Spatiotemporal variability of rain-on-snow events in the arid region of Northwest China

Rain-on-snow(ROS)events involve rainfall on snow surfaces,and the occurrence of ROS events can exacerbate water scarcity and ecosystem vulnerability in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC).In this study,using daily snow depth data and daily meteorological data from 68 meteorological stations provided by the China Meteorological Administration National Meteorological Information Centre,we investigated the spatiotemporal variability of ROS events in the ARNC from 1978 to 2015 and examined the factors affecting these events and possible changes of future ROS events in the ARNC.The results showed that ROS events in the ARNC mainly occurred from October to May of the following year and were largely distributed in the Qilian Mountains,Tianshan Mountains,Ili River Valley,Tacheng Prefecture,and Altay Prefecture,with the Ili River Valley,Tacheng City,and Altay Mountains exhibiting the most occurrences.Based on the intensity of ROS events,the areas with the highest risk of flooding resulting from ROS events in the ARNC were the Tianshan Mountains,Ili River Valley,Tacheng City,and Altay Mountains.The number and intensity of ROS events in the ARNC largely increased from 1978 to 2015,mainly influenced by air temperature and the number of rainfall days.However,due to the snowpack abundance in areas experiencing frequent ROS events in the ARNC,snowpack changes exerted slight impact on ROS events,which is a temporary phenomenon.Furthermore,elevation imposed lesser impact on ROS events in the ARNC than other factors.In the ARNC,the start time of rainfall and the end time of snowpack gradually advanced from the spring of the current year to the winter of the previous year,while the end time of rainfall and the start time of snowpack gradually delayed from autumn to winter.This may lead to more ROS events in winter in the future.These results could provide a sound basis for managing water resources and mitigating related disasters caused by ROS events in the ARNC.

Spatio-temporal Evaluation of Multi-scale Cultivated Land System Resilience in Black Soil Region from 2000 to 2019:A Case Study of Liaoning Province,Northeast China

It is of great significance to systematically analyze the cultivated land system resilience(CLSR) for the black soil protection and national food security.The CLSR is impacted by planting structure adjustment and cultivated land quality decline,posing major hidden dangers to food security.It is urgent to evaluate the CLSR at multiple spatio-temporal scales.This study took Liaoning Province in the black soil region of Northeast China as an example.Based on the resilience theory,this study constructed the CLSR evaluation system from the input-feedback perspective at the provincial-scale and the city-scale,and used the rank-sum ratio comprehensive evaluation method(RSR) to analyze the key influencing factors of CLSR in Liaoning Province and its 14 cities from 2000 to 2019.The results showed that:1) the time series changes of CLSR at the provincial-scale and the city-scale in Liaoning Province were similar,both showing an increasing trend.2) The CLSR in Liaoning Province presented a spatial pattern of ‘high in the west and low in the east’ at the city-scale.3) There were seven and six main influencing factors of CLSR at the provincial-scale and the city-scale,respectively.In addition to the net income per capita of rural households,other influencing factors of CLSR were different at the provincial-scale and the city-scale.The feedback factors were dominant at the provincial-scale,and the input factors and feedback factors were dominant at the city-scale.The results could provide a reference for the utilization of black soil and draw on the experience of regional agricultural planning and adjustment.

Responses of phreatophyte transpiration to falling water table in hyper-arid and arid regions,Northwest China

Quantitative assessment of the impact of groundwater depletion on phreatophytes in(hyper-)arid regions is key to sustainable groundwater management.However,a parsimonious model for predicting the response of phreatophytes to a decrease of the water table is lacking.A variable saturated flow model,HYDRUS-1D,was used to numerically assess the influences of depth to the water table(DWT)and mean annual precipitation(MAP)on transpiration of groundwater-dependent vegetation in(hyper-)arid regions of northwest China.An exponential relationship is found for the normalized transpiration(a ratio of transpiration at a certain DWT to transpiration at 1 m depth,T_(a)^(*))with increasing DWT,while a positive linear relationship is identified between T_(a)^(*)and annual precipitation.Sensitivity analysis shows that the model is insensitive to parameters,such as saturated soil hydraulic conductivity and water stress parameters,indicated by an insignificant variation(less than 20%in most cases)under±50%changes of these parameters.Based on these two relationships,a universal model has been developed to predict the response of phreatophyte transpiration to groundwater drawdown for(hyper-)arid regions using MAP only.The estimated T_(a)^(*)from the model is reasonable by comparing with published measured values.

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.

Influence of climate change and human activity on water resources in arid region of Northwest China: An overview

This study reviews the latest progress in research on climate change and water resources in the arid region of Northwest China, analyzes the cause of water resource changes within the region from the perspective of climate change and human activities, and summarizes future likely changes in water resources and associated adaptation strategies. The research shows that the climate in the region has experienced warming and wetting with the most significant warming in winter and the highest increase in summer precipitation since 1961. Areas with the most significant warming trends include the Qaidam Basin, the Yili River Valley, and Tacheng. Spatially, the increasing trend in precipitation becomes increasingly significant from the southeast to the northwest, and northern Xinjiang experienced the highest increase. Studies have shown a decrease in headwater of Shiyang River because runoff is mainly based on precipitation which shows a decrease trend. But an increase in western rivers was observed such as Tarim River and Shule River as well as Heihe River due to rapid glacier shrinkage and snowmelt as well as precipitation increase in mountain area. Meanwhile unreasonable human activities resulted in decrease of runoff in the middle and lower reaches of Haihe River, Shiyang River and Kaidu River. Finally, recommendations for future studies are suggested that include characteristics of changes in extreme weather events and their impacts on water resources, projections of future climate and water resource changes, climate change attribution, the selection of adaptation strategies relating to climate change and social economic activities, and use of scientific methods to quantitatively determine water resource allocation.

Correlation and SVD Analysis of Anomalous Spring Precipitation in Northwest China and Sea Surface Temperature in Key Region in Recent 50 Years

[Objective] The aim was to study the relationship between spring precipitation anomaly in Northwest China and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in Key region in recent 50 years. [Method] Based on monthly average precipitation in Northwest China and global monthly sea surface temperature (SST) grid data, the effects of SSTA in equatorial central and eastern Pacific on spring precipitation in Northwest China were discussed by means of correlation and SVD analysis. [Result] For spring precipitation in Northwest China, the key period of SST was from August to September in the former year, and the equatorial central and eastern Pacific (125°-85° W, 5° S-10° N) was named 'Key region'. Correlation analysis showed that there was obviously positive correlation between spring precipitation in Northwest China and SST (monthly average from August to September in the former year) in equatorial central and eastern Pacific, especially Key region. SVD analysis revealed that spring precipitation anomaly in Northwest China distributed in phase, while SST in equatorial central and eastern Pacific from August to September in the former year had higher positive correlation coefficient, and there was obviously positive couple correlation in Key region. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretic foundation for the prediction of drought and flood in Northwest China.

Systematic Analysis and Optimization of the Agricultural Structure in Ethnic Regions in Northwest Sichuan Province

Based on introducing the basic conditions of the ethnic regions in northwest Sichuan Province,the thesis analyzes its agricultural development status,which can be classified into two aspects--rich natural resources and slow agricultural economic growth.Through the analysis on the agricultural structure of northwest Sichuan Province,it is found that the production efficiency and economic benefits of crop planting in this region are low,animal husbandry,as a major industry in pastoral region,sees high production efficiency,the agricultural production is still at the resource-oriented stage;its agricultural structure is still the farming-pastoral structure relying mainly on animal husbandry,planting is dominated by crop planting and potato planting,animal husbandry mainly produces dairy and beef;the ethnic regions in northwest Sichuan Province is endowed with the advantages to grow crops,beans and fruits as well as to produce beef,mutton and milk,among which,three industries,say fruit,beef and dairy are with increasing location quotient and gradually strengthening industrial comparative advantage,while the location quotient of the other industries is declining and their industrial comparative advantages are more stable.In order to promote the agriculture in northwest Sichuan Province to develop in breadth and depth,the thesis proposes the following measures and suggestions:the first one is to adhere to the development strategy of modern animal husbandry;the second is to appropriately improve the proportion of economic crops;the third is to accelerate the development of green food processing industry.

Analysis on the Correlated Characteristics between Spring Precipitation in the Arid Region of Northwest China and Global Sea Surface Temperature

[Objective] The research aimed to study the correlated characteristics between spring precipitation in the arid region of Northwest China and global sea surface temperature. [Method] Based on GPCP global monthly precipitation data and NOAA ERSST sea surface temperature data during 1979-2008, the precipitation characteristics in the arid region of Northwest China in 30 years and its correlated distribution characteristics with the global sea surface temperature were analyzed by using the correlation and composite analysis methods. [Result] Spring rainfall presented the fluctuation increasing in the arid region of Northwest China during 1979-2008. The sea surface temperature of Indian Ocean in 15° S-22° N, 45°-105° E had the continuous influence on spring precipitation in the arid region of Northwest China. It could be as a stable factor for forecasting spring precipitation in the arid region zone of Northwest China. When the sea surface temperature was higher in Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, maybe spring precipitation in the arid region of Northwest China was more. If the sea surface temperature in the equatorial Eastern Pacific Ocean in prior summer, autumn and winter was higher, it was favorable for spring precipitation in the arid region of Northwest China in the next year. The sea surface temperature field in Arabian Sea, Central Indian Ocean and Western Pacific Ocean was the key factor which affected spring precipitation in the arid region of Northwest China. [Conclusion] The research provided the theory basis for the prediction and forecast of precipitation in the arid region.

Characteristics of Recent Horizontal Crustal Movement and Tectonic Deformation in the Northwest China Region

Making use of observation data of GPS in the Northwest China region and infrared distancemeasurements crossing the Qilian-Longshoushan fault zone up to 2004, aided by the least square collocation and inversion of negative dislocation model for the boundaries of elastic blocks and the singular force-source, the dynamic evolution features of deformation and strain fields before and after the Ms = 8. 1 earthquake on the west of Kunlun Mountains Pass, especially the recent tectonic deformation and stress field status three years after this earthquake are studied. The possible regions or segments of active blocks and their boundaries reflecting accumulation background of high strain energy of producing earthquakes over middle magnitude, are obtained, as well as the potential epicenter. The results show that after shortterm relaxation and adjustment in the northern margin of Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） block after the Ms = 8. 1 earthquake, the main control action of background field of northeastward pushing of Indian plate is now recovering. Moreover, the following regions are found to have the background of high strain energy accumulation. They are the middle segment of the northern Tianshan fault zone and its meeting region with the western segment, the middle and western segments of southern Tianshan fault zone and the meeting region with Western Kunlun fault zone, the middle segment of Altun fault, the middle-eastern segment of Qilianshan fault zone and its meeting region with Haiyuan fault, the meeting region of northern margin fault of west Qinling Range and the southeastward expanding line of Zhuanglanghe fault; The Linze and Haiynan areas also see accumulation of strain energy to some degree.

DEVELOPING CHINA'S GREAT NORTHWEST AND PROMOTING S&T COOPERATION BETWEEN GANSU PROVINCE AND THE CAS

While this year is the 50th anniversary of the founding of the People’ s Republic of China, it also marks a half a century of the Chinese Academy of

Characteristics of Volcanic Rocks in the Shoshonite Province, Eastern China, and Their Metallogenesis

The shoshonite province in eastern China is characterized by extensive distribution (ca. 80000 km2) of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (165-100 Ma) shoshonite series with subordinate high-K calc-alkali series. It was formed in a dominantly tensile stress field. In comparison with their analogues in island arcs and active continental margins in other countries, the volcanic rocks in the shoshonite province have their specific characteristics in petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry as well as related mineralization association, which are the comprehensive reflection of the special composition and structure of the mantle and crust of the province and the special Mesozoic regional tectonic setting.

A New Discovery on the Deformation Behavior of Shale Gas Reservoirs Affecting Pore Morphology in the Juhugeng Coal Mining Area of Qinghai Province, Northwest China

Objective The Juhugeng mining area in Qinghai Province of northwest China has attracted wide attention among geologists for it hosts typical coal measure gases.The shale gas reservoirs were reformed by intensive structural movements during geological periods,

Characteristics of the ore-forming fluid in the Huayuan Pb-Zn ore filed, Northwest of Hunan Province, China

1 Geological Setting The Huayuan Pb-Zn ore field in Xiangxi is located in the southeastern margin of the Yangtze block and the mid-segment of the West Hunan-West Hubei metallogenic belt.The exposed stratum are the lower

The Evolution of Regional Economic Resilience in the Old Industrial Bases in China: A Case Study of Liaoning Province, China

The economic transformation of the old industrial bases is a key research topic among geographers in China.In this paper,we propose that the concept of regional economic resilience(RER)has unique theoretical value in analyzing the economic transformation of the old industrial bases.We constructed an analytical framework and an index system and applied the conceptual tools to study the evolution of RER in the old industrial base of Liaoning Province in China,which is currently subjected to not only sudden shocks but‘slow burn’—longer term processes of change that may nevertheless affect the regional economy.There are four main findings:first,the evolution of RER in Liaoning can be divided into four stages from 2000 to 2015.Liaoning is currently in its conservation-release period,and the next stage will be a release-reorganization period.Second,the RER of the majority of the studied cities is lower than the average value for Liaoning,and this is mainly attributed to the relatively weak vulnerability-resistance and adaptability-transformation capacity of these cities.Third,the RER levels of the 14 cities in Liaoning differ significantly.At the first level is Shenyang and Dalian,at the second level is Dandong and Yingkou,and the third level comprises the remaining cities.Fourth,regional economic resilience is mainly determined by vulnerability-resistance,which indirectly reflects Liaoning’s lack of adaptability-transformation capacity,and the ability of the region to renew or create a new development path is weak.

Does Industry-University-Research Cooperation Matter? An Analysis of Its Coupling Effect on Regional Innovation and Economic Development

The dislocation between regional innovation and economic development directly influences the economic effect of regional innovation. However, no in-depth researches have been made on how to solve this problem. Using data from Henan Province, China,employing geographical detector technology, this paper focuses on testing whether the industry-university-research cooperation can contribute to coordinating the relation between regional innovation and economic development. It is shown that: 1) the industry-universityresearch cooperation in Henan Province is increasing gradually, and the network presents a core-edge structure, and the coupling degree between regional innovation and economic development is spatially unbalanced, which is similar to the spatial distribution of the intensity of industry-university-research cooperation;2) as an important approach to effectively connect scientific researches with market demands, the industry-university-research cooperation can help form an interactive, interconnected, coupled and coordinated virtuous relation between regional innovation and economic development. Compared with the cooperation between organizations of the same type and the separate innovation of organizations, the improvement of the industry-university-research cooperation level can better coordinate the relation between regional innovation and economic development;3) the cooperative innovation model between enterprises and universities can better promote the coupling between regional innovation and economic development, compared with many industryuniversity-research cooperation models. For underdeveloped areas lacking local knowledge base, industry-university-research cooperation should be considered as a long-term development strategy, especially using the knowledge sources of external universities and scientific research institutions to enhance innovation capability and achieve economic growth.

Climatic Characteristics of Hail Disaster and Division of Defense Region in Guizhou Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the climatic characteristics of hail disaster from 1984 to 2006 in Guizhou Province,China.[Method] Through statistical analysis,the climatic characteristics and disaster characteristics of hail from 1984 to 2006 in Guizhou Province were annalyzed and compared with previous results,then the classification standards of hail disaster were established,finally the defense zoning map of hail disaster in Guizhou Province was made.[Result] According to the statistical analysis on the historical data of hail disaster from 1984 to 2006,the frequency hail was 1 243 times in Guizhou in 23 years,that is,annual average frequency reached 54 times;annual average hailing days were 0.1-2.7 d in Guizhou Province,and the average frequency of hail was 3.8 times during each hail process;the frequency of hail was below 30 times in 52% of years and 30-80 times in 35% of years among 23 years.Hail could appear in the whole year,and 74% of hails occurred in spring,while winter had the fewest times.The results above were basically consistent with those of previous studies.Hail disaster mainly resulted in casualties and direct economic loss,and was divided into four grades according to direct economic loss,namely Grade I(extremely severe hail disaster),Grade II(severe hail disaster),Grade III(comparatively severe hail disaster) and Grade IV(medium hail disaster).The defense zoning map of hail disaster in Guizhou Province was made based on the frequency of hail and severe hail disaster,that is,the defense region at Grade I mainly distributed in Liupanshui City(in western Guizhou) and southern Guizhou;the defense region at Grade II was in the west,south and northeast of Guizhou Province,while the rest was at Grade III.[Conclusion] The study was of reference value for the defense of hail disaster in Guizhou Province.

Ecological Network Analysis Quantifying the Sustainability of Regional Economies: A Case Study of Guangdong Province in China

To meet the challenge of sustainable development, sustainability must be made. Ecological network analysis(ENA) was introduced in this paper as an approach to quantitatively measure the growth, development, and sustainability of an economic system. The Guangdong economic networks from 1987 to 2010 were analyzed by applying the ENA approach. Firstly, a currency flow network among economic sectors was constructed to represent the Guangdong economic system by adapting the input-output(I-O) table data. Then, the network indicators from the ENA framework involving the total system throughput(TST), average mutual information(AMI), ascendency(A), redundancy(R) and development capacity(C) were calculated. Lastly, the network indicators were analyzed to acquire the overall features of Guangdong's economic operations during 1987–2010. The results are as follows: the trends of the network indicators show that the size of the Guangdong economic network grows exponentially at a high rate during 1987–2010, whereas its efficiency does not present a clear trend over its whole period. The growth is the main characteristic of the Guangdong economy during 1987–2010, with no clear evidence regarding its development. The quantitative results of the network also confirmed that the growth contributed to a great majority of the Guangdong economy during 1987–2010, whereas the development's contribution was tiny during the same period. The average value of the sustainability indicator(α) of the Guangdong economic network was 0.222 during 1987–2010, which is less than the theoretically optimal value of 0.37 for a sustainable human-influenced system. The results suggest that the Guangdong economic system needs a further autocatalysis to improve its efficiency to support the system maintaining a sustainable evolvement.

Influencing Factors on Farming System Development in Shandong Province

The developmental situation of the farming system in Shandong Province is introduced.At present,Shandong Province is at the semi-intensive,semi-commercial and semi-sufficiency level of farming system.Eastern coast and central Shandong agricultural zones are moving in the direction of modern farming system,having formed a preliminary new pattern of the coordinated development of grain,feedstuff,economic and other crops.Influencing factors on the development of farming system in Shandong Province is analyzed,which are agricultural production condition and input level,population and food,policy measures,development of natural resources and regions,agricultural industrialization and urbanization level,and scientific and technological level.Total population will be within 100 million at the year 2020;per capita annual share of grain will be 475 kilograms;and there is great pressure on grain production.Therefore,we must change the pattern of agricultural development and accelerate the establishment of modern farming system.Agricultural machinery,water conservancy projects,and chemical fertilizer application have greatly affected the development of farming system.Improvement of production conditions has promoted the adjustment of agricultural structure,increased the planting ratio of winter wheat-summer maize,and improved multiple-cropping index.Development of agricultural industrialization has promoted the transfer of rural labor force and the establishment of modern farming system;while the unbalanced development of cities has restricted the establishment of modern farming system.Therefore,the appropriate policy,scientific and rational regional distribution,and advanced science and technology can help to set up the modern farming system in Shandong Province.

Analysis of the Comparison of Twice Regional Large Rainstorms in Northwest Yantai City

[Objective] The twice regional rainstorms in northwest Yantai in July in 2009 and July in 2010 were expounded.[Method] The twice regional rainstorm in northwest Yantai in July in 2009 and July in 2010 were selected for comparison analysis by dint of conventional and non-conventional weather data,from the aspects of circulation background,physics quantity,and radar echo,etc.[Result] The twice large rainstorm process were regional convective strong precipitation.The rainstorm fell in the northwest of Yantai and had a strong precipitation center above 200 mm.The twice large rainstorm was affected by subtropical and shear line.The rainstorm area was related to the location of 588 dagpm line,westerly trough,and shear line.It was regional rainstorm of typical subtropical edge warm and wet airstream,combination of low vortex and shear line of westerly.The precipitation occurred around the center of water vapor flux;K index had pretty good indication effects to the generation of rainstorm.Large rainstorm occurred around the place with high K index.The K index of twice large rainstorm was larger than or equal to 34 ℃,and was close to the rainstorm falling area where K index was larger than or equal to 35 ℃.The reflection factor of twice large rainstorms at 0.5° elevation,the largest echo intensity was from 55 to 60 dBz,in strip echo from south to north,through the west peninsula,forming train effect.The data report product also had important reference basis for the report of regional large rainstorm.[Conclusion] The study provided references and basis for the report of large rainstorm in the future.

2005-2020年亚洲中部干旱区生态站月潜在蒸散量数据集

潜在蒸散表征大气蒸发能力,是衡量区域蒸发能力的重要指标,也是评价气候干旱程度变化、水资源供需平衡、植被耗水量等的关键参数。在收集中亚生态系统监测网络12个生态站和中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)11个位于西北干旱区生态站的气象观测数据基础上,经过数据质量控制与插补,采用Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散量,生成了2005-2020年亚洲中部干旱区生态站月潜在蒸散量数据集。本数据集时间序列较长、覆盖多种生态系统类型,可作为亚洲中部干旱问题研究的基础数据、模型输入数据、模拟结果验证数据等,也可为该区域水资源的合理开发与利用、生态环境保护等方面研究提供数据支撑。