Córdoba Province, Argentine. A herd of 80 multiparous Holstein cows producing 24 kg<sup>-1</sup> milk·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> was used. The cows grazed an alfalfa and an oat pasture that represented about 47% of total dry matter (DM) intake supplemented at 8.5 kg DM·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> with a total mixed ration (TMR) composed (DM basis) by cracked corn grain (35.18%), whole plant corn silage (31.98%), pelletized soyben meal (17.99%), the CSOS supplement (13.85%) and FO (0.99%). The TMR was supplied by halves after each milking time in groupal feeders yielding 1.4 kg·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> of the CSOS and 0.1 kg·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> of FO. Before the start of lipid supplementation, milk samples (5) were obtained from the farm-tank representing the standar or reference milk (Ref-Milk). After 21 days of supplementary lipid supply, additional milk samples (5) were obtained representing the modified milk (Mod-Milk). Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition and milk FA profile. At each time, sufficient quantities of both (Ref- and Mod-Milk) were collected for manufacturing six types of cheeses. The results were analyzed through the Student-T test for independent observations. Oil supplementation did not modify (P > 0.05) the chemical composition of milk. Concentration of butyric acid (C<sub>4:0</sub>) in milk was not affected (P < 0.858). Concentration of total saturated FA (SFAs) in Ref-Milk averaged 58.83 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA and was decreased to 49.67 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA in Mod-Milk (P < 0.0001). Monounsaturated FA (MUFAs) increased (P < 0.001) from 32.03 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA in Ref-Milk to 38.13 g 100 g-1 FA in Mod-Milk (+19.07%) whereas polyunsaturated FA (PUFAs) increased (+36.1%) from 4.71 to 6.41 (P < 0.004). The Mod-Milk showed a significant (P < 0.002) reduction (-15.3% or 5.9 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA) for the total concentration of the potentially atherogenic fraction of milk FA (C<sub>12:0</sub> to C<sub>16:0</sub>). The atherogenic index (AI) also decreased (P < 0.012) from 1.98 in Ref-Milk to 1.42 in Mod-Milk (-28.4%). Concentration of vaccenic acid (VA, <em>trans</em>-11 C<sub>18:1</sub>) in Mod-Milk averaged 7.77 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA which represented a 162 % increase (P < 0.0001) over that observed in Ref-Milk (2.95 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup>). Concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, <em>cis</em>-9, <em>trans</em>-11 C<sub>18:2</sub>) in Ref-Milk averaged 1.47 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA and showed an important increase (P < 0.002) in the Mod-Milk (3.86 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA, +163%). The omega 6/3 ratio resulted lower (P < 0.012) in the Ref-Milk (2.28) compared to the Mod-Milk (2.83). Milk and cheese FA composition were highly correlated (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001). The Mod-Cheeses showed similar results in AI, total concentration of SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs compared to the milk of origin. Differences in FA composition between the cheeses made with the Ref- and Mod-Milk were equivalent to those described for milks. It is concluded that supplementation with a blend of CSOS supplement and FO was an effective way to improve the healthy value of dairy products by reducing contents of SFAs, atherogenic FAs and the atherogenicity index with a concomitant increase in VA and CLA. Modifications induced in the Mod-Milk were recovered in the Mod-Cheeses. The results obtained may help to reduce saturated fat intake and fight or prevent incidence of non-communicable, cardiovascular and chronic diseases.展开更多
采用两步酶法合成母乳脂替代品。以油茶籽油和棕榈酸为原料,在有机相体系中利用脂肪酶Novozym 435催化合成Sn-2位富含棕榈酸的甘油三酯,通过单因素试验和响应面设计,获得了最佳合成条件为反应溶剂正己烷、溶剂用量10 m L/g、底物(棕榈酸...采用两步酶法合成母乳脂替代品。以油茶籽油和棕榈酸为原料,在有机相体系中利用脂肪酶Novozym 435催化合成Sn-2位富含棕榈酸的甘油三酯,通过单因素试验和响应面设计,获得了最佳合成条件为反应溶剂正己烷、溶剂用量10 m L/g、底物(棕榈酸-油茶籽油)质量比1.1∶1、脂肪酶用量(以底物质量计)10.1%、反应时间16.5 h、反应温度50℃,Sn-2位棕榈酸含量达到66.08%;以第一步酸解反应得到的甘油三酯和鱼油为底物,经Sn-1,3专一性脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化酯交换制备母乳脂替代品。制品检测结果表明,其不仅棕榈酸的含量和分布与母乳脂相似,而且具有较高含量的二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸等多不饱和脂肪酸,亦可作为婴儿配方奶粉的脂肪来源。展开更多
文摘The aim of the work was to improve the healthy value of milk and cheese fatty acids (FA) by feeding a mix of crude soybean oil sediment (CSOS) combined with fish oil (FO) to grazing dairy cows. The CSOS is a by-product commonly discarded after oil extraction containing 3.3% moisture, 6% total ash and 70.7% oil, locally available, comparatively economic and easy to mix with other feed ingredients. The experiment lasted 55 days from September 30th to November 23th 2018 and was carried out at the dairy farm “Gacef” provider of milk to the dairy industrial plant “Capilla Del Se<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ñ</span>or” (CDS) located at the Villa María City, Córdoba Province, Argentine. A herd of 80 multiparous Holstein cows producing 24 kg<sup>-1</sup> milk·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> was used. The cows grazed an alfalfa and an oat pasture that represented about 47% of total dry matter (DM) intake supplemented at 8.5 kg DM·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> with a total mixed ration (TMR) composed (DM basis) by cracked corn grain (35.18%), whole plant corn silage (31.98%), pelletized soyben meal (17.99%), the CSOS supplement (13.85%) and FO (0.99%). The TMR was supplied by halves after each milking time in groupal feeders yielding 1.4 kg·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> of the CSOS and 0.1 kg·cow<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup> of FO. Before the start of lipid supplementation, milk samples (5) were obtained from the farm-tank representing the standar or reference milk (Ref-Milk). After 21 days of supplementary lipid supply, additional milk samples (5) were obtained representing the modified milk (Mod-Milk). Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition and milk FA profile. At each time, sufficient quantities of both (Ref- and Mod-Milk) were collected for manufacturing six types of cheeses. The results were analyzed through the Student-T test for independent observations. Oil supplementation did not modify (P > 0.05) the chemical composition of milk. Concentration of butyric acid (C<sub>4:0</sub>) in milk was not affected (P < 0.858). Concentration of total saturated FA (SFAs) in Ref-Milk averaged 58.83 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA and was decreased to 49.67 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA in Mod-Milk (P < 0.0001). Monounsaturated FA (MUFAs) increased (P < 0.001) from 32.03 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA in Ref-Milk to 38.13 g 100 g-1 FA in Mod-Milk (+19.07%) whereas polyunsaturated FA (PUFAs) increased (+36.1%) from 4.71 to 6.41 (P < 0.004). The Mod-Milk showed a significant (P < 0.002) reduction (-15.3% or 5.9 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA) for the total concentration of the potentially atherogenic fraction of milk FA (C<sub>12:0</sub> to C<sub>16:0</sub>). The atherogenic index (AI) also decreased (P < 0.012) from 1.98 in Ref-Milk to 1.42 in Mod-Milk (-28.4%). Concentration of vaccenic acid (VA, <em>trans</em>-11 C<sub>18:1</sub>) in Mod-Milk averaged 7.77 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA which represented a 162 % increase (P < 0.0001) over that observed in Ref-Milk (2.95 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup>). Concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, <em>cis</em>-9, <em>trans</em>-11 C<sub>18:2</sub>) in Ref-Milk averaged 1.47 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA and showed an important increase (P < 0.002) in the Mod-Milk (3.86 g 100 g<sup>-1</sup> FA, +163%). The omega 6/3 ratio resulted lower (P < 0.012) in the Ref-Milk (2.28) compared to the Mod-Milk (2.83). Milk and cheese FA composition were highly correlated (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001). The Mod-Cheeses showed similar results in AI, total concentration of SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs compared to the milk of origin. Differences in FA composition between the cheeses made with the Ref- and Mod-Milk were equivalent to those described for milks. It is concluded that supplementation with a blend of CSOS supplement and FO was an effective way to improve the healthy value of dairy products by reducing contents of SFAs, atherogenic FAs and the atherogenicity index with a concomitant increase in VA and CLA. Modifications induced in the Mod-Milk were recovered in the Mod-Cheeses. The results obtained may help to reduce saturated fat intake and fight or prevent incidence of non-communicable, cardiovascular and chronic diseases.
