Sea Cucumber Fishery in Aurora, Philippines

This study was conducted to provide a preliminary assessment of the sea cucumber fishery in Aurora, Philippines. This was conducted from February to June 2013. All sea cucumber gatherers and traders, obtained through snowball sampling, in each identified sea cucumber fishery area in six coastal municipalities (Baler, Dipaculao, Dinalungan, Casiguran, Dilasag and Dingalan) were interviewed using a structured interview schedule and focused group discussions (FGD). Results revealed that gathering sea cucumbers were accomplished by handpicking, skin diving or compressor diving. A total of 15 commercial species were regularly gathered. Out of this, three species are of very high economic value (≥Php 4000/kg) (Holothuria nobilis, Holothuria scabra, and Actinopyga lecanora). The average number of kilograms harvested per hour per trip ranges from 0.21 (Holothuria fuscopunctata) to 2.71 (Holothuria scabra), while the average size of commonly gathered sea cucumber varies among species with Holothuria lecanora showed an average length (29.26 cm) greater than recorded 24 cm. Processing mainly involves washing, slicing, boiling, drying and packing. Processed sea cucumbers or trepan were sold to middlemen or direct buyers who usually offered higher prices (36.36% up to 69.20%) than the former. Problems encountered by sea cucumber gatherers and traders include a decline in total catch, a shift in area of collection from intertidal zones to deeper waters, an increase in the number of hours spent in finding and gathering sea cucumbers, the use of compressors in gathering, the decline of larger species and gathering of smaller sizes in huge amount, the absence of conservation program for sea cucumber, and the lenient implementation of government policies with regards to coastal resources management.

Fisheries Management under Ecological Interdependence: The Case of European Hake and Blue Whiting Fishery

In mixed fisheries where there is an increased ecological interdependence between two or more target species, the possibilities of fishing these species must be determined jointly, since catches of one species will impact the natural growth not only of that species but of the others, as well. The objective of this paper is to develop a predator-prey model for two major species caught by the EU fishing fleet on European Union fishing grounds. The predator and prey’s population dynamics follow the Lotka-Volterra equation and are assumed to be logic-based, and a lineal interaction between the predator and prey populations is assumed. Optimal single owner multispecies fishery management is analysed, and the applied model is solved, obtaining the equilibrium value of biomasses, catches, and net benefits of the mixed fishery. The results show that the MSY of the predator is higher than that estimated by ICES, while MSY for prey is lower. The sensitivity analysis of the results reveals that the biomass levels of both species decrease as the discount rate increases, while catches increase.

Variation of the coastal upwelling off South Java and their impact on local fishery resources

There is a vast upwelling area induced by the southeast monsoon in the waters off South Java,making the region an important fishing ground.Climate events can affect the variation of upwelling,but oceanographers have different understandings on the extent to which climate events control upwelling in this area,which leads to a lack of basis for studies on the evaluation and mechanisms of the variability of fishery resources in the region.The correlation between environmental parameters,including surface temperature(SST),chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentration,and climate event indices in South Java from 2003 to 2020 was analyzed.Results show that the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)has a greater influence on the interannual variability of upwelling intensity than ENSO.During the IOD,variations in equatorial latitudinal winds excite different types of Kelvin waves that anomalously deepen or shallow the thermocline,which is the main cause of anomalous variations in upwelling,independent of variations in the local wind field.A correlation between the interannual variability in upwelling and the annual catches was revealed,showing that climatic events indirectly affect fishery resources through upwelling effects.During positive IOD/El Niño periods,strong upwelling delivers more nutrients to the surface layer,which favors fish growth and reproduction,resulting in higher annual catches.A negative IOD/La Niña,on the other hand,leads to weaker upwelling and fewer nutrients into the surface waters.Fish tend to move in deeper waters,making traditional fishing methods less efficient and consequently lower annual catches.

Development of New Green Feed for Large Water Surface Ecological Fishery

In view of the fact that cages and bait are not allowed in large water surface aquiculture,1-2 kinds of new green feeds"plankton+microecologics"were developed to solve the problems of yield reduction,slow growth and difficulty in fishing of aquatic organisms caused by extensive mode.The new green feed is ecological,environmentally friendly and residue-free,which not only supplements nutrition but also meets the requirements of environmental protection.

深海环境海洋生态系统监测与修复新技术

The United Nations(UN)’s call for a decade of“ecosystem restoration”was prompted by the need to address the extensive impact of anthropogenic activities on natural ecosystems.Marine ecosystem restoration is increasingly necessary due to increasing habitat degredation in deep waters(>200 m depth).At these depths,which are far beyond those accessible by divers,only established and emerging robotic platforms such as remotely operated vehicles(ROVs),autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs),landers,and crawlers can operate through manipulators and multiparametric sensor arrays(e.g.,optoacoustic imaging,omics,and environmental probes).The use of advanced technologies for deep-sea ecosystem restoration can provide:①high-resolution three-dimensional(3D)imaging and acoustic mapping of substrates and key taxa,②physical manipulation of substrates and key taxa,③real-time supervision of remote operations and long-term ecological monitoring,and④the potential to work autonomously.Here,we describe how robotic platforms with in situ manipulation capabilities and payloads of innovative sensors could autonomously conduct active restoration and monitoring across large spatial scales.We expect that these devices will be particularly useful in deep-sea habitats,such as①reef-building cold-water corals,②soft-bottom bamboo corals,and③soft-bottom fishery resources that have already been damaged by offshore industries(i.e.,fishing and oil/gas).

Study on Regulating Effects of "Aquatic Environment Protection Oriented Fishery" on Water Environment of Qiaodun Reservoir

In order to evaluate the regulating effect of ＂ aquatic environment protection oriented fishery＂ on aquatic ecosystem,the water quality,plankton community structure,biomass,diversity index,eutrophication index and ecosystem maturity evaluated with Ecopath model were compared from 2010 to 2012 in Qiaodun Reservoir of Zhejiang Province. It was indicated that the water quality had been improved obviously. The water transparency maximally increased by 130%,while TP,TN and CODCrwere reduced. The density and biomass of the plankton were decreased,so was the ratio of Cynobacteria in phytoplankton community. The Shannon-Weaver index was increased; the trophic level was decreased; the ecosystem maturity was improved. By all accounts,the ＂ aquatic environment protection oriented fishery＂ had positive effects on maintaining the balance of reservoir ecosystem and ensuring the safety of drinking water.

Spatio-temporal Evolution of Marine Fishery Industry Ecosystem Vulnerability in the Bohai Rim Region

The building of the ocean power strategy and the implementation of the blue agriculture plan urgently need to strengthen the sustainable development of marine fishery.Taking vulnerability as the starting point, this paper constructs the vulnerability index system of marine fishery industry ecosystem from the aspects of sensitivity and response capacity, and combines the entropy method with the Topsis to comprehensively analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of vulnerability of marine fishery industry ecosystem in the Bohai Rim Region from 2001 to 2015.The results show that: 1) In the time dimension, from 2001 to 2015, the vulnerability of the marine fishery industry ecosystem in the Bohai Rim Region shows a fluctuant and degressive trend;2) In the spatial dimension, the spatial distribution of the marine fishery industry ecosystem vulnerability in the Bohai Rim Region presents the gradient characteristics which shows high vulnerability in the east and low vulnerability in the west.According to the evolution track of the system’s vulnerability level, the vulnerability of the marine fishery industry ecosystem is divided into ‘declining’ and ‘stable’ types of evolutionary structures;3) The development of marine fishery in the Bohai Rim Region needs to be derived from the marine fishery’s ecological environment and the industrial development mode and structure, which can improve the marine environment remediation efforts, optimize the marine fishery industry structure, vigorously focus on pelagic fishery, and enhance the introduction of marine fishery’s science and technology talents, etc.Then, the marine fishery’s development in the Bohai Rim Region will be moving in the green, circular and sustainable direction.

OPTIMAL HARVESTING POLICY FOR INSHORE-OFFSHORE FISHERY MODEL WITH IMPULSIVE DIFFUSION

This article studies the inshore-offshore fishery model with impulsive diffusion. The existence and global asymptotic stability of both the trivial periodic solution and the positive periodic solution are obtained. The complexity of this system is also analyzed. Moreover, the optimal harvesting policy are given for the inshore subpopulation, which includes the maximum sustainable yield and the corresponding harvesting effort.

A comparative study of spatial interpolation methods fordetermining fishery resources density in the Yellow Sea

Spatial interpolation is a common tool used in the study of fishery ecology, especially for the construction of ecosystem models. To develop an appropriate interpolation method of determining fishery resources density in the Yellow Sea, we tested four frequently used methods, including inverse distance weighted interpolation(IDW), global polynomial interpolation(GPI), local polynomial interpolation(LPI) and ordinary kriging(OK).A cross-validation diagnostic was used to analyze the efficacy of interpolation, and a visual examination was conducted to evaluate the spatial performance of the different methods. The results showed that the original data were not normally distributed. A log transformation was then used to make the data fit a normal distribution. During four survey periods, an exponential model was shown to be the best semivariogram model in August and October 2014, while data from January and May 2015 exhibited the pure nugget effect.Using a paired-samples t test, no significant differences(P>0.05) between predicted and observed data were found in all four of the interpolation methods during the four survey periods. Results of the cross-validation diagnostic demonstrated that OK performed the best in August 2014, while IDW performed better during the other three survey periods. The GPI and LPI methods had relatively poor interpolation results compared to IDW and OK. With respect to the spatial distribution, OK was balanced and was not as disconnected as IDW nor as overly smooth as GPI and LPI, although OK still produced a few 'bull's-eye' patterns in some areas.However, the degree of autocorrelation sometimes limits the application of OK. Thus, OK is highly recommended if data are spatially autocorrelated. With respect to feasibility and accuracy, we recommend IDW to be used as a routine interpolation method. IDW is more accurate than GPI and LPI and has a combination of desirable properties, such as easy accessibility and rapid processing.

An operational satellite remote sensing system for ocean fishery

Ocean environmental information is very important to supporting the fishermen in fishing and satellite remote sensing technology can provide it in large scale and in near real-time. Ocean fishery locations are always far away beyond the coverage of the satellite data received by a land-based satellite receiving station. A nice idea is to install the satellite ground station on a fishing boat. When the boat moves to a fishery location, the station can receive the satellite data to cover the fishery areas. One satellite remote sensing system was once installed in a fishing boat and served fishing in the North Pacific fishery areas when the boat stayed there. The system can provide some oceanic environmental charts such as sea surface temperature (SST) and relevant derived products which are in most popular use in fishery industry. The accuracy of SST is the most important and affects the performance of the operational system, which is found to be dissatisfactory. Many factors affect the accuracy of SST and it is difficult to increase the accuracy by SST retrieval algorithms and clouds detection technology. A new technology of temperature error control is developed to detect the abnormity of satellite-measured SST. The performance of the technology is evaluated to change the temperature bias from -3.04 to 0.05 ℃ and the root mean square (RMS) from 5.71 to 1.75℃. It is suitable for employing in an operational satellite-measured SST system and improves the performance of the system in fishery applications. The system has been running for 3 a and proved to be very useful in fishing. It can help to locate the candidates of the fishery areas and monitor the typhoon which is very dangerous to the safety of fishing boats.

Constructing a raster-based spatio-temporal hierarchical data model for marine fisheries application

Marine information has been increasing quickly. The traditional database technologies have disadvantages in manipulating large amounts of marine information which relates to the position in 3-D with the time. Recently, greater emphasis has been placed on GIS （geographical information system）to deal with the marine information. The GIS has shown great success for terrestrial applications in the last decades, but its use in marine fields has been far more restricted. One of the main reasons is that most of the GIS systems or their data models are designed for land applications. They cannot do well with the nature of the marine environment and for the marine information. And this becomes a fundamental challenge to the traditional GIS and its data structure. This work designed a data model, the raster-based spatio-temporal hierarchical data model （RSHDM）, for the marine information system, or for the knowledge discovery fi＇om spatio-temporal data, which bases itself on the nature of the marine data and overcomes the shortages of the current spatio-temporal models when they are used in the field. As an experiment, the marine fishery data warehouse （FDW） for marine fishery management was set up, which was based on the RSHDM. The experiment proved that the RSHDM can do well with the data and can extract easily the aggregations that the management needs at different levels.

Measurement and Evolution of High-quality Development Level of Marine Fishery in China

High-quality development of marine fisheries provides an important advantage for China to build itself into a maritime power and implement the Blue Granary Plan effectively.Based on the concepts of‘new development’,‘food security’,and the six dimensions of‘openness,innovation,coordination,green,sharing,and security’,in this study,we established an evaluation index system for the high-quality development of China’s marine fishery sector.We applied the entropy method to evaluate the high-quality development level of China’s marine fishery sector from 2000 to 2016 and explored its spatial and temporal evolution rules.Our results indicated that:1)from 2000 to 2016,China’s marine fishery sector was in the primary stage of high-quality development;2)spatially,the highquality development of marine fisheries showed an upward trend in all provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities in the country(not including Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan of China),and with time,the distribution pattern changed from single to multi-polarization;3)temporally,the development level of high-quality marine fisheries fluctuated during the study period.From 2000 to 2010,the growth rate in openness was relatively slow,but after 2010,it increased rapidly.Notably,innovation is the driving force for high-quality development.The green and security factors provide a solid guarantee for high-quality development.In the high-quality development of a region,economic development is better coordinated,and the distribution of benefits is more inclusive.This study provides a theoretical basis to formulate effective marine fishery policies for the high-quality development of the marine fishery sector in China.Exploring the high-quality development and evolution process of marine fishery is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of marine fishery industry,ensuring marine fishery food security,and alleviating global food crisis.

Extracting spatial patterns of ocean fishery using GIS and RS —— Taking the East China Sea as an example

The ocean fishery and the corresponding environment are highly interrelated according tothe production experiences of ocean fishing population. The spatial cluster patterns are constructed using the remote sensed data and long-time series fishery production data under the uniform coordinate based on GIS techniques. Thus, the hidden information of distribution regularities between ocean-hydrologic factors and central fishing ground can be extracted from these patterns. It is important to forecast the ocean fishery production.

Application of a catch-based method for stock assessment of three important fisheries in the East China Sea

Most fisheries in China do not have maximum sustainable yield（MSY） estimates due to limited and poor data.Therefore, finding a common method to estimate MSY or total allowable catch（TAC） for fishery management is necessary. MSYs of three important fisheries in the East China Sea were evaluated through a catch-based model.Estimates for intrinsic rate of increase（r） and five levels of process error were considered. Results showed hairtail Trichiurus japonicas（Temminck and Schlegel） and small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis（Bleeker） fisheries experienced overfishing from the mid-1990 s to the early 2000 s, and the suggested TACs were 55.8×10^4 t and9.06×10^4 t, respectively. Decades of overfishing in wintering and spawning grounds of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea（Richardson） caused the fishery＇s collapse in the 1980 s, and it has not recovered until today.The Catch–MSY model generated similar estimated MSYs with other methods and may be a useful choice for the assessment of regional stocks in China.

Desirability of a standard notation for fisheries assessment

The worldwide increase of the publications concerning the assessment of marine renewable living resources is highlighting long-standing problems with symbols and annotations. Starting from the symbols presented within the classic fisheries masterpieces produced, mainly in the fifty of the last century, a first “Milestone” list was organised. Thereafter, the pertinent literature was (not exhaustively) browsed in order to integrate this Milestone list on the base of a set of decisional criteria. The present contribution consists in using the Latin letters as well established symbols for the corresponding parameters, leaving free to specific use (with few historical exceptions) the Greek letters in view to open a discussion among all the fisheries scientists and bodies in order to move towards a common language and better communication standards.

Assessing the Fishery Resource Status of China’s Coastal Waters Using Surplus Production Models

Surplus production models(SPMs)are among the simplest and most widely used fishery stock assessment models.The catch-effort data analysis(CEDA)and a surplus production model incorporating covariates(ASPIC)are softwares for analyzing fishery catch and fishing effort data using nonequilibrium SPMs.In China Fishery Statistical Yearbook,annual fishery production and fishing effort data of the Yellow Sea,Bohai Sea,East China Sea,and South China Sea have been published from 1979 till present.Using its catch and fishing effort data from 1980 to 2018,we apply the CEDA and ASPIC to evaluate fishery resources in Chinese coastal waters.The results show that the total maximum sustainable yield(MSY)estimate of the four China seas is 10.05-10.83 million tons,approximately equal to the marine fishery catch(10.44 million tons)reported in 2018.It can be concluded that China’s coastal fishery resources are currently fully exploited and must be protected with a precautionary approach.Both softwares produced similar results;however,the CEDA had a much higher R2 value(above 0.9)than ASPIC(about 0.2),indicating that CEDA can better fit the data and therefore is more suitable for analyzing the fishery resources in the coastal waters of China.

Fishery Web Service Composition Method Based on Ontology

Various fishery information systems have been developed in different times and on different platforms. Wet） service application composition is crucial in the sharing and integration of fishery data and information. In the present paper, a heuristic web service composition method based on fishery ontology is presented, and the proposed web services are described. Ontology reasoning capability was applied to generate a service composition graph. The heuristic function was introduced to reduce the searching space. The experimental results show that the algorithm used considers the services semantic similarity and adiusts web service composition plan by dynamically relying on the empirical data.

Experience and Enlightenment of the Fishery Mutual Insurance System in Asian Countries

Asia is the major producing area of aquatic products.In order to maintain the stability of fishery,some Asian countries have established a mutual insurance system,which,however,shows distinctive features in different countries as a result of their different historical,economic and social conditions.This paper introduced the development status and characteristics of the fishery mutual insurance system in some Asian countries,such as Japan,South Korea,India,etc.,and then summarized their experiences and what we can learn from their experiences from the perspectives of legislation,governmental support,mutual insurance associations,and credit.

Forecast and Analysis of the Main Indicators for the Development of Ocean Fishery in China during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan Period

The ocean fishery is an important part of the marine economy and an important source of human food.The leaders at all levels attach great importance to the development and utilization of ocean fishery resources.Using the regression analysis method,we forecast the main indicators for the development of ocean fishery during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period.Through the study,it is found that in 2015,the value added of ocean fishery in China is expected to exceed 360 billion yuan,and the output of marine products will exceed 30 million tons.The marine products make stable contribution to the marine economy and the residents'nutrient composition,conducive to maintaining the stable supply of the market and meeting the residents'daily needs for marine products.

Study on Fishery Ecological Environment and Fish Species Diversity in Yantan Water Area

Through analysis on water quality,planktonic organism,fish resources,and fish species diversity in Yantan water area,this paper evaluated current situation of quality of fishery ecological environment in Yantan water area. The survey recorded all 52365 fishes and 1410. 2kg catches obtained by fishermen in half a year,and more than 98% catches are small fishes. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index of Yantan water area is 0. 162,Wilhm improvement index is 1. 814,DG- Findex is 0. 083,and the index of fish species diversity is far lower than other water areas. The average quantity per unit of phytoplankton is 1. 0134 million ind. / L,and the average quantity per unit of organisms is 1. 1151 mg / L. The average quantity per unit of zooplankton is 459. 6 ind. / L,and the average quantity per unit of organisms is 0. 6422 mg / L. Evaluation results indicate that water quality and planktonic organism in Yantan water area are basically normal,but fish resources are increasingly exhausted,fish resource composition is not reasonable,and fish species diversity is extremely low. From the perspective of biomanipulation,it is required to restore fishery ecological environment of reservoir area through restoring normal composition of aquatic organisms.