A New Dynamics Analysis Model for Five-Axis Machining of Curved Surface Based on Dimension Reduction and Mapping

The equipment used in various fields contains an increasing number of parts with curved surfaces of increasing size.Five-axis computer numerical control(CNC)milling is the main parts machining method,while dynamics analysis has always been a research hotspot.The cutting conditions determined by the cutter axis,tool path,and workpiece geometry are complex and changeable,which has made dynamics research a major challenge.For this reason,this paper introduces the innovative idea of applying dimension reduction and mapping to the five-axis machining of curved surfaces,and proposes an efficient dynamics analysis model.To simplify the research object,the cutter position points along the tool path were discretized into inclined plane five-axis machining.The cutter dip angle and feed deflection angle were used to define the spatial position relationship in five-axis machining.These were then taken as the new base variables to construct an abstract two-dimensional space and establish the mapping relationship between the cutter position point and space point sets to further simplify the dimensions of the research object.Based on the in-cut cutting edge solved by the space limitation method,the dynamics of the inclined plane five-axis machining unit were studied,and the results were uniformly stored in the abstract space to produce a database.Finally,the prediction of the milling force and vibration state along the tool path became a data extraction process that significantly improved efficiency.Two experiments were also conducted which proved the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed dynamics analysis model.This study has great potential for the online synchronization of intelligent machining of large surfaces.

TK 5440 CNC VERTICAL BORING AND MILLING MACHINE

This machine tool produced by theQinchuan Machine Tool Worksincorporates all the commonmachining functions, and is equipped withan advanced CNC system. It can continuouslyfinish multiple working procedures such asdrilling, milling, boring, reaming and tappingwithin one clamping. Not only is it universaland efficient, but also it can machinecomplicated parts which cannot be machinedon general universal machines, such as variouskinds of precision molds, plates, disks,

EQUIVALENT NORMAL CURVATURE APPROACH MILLING MODEL OF MACHINING FREEFORM SURFACES

A new milling methodology with the equivalent normal curvature milling model machining freeform surfaces is proposed based on the normal curvature theorems on differential geometry. Moreover, a specialized whirlwind milling tool and a 5-axis CNC horizontal milling machine are introduced. This new milling model can efficiently enlarge the material removal volume at the tip of the whirlwind milling tool and improve the producing capacity. The machining strategy of this model is to regulate the orientation of the whirlwind milling tool relatively to the principal directions of the workpiece surface at the point of contact, so as to create a full match with collision avoidance between the workpiece surface and the symmetric rotational surface of the milling tool. The practical results show that this new milling model is an effective method in machining complex three- dimensional surfaces. This model has a good improvement on finishing machining time and scallop height in machining the freeform surfaces over other milling processes. Some actual examples for manufacturing the freeform surfaces with this new model are given.

New Mathematical Method for the Determination of Cutter Runout Parameters in Flat-end Milling

The cutting force prediction is essential to optimize the process parameters of machining such as feed rate optimization, etc. Due to the significant influences of the runout effect on cutting force variation in milling process, it is necessary to incorporate the cutter runout parameters into the prediction model of cutting forces. However, the determination of cutter runout parameters is still a challenge task until now. In this paper, cutting process geometry models, such as uncut chip thickness and pitch angle, are established based on the true trajectory of the cutting edge considering the cutter runout effect. A new algorithm is then presented to compute the cutter runout parameters for flat-end mill utilizing the sampled data of cutting forces and derived process geometry parameters. Further, three-axis and five-axis milling experiments were conducted on a machining centre, and resulting cutting forces were sampled by a three-component dynamometer. After computing the corresponding cutter runout parameters, cutter forces are simulated embracing the cutter runout parameters obtained from the proposed algorithm. The predicted cutting forces show good agreements with the sampled data both in magnitude and shape, which validates the feasibility and effectivity of the proposed new algorithm of determining cutter runout parameters and the new way to accurately predict cutting forces. The proposed method for computing the cutter runout parameters provides the significant references for the cutting force prediction in the cutting process.

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CALCULATION AND OPTIMIZATION FOR DESIGN OF BEAM & SLIDE-REST GUIDEWAYS IN HEAVY DUTY CNC VERTICAL TURNING MILL

Aiming at the approximate error of commonly used methods on calculation of hydrostatic pressures of closed hydrostatic guideways with multiple pockets, a more accurate solution is proposed. Taking design of beam ＆ slide-rest guideways for a heavy duty CNC vertical turning mill as an example, under an assumption that stiffnesses of guideways and their jointing structure are sufficiently large, the pressures of the pockets can be attained by adding a co-planarity equation that constrains pocket centers. Then, an optimization model is built to minimize the highest pocket pressure under additional constraints that are posed on the highest seal margin pressure, the highest levitating pressure of the pockets, and the maximum deformation of the guideways. The optimization problem is solved sequentially by using the methods of design of experiments and adaptive simulated annealing on iSIGHT software platform. The results show significant improvements to the original design. Optimized maximum hydrostatic pressure meets the requirement of hydraulic system.

A Generic Kinematic Model for Three Main Types of Five-axis Machine Tools

Material removal is one of the most used processes in manufacturing. Five-axis CNC machines are believed to be the best tools in sculptured surface machining. In this study, a generic and unified kinematic model was developed as a viable alternative to the particular solutions that are only applicable to individual machine configurations. This versatile model is then used to verify the feasibility of the two rotational joints within the kinematic chain of three main types of a five-axis machine-tool. This versatile model is very useful applied to the design of five-axis machine tools.

Analysis and correction of the machining errors of small plastic helical gears by ball-end milling

Many small-size precise plastic helical involutes gears are used in electrical appliances to transmit rotary movements con- tinuously and smoothly. Ball-end milling is an effective method for trial manufacture or small batch production of this type of gear, but the precision of the gear is usually low. In this research, the main sources of the errors of the gear, machining errors of the tooth profile and trace of the gear obtained were analyzed. The correction amounts for these errors are then determined by using a CNC gear tester. They are used to generate a new 3D-CAD model for gear machining with better nrecision.

Dynamic synchronous motion accuracy measurement and estimation for a five-axis mirror milling system

A mirror milling system(MMS)comprises two face-to-face five-axis machine tools,one for the cutting spindle and the other for the support tool.Since it is essential to maintain the cutter and support coaxial during the cutting process,synchronous motion accuracy is the key index of the MMS.This paper proposed a novel method for measuring and estimating the synchronous motion accuracy of the dual five-axis machine tools.The method simultaneously detects errors in the tool center point(TCP)and tool axis direction(TAD)during synchronous motion.To implement the suggested method,a measurement device,with five high-precision displacement sensors was developed.A kinematic model was then developed to estimate the synchronous motion accuracy from the displacement sensor output.The screw theory was used to obtain the analytical expression of the inverse kinematic model,and the synchronous motion error was compensated and adjusted based on the inverse kinematic model of the dual five-axis machine tools.TCP and TAD quasi-static errors,such as geometric and backlash errors,were first compensated.By adjusting the servo parameters,the dynamic TCP and TAD errors,such as gain mismatch and reversal spike,were also reduced.The proposed method and device were tested in a large MMS,and the measured quasi-static and dynamic errors were all reduced when the compensation and adjustment method was used.Monte Carlo simulations were also used to estimate the uncertainty of the proposed scheme.

基于恒功率约束的换挡毂数控铣削加工控制系统设计与实现

【目的】汽车双离合变速箱(Double Clutch Transmission,DCT)的核心零部件换挡毂加工制造精度要求高,针对数控铣削工艺的非线性问题,通过优化切削参数,以提高生产效率及延长刀具寿命。【方法】以主轴负载恒功率为约束条件,设计一种基于模糊控制算法的铣削加工控制系统。采用CP1E N30作为主控制器、CX-programmer开发下位机程序、Kingview开发上位机系统,完成基于主轴功率信号反馈的智能控制器的开发。【结果】在XHK716加工中心机床上实现铣削工艺的恒功率控制,通过换挡毂粗铣B平面工艺过程的应用,可知实时功率保持在目标功率附近。【结论】该控制系统提高了铣削加工效率,实现了保护刀具的目标,对延长刀具寿命有较好的参考价值。

面向表面质量的镍基高温合金铣削参数多目标优化研究

针对镍基高温合金材料在铣削过程中存在表面加工质量低的问题,提出一种基于神经网络及NSGA-Ⅱ算法的工艺参数多目标优化方法。采用不同工艺参数进行数控铣削镍基高温合金Inconel 718加工并获取数据集,以表面粗糙度为输出,不同工艺参数组合为输入,利用麻雀搜索算法建立SSA-BP神经网络模型用于预测Inconel 718铣削表面粗糙度;以最大材料去除率、最小表面粗糙度为优化目标,构建NSGA-Ⅱ工艺参数多目标优化主体模型,调用构建好的预测模型作为主体模型的目标函数并优化求解得到Pareto最优解集。使用TOPSIS法对Pareto最优解集进行最优解决策,得出最佳的工艺参数组合。优化结果表明:该方法不仅可用于高温合金材料数控铣削表面粗糙度预测,还可用于工艺参数优化,为进一步提高数控铣削材料加工质量和效率提供参考。

基于GA-BP与NSGA-Ⅱ的数控铣削参数优化研究

高效低碳制造是可持续发展的关键,而数控铣削作为常用的金属表面加工方法存在刀具寿命短、碳排放量高的问题。提出基于NSGA-Ⅱ的GA-BP多目标优化方法,通过分析不同加工参数条件下的数控铣削刀具寿命及碳排放数据集,建立GA-BP神经网络刀具寿命及碳排放预测模型。基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法建立以刀具寿命、碳排放量为目标的主体优化模型,调用构建的GA-BP神经网络模型作为目标函数进行优化求解,得到Pareto最优解集。对Pareto最优解集进行TOPSIS最优解决策,得到综合优化刀具寿命与碳排放量的加工参数组合。优化结果表明:该方法既可以对数控铣削刀具寿命及碳排放量进行准确预测,还可以对两者进行有效优化,对数控铣削参数优化具有一定的理论指导意义。

基于PowerMILL和双转台五轴联动数控机床的叶轮加工的实现

介绍基于PowerMILL软件平台对叶轮进行自动编程,并应用SKY-CNC双转台五轴联动数控机床对其进行数控加工的基本思路与实现方法,充分体现出五轴联动加工技术对叶轮类零件加工的绝对优势,为今后加工相关叶轮类零件提供参考。

基于CNC实时监测数据驱动方法的钛合金高速铣削刀具寿命预测

针对车间内不同设备的数据结构不一致导致车间监控数据中存在大量的多源异构数据,难以通过单一的通信协议采集与监控的问题,研究了基于OPC-UA技术与MTConnect协议的刀具、机床的数据模型、通信架构及访问策略,解决了多源异构数据的采集问题。针对硬质合金刀具在高速铣削钛合金工件时磨损较快、刀具剩余寿命的实时预测难度大的问题,建立了一种基于PCA前置处理数据的神经网络模型,实现了基于刀具剩余寿命的刀具健康状态信息的实时监测和预测。

基于Powermill叶根盘铣刀体的高速数控加工

运用Powermill软件,对盘铣刀刀体进行数控加工研究,并对其加工刀具、加工参数以及数控程序进行优化调试,生成粗、精加工的走刀轨迹、实现在高速铣床上进行机夹式叶根盘铣刀体的数控加工,在保证产品精度的同时,提高了加工效率,降低了制造成本。

CNC2190数控龙门铣床螺距误差补偿与重建

对数控机床反向间隙补偿和螺距误差补偿原理及测量方法进行了深入研究和分析,并针对CNC2190数控铣床FANUC18-M系统的螺距误差进行实际补偿和重建,取得了良好的补偿效果,说明对滚珠丝杠传动机构的反向偏差与螺距误差进行补偿是恢复和提高机床精度的一种重要手段。

数控铣齿机夹具定位精度的仿真和测量

以数控铣齿机夹具为研究对象,研究数控铣齿机夹具的定位结构存在的各项误差对定位精度的影响。利用动力学仿真软件ADAMS对夹具的定位机构进行分析,对比仿真结果与理想工况结果来验证虚拟样机的正确性。利用ADAMS对夹具定位结构的制造误差、安装误差以及综合误差进行全面仿真,得出不同误差对定位精度的影响程度。为了研究数控铣齿机夹具的重复定位性能,设计工件定位测量试验,试验表明,随着定位次数的增加,数控铣齿机夹具的重复定位精度基本保持稳定,满足实际加工要求。

基于改进遗传算法的数控机床加工铣削参数优化方法

对于数控机床加工铣削参数优化多采用常规的可信度近似模型,但该方法易受到材料失效应变系数的影响,导致优化后的加工效率较低,提出基于改进遗传算法的数控机床加工铣削参数优化方法。根据工件的本构模型,对切削刃进行采样抽取,确定最小铣削力波动位置;引入材料失效准则计算材料失效应变系数,基于此,以加工时间最短、加工成本最低和加工能耗消耗最小为目标建立铣削参数优化模型,并采用改进遗传算法求解模型,通过迭代适应度值,输出最佳铣削参数;最后,采用对比实验的形式对所提方法的优化性能进行测试。测试结果表明:应用所提方法对数控机床加工铣削参数进行优化后,能够有效缩短切削时间,提高加工效率。

数控铣削能耗预测及切削参数多目标优化研究

为了研究数控铣床节能优化问题,首先以316L不锈钢为加工对象,设计了数控铣削实验方案,并进行了实验数据分析;然后以实验数据为样本,运用BP神经网络建立了数控机床能耗预测模型,并利用蜣螂优化算法(DBO)对BP神经网络结构进行优化,建立基于DBO-BP神经网络的数控机床能耗预测模型。通过对比优化前后两模型,选择具有更高的预测精度和稳定性的DBO-BP神经网络模型与以加工成本为目标而建立的铣削参数多目标优化模型,并运用NSGA-Ⅱ对模型求解,得到最优解集,最后运用熵权TOPSIS法对最优解集进行决策,得到最优解。通过对比优化前后比能耗和加工成本,优化后的切削参数使比能耗和加工成本分别下降了33.84%和5%。研究结果表明,优化后的切削参数更加节能和节约加工成本。