On the Ecological Restoration Mode of Urban Water Revetment Landscape

Urban waterfront revetment is a special zone between water and land,with high ecological,economic and aesthetic value. Waterfront revetment landscape is not only an important part of urban water and land ecosystems,but also an integral part of the city. Based on the current situation of ecological environment of waterfront revetment landscape,we come up with different ecological restoration modes for different types of revetment,to achieve the organic integration of waterfront revetment landscape and ecology.

Types of Ecological Revetments in Hydraulic Engineering

Compared with traditional bank protection, ecological revetments, as a new type of bank protection, can ensure the sustainable and healthy development of river ecology and has broad application prospects. In this paper, the design principles for ecological revetments and the factors that need to be considered in the selection of revetment plants were summarized; and the types of ecological revetments commonly used in water conservancy projects were summarized and classified according to the proportion of natural materials in revetment materials through domestic and foreign research and engineering examples, and their applicable scope and relevant merits were introduced. In conclusion, ecological revetments should get rid of its own limitations in the practical application process, and the river regulation scheme and revetment type should be selected comprehensively and flexibly combined with the status quo.

Field Application of Mulberry Straw Arch in Ecological Bank Revetment

With the growing level of awareness and increasing demand for environmental protection,timber pile revetments with significant ecological effects have experienced increasingly wide application in China.The current timber pile revetment system has two problems:continuous dense piles have high construction costs and require large timber consumptions,while the discrete pile-bamboo fence systems have poor retaining effects.Considering these problems,an original revetment structure form is proposed:a discrete pile-mulberry straw arch structure.To investigate the mechanical properties of the mulberry straw,some mechanical tests are conducted on mulberry straw and its arch structure.It is found that the average compressive strength of mulberry straw is 2.30 MPa,the bending strength is 20.08 MPa and the shear strength is 2.99 MPa;considering the structural characteristics of arches,mulberry straw arches have a high bending strength,which affords immense potential for their application in revetment structures.Furthermore,by doing field study of the discrete timber pile-mulberry straw arch structure for bank revetment,it is found that the arch height of the mulberry straw arch changes 1.4–1.6 cm after 489 d observation.The soil settlement before the straw arch is 0.13–0.18 cm and the settlement of the pile is 0.66–0.72 mm.Compared with bamboo fence structure,the cost of using mulberry straw arch structure as revetment material can save up to 27.07%.Therefore,the discrete timber pile-mulberry straw arch has a rational and stable structure that provides effective support for protecting the riverbank and the toe of gentle slopes and effectively prevents the collapse of bank slopes in the rear.The new revetment structure proposed in this paper has signifi-cant ecological and economic effects,is easy to construct and feasible for standard production,and consequently has great application potential.

Study on the Impact of Filter Layer Permeability on Revetment Top Layer Stability under Wave Action

In the design of revetment engineering under wave action, to resist the wave action, the pattern of top layer-filter layer-core （subsoil） is often adopted. In general, the structure of top layer is usually single discrete blocks, typically accropode blocks, four-leg square hollow blocks and barrier boards, and also acropode, riprap, paved rock blocks or concrete slabs with smaller waves. Such top layer has been provided with many research findings on its stability and is widely used in engineering. Setting a filter layer between the top layer and the lower dike core mainly has two functions： （1） giving certain permeability, to minimize the hydrodynamic load directly acting on the lower foundation soil; （2） giving certain hydraulic tightness, to prevent fine sediment of the lower foundation soil from being washed out. This paper is focused on a special filter layer with geotextile as its upper structure and coarse aggregate as its lower structure. By simulating geotextile with different permeability and coarse aggregate with different size, the pressure of top of cover layer and the down side of the geotextile is tested under wave actions, and compared with theoretical analysis, in this way, how the permeability of geotextile impacts the stability of top layer is studied. The research shows that when the filter layer under the geotextile has high permeability and the geotextile＇s permeability gets poorer, the uplift force to geotextile and the top layer will be increased under wave action, which will cause damage to the top layer when it is greater than the vertical component of the underwater gravity along the slope surface.

Waterfront Revetment in Yaodu Town, Qingbaijiang District, Chengdu

With the advancement of urban-rural integration, township waterfront functioning as urban waterfront is increasingly emphasized by people. Township waterfront is expected to not only meet the basic needs of urban waterfront in landscape, but also give consideration to both leisure tourism and ecological protection. This paper analyzes the existing problems in the revetment design on the township waterfront and elaborates the importance and feasibility of constructing the ecological revetment in the traditional townships as well as design procedures. The concept of ecological design is introduced into the revetment design on the township waterfront to meet the requirements of both man and nature, so as to achieve a harmonious coexistence between man and nature and sustainable development in a real sense.

Effect of Waterscape Structures on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Efficiency in Revetment Wetland System

The effect of aeration and waterscape structures reaeration system on nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency in revetment wetlands was studied by laboratory simulation. The results showed that the removal efficiency of TN, TP in tranquil flow waterscape was 61% and 72%; aeration and waterscape structure system promoted nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency in revetment wetland through increasing the DO content in the water, compared with system without artificial oxygen, the removal efficiency of TP in waterscape structures increased by 11. 6%-19. 1%, and that of TN increased by 10.5%-16. 1%; meanwhile, disturbance brought by the waterscape structure systems enhanced the adsorption of TP and flocculation effect; in addition, nitrification was confirmed as the main control step of TN removal in revetment wetland system.

Energy Dissipation Within the Wave Run-Up at Stepped Revetments

To understand the processes and energy dissipation performance caused by turbulence during the wave run-up over a stepped revetment,hydraulic model tests with steady flow conditions are conducted and correlated with unsteady flow conditions of the wave run-up within a short time frame.Under irregular waves,the run-up reduction over a stepped revetment is dependent on the Iribarren number and decreases for decreasing Iribarren numbers.Velocity gradients are found to be similar in a steady and unsteady flow regime near the pseudo-bottom.

基于Stacking集成算法的抛石护岸水毁破坏预测研究

抛石护岸在顶冲等极端情况下易发生水毁破坏,给人民的生命财产带来威胁。通过水槽试验获取496组样本数据,利用互信息(MI)筛选出6个关键特征属性,并采用支持向量机(SVR)、广义回归神经网络(GRNN)和随机森林(RF)等机器学习算法构建多个预测模型。然后,将这些模型作为基学习器,结合BP神经网络(BPNN)作为元学习器,采用Stacking集成学习方法构建抛石护岸破坏程度预测模型。最后,通过决定系数(R^(2))、均方根误差(R_(RMSE))及平均绝对误差(M_(MAE))等评价指标对模型性能进行评估。结果表明,Stacking模型在抛石护岸破坏高度、长度、范围上的平均R^(2)为0.98、RRMSE为0.02、M_(MAE)为0.03,相较于单一模型(SVR、GRNN、RF),Stacking模型的R_(RMSE)、M_(MAE)皆为最小,R2最高。在抛石护岸水毁破坏程度的预测中,融合的Stacking模型展现出更高的准确性与稳定性。

淤泥固化土动力特性及在直立护岸抗震分析中的应用

以大连临空产业园填海造地项目为背景,开展淤泥固化土动力特性试验研究。运用FLAC^(3D)有限元软件对不同地基处理方案的直立沉箱护岸在地震作用下进行动力响应模拟。从加速度响应、孔压与有效应力、残余变形等方面定量评价直立沉箱护岸结构的抗震安全性。动力特性试验结果表明:阻尼比与剪切应变和固化剂掺量呈正相关,且围压越高,阻尼越小。数值分析结果表明:在地震作用下,不同的地基条件下加速度放大系数呈现出不同的峰值;沉箱下方砂土层不液化;淤泥固化土地基上沉箱的残余变形小于原状淤泥地基且高水位能减小残余变形,提高沉箱的安全性。研究成果可为类似港口工程抗震设计提供参考。

滨水生态驳岸对水体的净化效果研究——以南昌市象湖湿地公园为例

为研究滨水生态驳岸对水体的净化效果,本文以南昌市象湖湿地公园生态驳岸为例,通过重新构建生态驳岸植物群落等工程改造,监测和评价生态驳岸工程改造前后示范段的近岸水体净化效果。结果表明,改造前,区域内各水体的污染程度均较严重,原硬质驳岸、自然缓坡和木桩驳岸的近岸水质均为地表水Ⅴ类或Ⅴ类以下,以总氮为主要污染物,而总磷的污染程度较小。改造完成后,区域内的主要水体水质上升为地表水Ⅲ类,透明度明显增大;仅有局部的微小区域水质仍为Ⅴ类,但其污染指数已有明显降低。因此,生态驳岸的营建和滨水地带植物群落的合理布局,结合污染控制,能够较好地保护和重建水陆边缘地带的自然生态过程及岸栖生物栖息环境,有效地发挥其生态系统边缘效应,形成自然优美、生态功能持续稳定的湖泊湿地景观。

水位变化条件下植被对下荆江河段岸坡稳定性影响分析

针对下荆江河段典型的上黏下砂二元岸坡,选用香根草-高羊茅组合植物护坡型式,综合考虑植物根系锚固作用及植被蒸腾作用,利用GeoStudio软件模拟岸坡强度指标和热力学指标,运用单因子分析方法研究河道水位下降幅度M、水位下降速率R、初始水位I因素对岸坡稳定性的影响,并运用灰色关联分析方法对比三种因素对岸坡稳定性的影响程度。结果表明:在水位下降过程中,岸坡稳定安全系数先快速下降,后趋于稳定;岸坡稳定性受水位快速下降的影响最大,当下降速率小于1 m/d时,素土岸坡能保持在基本稳定状态;当下降速率大于3 m/d时,岸坡失稳破坏。植被有助于提升岸坡的稳定性,有植被岸坡与素土岸坡相比,其稳定安全系数最大可提升4.33%;岸坡稳定安全系数与M、R、I三种影响因素的关联度在有植被条件下依次有所下降,最大降低3.73%。本文研究结果明确了水位变化条件下植被对下荆江岸坡的稳固效果,可为生态护岸工程的设计提供基础支撑。

软体排沉排水流结构与排体动力特性数值模拟

针对软体排沉排施工时容易出现撕排和断排的问题,本文基于k-ωSST湍流模型,采用分区耦合算法对顺水沉排过程进行双向流固耦合模拟。分析了不同水流条件下绕流流场、涡流结构与排体动力特性,并结合室内水槽试验验证模型计算精度。结果表明:水流流经排体后发生流动分离,导致沿排宽中轴线形成对称的回流区。排体迎水面流速随水深增加呈指数型递增,排体后方高速尾流带的最大流速相较平均流速可增大40%~50%。当雷诺数增加,主体涡流结构由靠近床面侧逐步向水面处发展。此外,排体所受应力沿横向呈条带状分布,峰值集中于排体与翻板交界处及排头梁附近。研究结果可为完善排体结构设计、改进沉排施工工艺提供理论指导。

钢板桩加固岸坡变形与桩土相互作用机理研究

针对航道开挖过程中护岸边坡板桩变形及桩土相互作用机制,通过选取典型断面进行现场试验的方法,对板桩结构位移、土压力及临近土体变形等关键物理量参数进行监测,并结合理论计算方法对板桩结构及后方岸坡土体稳定性进行了详细分析,探究了复杂地质条件下桩后土体变形与主动土压力的内在关联,得到了部分有益结论。板桩护岸后方边坡土体水平位移随开挖进行逐渐增加,边坡达到平衡状态时不同深度土体位移约为0.8~1 mm,板桩桩顶水平位移变化量约为1.2 mm。航道开挖过程中板桩主动侧土压力随开挖的进行逐渐减小,不同埋深位置桩侧土压力减小值约为1 kPa,与理论计算结果比较发现现场试验结果均较小,说明上述理论计算方法对于本试验结构形式而言土压力计算略偏保守。

生态型护岸在水利工程设计中的应用

分析生态型护岸特征及生态型护岸在水利工程设计中的应用要点,以某河流综合整治(防洪工程)为研究对象,从洪水计算及防洪对策分析、水土流失防治措施总体布局、社会经济效益综合评价几方面详细阐述生态型护岸在水利工程设计中的应用。

内河航道板桩-浆砌块石结构共同护岸机理研究

在内河高等级航道建设中,新建板桩-原有浆砌块石共同护岸成为一种新型的护岸结构。通过对该护岸结构的离心模型试验研究,分析了板桩与原有结构之间无连接(J1)、刚性连接(J2)时,原有护岸结构位移、板桩桩侧土压力及桩身弯矩。试验结果表明,刚性连接时,原有结构后倾、下沉位移远小于无连接情况,板桩稳定性大幅度提升;开挖过程中J1,J2条件下板桩除了产生平移位移、还有转动位移,J1以转动为主,J2以平移为主;受U型板桩形状影响,开挖过程中板桩两侧土体形成土拱,同一深度不同位置板桩土压力有较大区别,土压力变化也有较大差异;开挖过程中,J2条件下桩身范围内土压力变化较一致,J1条件下随桩身深度增加,桩侧土压力变化幅度增加;J1条件下最大弯矩位于桩身下部、J2条件下位于桩身上部,且J2最大弯矩大于J1最大弯矩。

一种新型双曲弧面海堤护坡结构的防浪消能效果

研发新型海堤护坡结构对守护人民生命安全、提高海堤工程稳定性具有重要意义。针对钱塘江河口潮流强劲,而传统海堤护面光滑,难以对强大冲击浪进行有效缓冲的工程问题,设计研发了一种具有双曲弧面结构的海堤护坡结构,采用室内水力试验和数值模拟等手段对其防浪效果、压强分布特征进行分析。研究结果表明,新型海堤护面结构通过有效引导、改变冲击浪的流向及流态,既能起到较好的消能作用,又能增强钱塘江大潮的观景效果,为复杂水流条件下海堤护坡结构设计提供了新的工程思路。

基于神经网络的多向波作用下直立堤越浪量预测模型

海岸工程中常采用直立堤的结构形式,波浪作用下的越浪量影响因素众多,特别是考虑实际多向波的作用,目前并没有统一的计算方法。利用神经网络方法在计算回归问题上的优势,构建反向传播神经网络模型,采用物理试验数据构建训练集,建立多向波浪作用下直立堤越浪量的预测模型。通过与测试集、经验公式以及其他物理模型试验结果的对比,显示了本模型具有良好的预测精度,可满足工程设计需要。利用该模型进一步分析波浪入射角度和方向分布宽度对波浪越浪量的影响规律,弥补了试验数据不全造成的变化规律不明显的问题。

小角度缠绕复合材料护岸管桩抗弯性能试验与设计

本文提出一种新型复合材料护岸管桩。该护岸管桩由纤维缠绕工艺制备的复合材料缠绕管制成。通过四点弯曲试验,得到试件的破坏模式以及荷载-位移关系,以此分析缠绕角度±55°、±15°以及是否浇筑混凝土对护岸管桩抗弯性能影响。结果表明:纤维缠绕角度由55°减小为15°与浇筑混凝土都能极大提高复合材料护岸管桩的刚度和抗弯承载力。在此基础上进行复合材料护岸管桩嵌固端深度计算公式推导,并给出护岸管桩的设计流程以及应用建议。这为之后复合材料护岸管桩应用于护岸工程提供了参考。

长江王家洲崩岸治理及护岸效果分析

通过分析长江上下三号河段近期河势变化趋势,由于受上游河势变化影响,王家洲岸坡易发生崩塌后退,需实施整治工程。为解决王家洲崩岸问题,对崩岸段采取岸坡防护加固措施。工程实施后,结合新近护岸测图,对该区域水文和地质进行了研究,分析了河道演变,并采用了平面法、横断面法和冲淤分析法,综合分析王家洲护岸工程实施后的效果。结果表明:护岸工程的实施保障了岸坡的稳定,历经多次洪水考验。实际说明护岸段近岸河床及岸坡相对稳定,护岸效果较好,并结合工程实践经验,提出后续建议和保护措施。

插板桩护岸桩顶位移过大原因探讨

插板桩护岸桩顶位移远超规范规定限值,整体倾向河中心,观感不佳,且插板桩有失稳风险。通过探讨插板桩护岸桩顶位移过大的具体原因,总结了相关经验教训,为同一类型其他河道整治护岸工程提供参考与借鉴。